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Kong X, Cheng L, Dong Z, Huang Y, Xue X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zang X, Qian H, Chang L, Wang Y. Rapid Cryptococcus electroporated-lysis and sensitive detection on a miniaturized platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116096. [PMID: 38316089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Fast and accurate detection of Cryptococcus and precise differentiation of its subtypes is of great significance in protecting people from cryptococcal disease and preventing its spread in populations. However, traditional Cryptococcus identification and detection techniques still face significant challenges in achieving high analysis speed as well as high sensitivity. In this work, we report an electric microfluidic biochip. Compared to conventional methods that take several hours or even a day, this chip can detect Cryptococcus within 20 min, and achieve its maximum detection limit within 1 h, with the ability to differentiate between the Cryptococcus neoformans (NEO) and rare Cryptococcus gattii (GAT) efficiently, which accounts for nearly 100%. This device integrated two functional zones of an electroporation lysis (EL) zone for rapid cell lysis (<30 s) and an electrochemical detection (ED) zone for sensitive analysis of the released nucleic acids. The EL zone adopted a design of microelectrode arrays, which obtains a large electric field intensity at the constriction of the microchannel, addressing the safety concerns associated with high-voltage lysis. The device enables a limit of detection (LOD) of 60 pg/mL for NEO and 100 pg/mL for GAT through the modification of nanocomposites and specific probes. In terms of the detection time and sensitivity, the integrated microfluidic biochip demonstrates broad potential in Cryptococcus diagnosis and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhu Kong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Long Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zaizai Dong
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yemei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China; Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yusen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuelei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lingqian Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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Zand E, Schottroff F, Steinacker E, Mae-Gano J, Schoenher C, Wimberger T, Wassermann KJ, Jaeger H. Advantages and limitations of various treatment chamber designs for reversible and irreversible electroporation in life sciences. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107841. [PMID: 34098460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms of pulsed electric fields on biological cells are not yet fully elucidated, though it is apparent that membrane electroporation plays a crucial role. Little is known about treatment-chamber-specific effects, and systematic studies are scarce. Thus, the present study evaluates the (dis-)advantages of various treatment chamber designs for liquid applications at differing scales. Three chambers, namely parallel plate microfluidic (V̇: 0.1 ml/min; titanium electrodes), co-linear meso (V̇: 5.0 ml/min; stainless steel electrodes), and co-linear macro (V̇: 83.3 ml/min; stainless steel electrodes) chambers, were studied. Electroporation effects on Escherichia coli in media with 0.1-10.0 mS/cm were evaluated by plate counts and flow cytometry at 8, 16, and 20 kV/cm. For the microfluidic chamber, predominantly irreversible electroporation (2.5 logs10 reductions) was seen at 0.1 mS/cm, while high irreversible electroporation (4.2 logs10 reductions) at 10.0 mS/cm was observed for the macro chamber. The meso chamber indicated a similar trend towards increased conductivity, even though only low inactivation levels were present. Variation in conductivity and electrode configuration or area likely induces effects resulting in distinct electroporation levels, as observed for the micro and macro chamber. Suitable application scenarios, depending on targeted electroporation effects, were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zand
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; BOKU Core Facility Food & Bio Processing, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Steinacker
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Mae-Gano
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schoenher
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Terje Wimberger
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens J Wassermann
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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