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Li C, Tang S, Xu Y, Liu F, Li M, Zhi X, Ma Y. Ultrasonic-assisted activated carbon separation removing bacterial endotoxin from salvia miltiorrhizae injection. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 103:106781. [PMID: 38281445 PMCID: PMC10839579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted activated carbon separation (UACS) was first employed to improve product quality by regulating adsorption rate and removing bacterial endotoxin from salvia miltiorrhizae injection. The adsorption rate was related to three variables: activated carbon dosage, ultrasonic power, and pH. With the increase of activated carbon dosage from 0.05 % to 1.0 %, the adsorption rates of salvianolic acids and bacterial endotoxin increased simultaneously. The adsorption rates at which bacteria endotoxins increased from 52.52 % to 97.16 % were much higher than salvianolic acids. As the ultrasonic power increased from 0 to 700 W, the adsorption rates of salvianolic acids on activated carbon declined to less than 10 %, but bacterial endotoxin increased to more than 87 %. As the pH increased from 2.00 to 8.00, the adsorption rate of salvianolic acid dropped whereas bacterial endotoxin remained relatively stable. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal separation conditions were established to be activated carbon dose of 0.70 %, ultrasonic power of 600 W, and pH of 7.90. The experimental adsorption rates of bacterial endotoxin were 94.15 %, which satisfied the salvia miltiorrhizae injection quality criterion. Meanwhile, salvianolic acids' adsorption rates were 1.92 % for tanshinol, 4.05 % for protocatechualdehyde, 2.21 % for rosmarinic acid, and 3.77 % for salvianolic acid B, all of which were much lower than conventional activated carbon adsorption (CACA). Salvianolic acids' adsorption mechanism on activated carbon is dependent on the component's molecular state. Under ideal separation conditions, the molecular states of the four salvianolic acids fall between 1.13 % and 6.60 %. The quality of salvia miltiorrhizae injection can be improved while maintaining injection safety by reducing the adsorption rates of salvianolic acids to less than 5 % by the use of ultrasound to accelerate the desorption mass transfer rate on the activated carbon surface. When activated carbon adsorption was used in the process of producing salvia miltiorrhizae injection, the pH of the solution was around 5.00, and the proportion of each component's molecular state was tanshinol 7.05 %, protocatechualdehyde 48.93 %, rosmarinic acid 13.79 %, and salvianolic acid B 10.28 %, respectively. The loss of useful components was evident, and the corresponding activated carbon adsorption rate ranged from 20.74 % to 41.05 %. The average variation rate in plasma His and IgE was significant (P < 0.05) following injection of 0.01 % activated carbon, however the average variation rate of salvia miltiorrhizae injection was dramatically decreased with the use of UACS and CACA (P > 0.05). The ultrasonic at a power intensity of 60 W/L and the power density of 1.20 W/cm2 may resolve the separation contradiction between salvianolic acids and bacterial endotoxin, according to experiments conducted with UACS at different power intensities. According to this study, UACS has a lot of potential applications in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and may represent a breakthrough in the field of ultrasonic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China; National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang 222067, China.
| | - Shuwan Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangmei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Jiangsu Shenlong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Dongtai 224200, China
| | - Xinglei Zhi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun Ma
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou City, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Spoladore J, Gimenes I, Bachinski R, Negherbon JP, Hartung T, Granjeiro JM, Alves GG. Standardized pyrogen testing of medical products with the bacterial endotoxin test (BET) as a substitute for rabbit Pyrogen testing (RPT): A scoping review. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 74:105160. [PMID: 33831473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Bacterial Endotoxin Test (BET) is a method for exclusion of endotoxin-related pyrogen contamination in pharmaceutical products, as an alternative to the Rabbit Pyrogen Test (RPT). However, BET does not detect a broad range of biologically relevant pyrogens, and interferences can limit its practical use for different medical products. This work aimed to scope the evidence in the scientific literature for case-by-case validity assessments of BET in different uses for medical products. A search strategy was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in April 2020, according to the PRISMA-ScR statement. Twenty-two references were included, evaluating medical products for endotoxin contamination through both BET and RPT according to standardized protocols. A critical appraisal was performed through ToxRTool, followed by data extraction and qualitative synthesis of outcomes and methodological issues. Four classes of products assessed by BET were identified, including nanoparticles, drugs, blood and biological products. A considerable variation was observed on the BET methods used. Collectively, the evidence indicates different factors influencing the outcome of BET, including the chemical nature of samples that may cause interference depending on the selected method. While some applications to medical products appear adequate, others, such as nanoparticles, may require the use of different in vitro pyrogen testing methods, reinforcing the need for case-by-case validation for each BET method and type of medical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Spoladore
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Izabela Gimenes
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Róber Bachinski
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil; 1R Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jesse P Negherbon
- The John's Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- The John's Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality, and Technology (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- 1R Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil.
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Ali S, Uddin SM, Ali A, Anjum F, Ali R, Shalim E, Khan M, Ahmed I, M Muhaymin S, Bukhari U, Luxmi S, Khan AS, Quraishy S. Production of hyperimmune anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulin from pooled COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:397-407. [PMID: 33557591 PMCID: PMC7871744 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assesses the feasibility of producing hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenously administrable immunoglobulin (C-IVIG) from pooled convalescent plasma (PCP) to provide a safe and effective passive immunization treatment option for COVID-19. Materials & methods: PCP was fractionated by modified caprylic acid precipitation followed by ultrafiltration/diafiltration to produce hyperimmune C-IVIG. Results: In C-IVIG, the mean SARS-CoV-2 antibody level was found to be threefold (104 ± 30 cut-off index) that of the PCP (36 ± 8.5 cut-off index) and mean protein concentration was found to be 46 ± 3.7 g/l, comprised of 89.5% immunoglobulins. Conclusion: The current method of producing C-IVIG is feasible as it uses locally available PCP and simpler technology and yields a high titer of SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The safety and efficacy of C-IVIG will be evaluated in a registered clinical trial (NCT04521309).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Uddin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Anjum
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Elisha Shalim
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Khan
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ahmed
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh M Muhaymin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Bukhari
- Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shobha Luxmi
- Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul S Khan
- National Control Laboratory for Biologicals, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Liu H, Liu T, Fan H, Gou M, Li G, Ren H, Wang D, Cheng Z. Corn Lecithin for Injection from Deoiled Corn Germ: Extraction, Composition, and Emulsifying Properties. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Hongxiu Fan
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Mengxing Gou
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Guijie Li
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Huahua Ren
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Dawei Wang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental ScienceJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun 130118P. R. China
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Dullah EC, Ongkudon CM. Current trends in endotoxin detection and analysis of endotoxin–protein interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:251-261. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1141393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Clarie Dullah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Clarence M. Ongkudon
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Solano G, Gómez A, León G. Assessing endotoxins in equine-derived snake antivenoms: Comparison of the USP pyrogen test and the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay (LAL). Toxicon 2015; 105:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Strategic Approaches for Developing Alternative Tests for Safety and Potency of Vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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