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Huang RL, Li Q, Ma JX, Atala A, Zhang Y. Body fluid-derived stem cells - an untapped stem cell source in genitourinary regeneration. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:739-761. [PMID: 37414959 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells have been obtained from solid organs and tissues, including the bone marrow, placenta, corneal stroma, periosteum, adipose tissue, dental pulp and skeletal muscle. These solid tissue-derived stem cells are often used for tissue repair, disease modelling and new drug development. In the past two decades, stem cells have also been identified in various body fluids, including urine, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, breastmilk and menstrual blood. These body fluid-derived stem cells (BFSCs) have stemness properties comparable to those of other adult stem cells and, similarly to tissue-derived stem cells, show cell surface markers, multi-differentiation potential and immunomodulatory effects. However, BFSCs are more easily accessible through non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches than solid tissue-derived stem cells and can be isolated without enzymatic tissue digestion. Additionally, BFSCs have shown good versatility in repairing genitourinary abnormalities in preclinical models through direct differentiation or paracrine mechanisms such as pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, optimization of protocols is needed to improve the efficacy and safety of BFSC therapy before therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Lin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Fan X, He S, Song H, Yin W, Zhang J, Peng Z, Yang K, Zhai X, Zhao L, Gong H, Ping Y, Jiao X, Zhang S, Yan C, Wang H, Li RK, Xie J. Human endometrium-derived stem cell improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemic injury by enhancing angiogenesis and myocardial metabolism. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:344. [PMID: 34112245 PMCID: PMC8193887 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human endometrium in premenopausal women is an active site of physiological angiogenesis, with regenerative cells present, suggesting that the endometrium contains adult angiogenic stem cells. In the context of cardiac repair after ischemic injury, angiogenesis is a crucial process to rescue cardiomyocytes. We therefore investigated whether human endometrium-derived stem cells (hEMSCs) can be used for cardiac repair after ischemic injury and their possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Comparisons were made between hEMSCs successfully isolated from 22 premenopausal women and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) derived from 25 age-matched patients. Cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis were evaluated through in vitro experiments, while the ability of hEMSCs to restore cardiac function was examined by in vivo cell transplantation into the infarcted nude rat hearts. RESULTS In vitro data showed that hEMSCs had greater proliferative and migratory capacities, whereas hBMSCs had better adipogenic differentiation ability. Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells, treated with conditioned medium from hEMSCs, had significantly higher tube formation than that from hBMSCs or control medium, indicating greater angiogenic potentials for hEMSCs. In vivo, hEMSC transplantation preserved cardiac function, decreased infarct size, and improved tissue repair post-injury. Cardiac metabolism, assessed by 18F-FDG uptake, showed that 18F-FDG uptake at the infarction area was significantly higher in both hBMSC and hEMSC groups, compared to the PBS control group, with hEMSCs having the highest uptake, suggesting hEMSC treatment improves cardiomyocyte metabolism and survival after injury. Mechanistic assessment of the angiogenic potential for hEMSCS revealed that angiogenesis-related factors angiopoietin 2, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, and FGF9 were significantly upregulated in hEMSC-implanted infarcted hearts, compared to the PBS control group. CONCLUSION hEMSCs, compared to hBMSCs, have greater capacity to induce angiogenesis, and improved cardiac function after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fan
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China ,grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng He
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China ,grid.452461.00000 0004 1762 8478The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huifang Song
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenjuan Yin
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zexu Peng
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China ,grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Gong
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yi Ping
- grid.452845.aThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangying Jiao
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sanyuan Zhang
- grid.452461.00000 0004 1762 8478The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changping Yan
- grid.452461.00000 0004 1762 8478The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- grid.452461.00000 0004 1762 8478The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China ,grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jun Xie
- The Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Research, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Song Y, Wang H, Yue F, Lv Q, Cai B, Dong N, Wang Z, Wang L. Silk-Based Biomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000735. [PMID: 32939999 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally. Among various cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction is an important one. Compared with conventional treatments, cardiac tissue engineering provides an alternative to repair and regenerate the injured tissue. Among various types of materials used for tissue engineering applications, silk biomaterials have been increasingly utilized due to their biocompatibility, biological functions, and many favorable physical/chemical properties. Silk biomaterials are often used alone or in combination with other materials in the forms of patches or hydrogels, and serve as promising delivery systems for bioactive compounds in tissue engineering repair scenarios. This review focuses primarily on the promising characteristics of silk biomaterials and their recent advances in cardiac tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Feifei Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiying Lv
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Majid QA, Fricker ATR, Gregory DA, Davidenko N, Hernandez Cruz O, Jabbour RJ, Owen TJ, Basnett P, Lukasiewicz B, Stevens M, Best S, Cameron R, Sinha S, Harding SE, Roy I. Natural Biomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering: A Highly Biocompatible Solution. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:554597. [PMID: 33195451 PMCID: PMC7644890 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.554597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute a major fraction of the current major global diseases and lead to about 30% of the deaths, i.e., 17.9 million deaths per year. CVD include coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmias, heart failure, heart valve diseases, congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac Tissue Engineering (CTE) aims to address these conditions, the overall goal being the efficient regeneration of diseased cardiac tissue using an ideal combination of biomaterials and cells. Various cells have thus far been utilized in pre-clinical studies for CTE. These include adult stem cell populations (mesenchymal stem cells) and pluripotent stem cells (including autologous human induced pluripotent stem cells or allogenic human embryonic stem cells) with the latter undergoing differentiation to form functional cardiac cells. The ideal biomaterial for cardiac tissue engineering needs to have suitable material properties with the ability to support efficient attachment, growth, and differentiation of the cardiac cells, leading to the formation of functional cardiac tissue. In this review, we have focused on the use of biomaterials of natural origin for CTE. Natural biomaterials are generally known to be highly biocompatible and in addition are sustainable in nature. We have focused on those that have been widely explored in CTE and describe the original work and the current state of art. These include fibrinogen (in the context of Engineered Heart Tissue, EHT), collagen, alginate, silk, and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Amongst these, fibrinogen, collagen, alginate, and silk are isolated from natural sources whereas PHAs are produced via bacterial fermentation. Overall, these biomaterials have proven to be highly promising, displaying robust biocompatibility and, when combined with cells, an ability to enhance post-MI cardiac function in pre-clinical models. As such, CTE has great potential for future clinical solutions and hence can lead to a considerable reduction in mortality rates due to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A. Majid
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle T. R. Fricker
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Gregory
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Davidenko
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Hernandez Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials, IBME, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Jabbour
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Owen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Basnett
- Applied Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Lukasiewicz
- Applied Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials, IBME, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Best
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Harding
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Bozorgmehr M, Gurung S, Darzi S, Nikoo S, Kazemnejad S, Zarnani AH, Gargett CE. Endometrial and Menstrual Blood Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Biological Properties and Clinical Application. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:497. [PMID: 32742977 PMCID: PMC7364758 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly proliferative mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) population was recently discovered in the dynamic, cyclically regenerating human endometrium as clonogenic stromal cells that fulfilled the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) criteria. Specific surface markers enriching for clonogenic endometrial MSC (eMSC), CD140b and CD146 co-expression, and the single marker SUSD2, showed their perivascular identity in the endometrium, including the layer which sheds during menstruation. Indeed, cells with MSC properties have been identified in menstrual fluid and commonly termed menstrual blood stem/stromal cells (MenSC). MenSC are generally retrieved from menstrual fluid as plastic adherent cells, similar to bone marrow MSC (bmMSC). While eMSC and MenSC share several biological features with bmMSC, they also show some differences in immunophenotype, proliferation and differentiation capacities. Here we review the phenotype and functions of eMSC and MenSC, with a focus on recent studies. Similar to other MSC, eMSC and MenSC exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory impacts on key cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. These include macrophages, T cells and NK cells, both in vitro and in small and large animal models. These properties suggest eMSC and MenSC as additional sources of MSC for cell therapies in regenerative medicine as well as immune-mediated disorders and inflammatory diseases. Their easy acquisition via an office-based biopsy or collected from menstrual effluent makes eMSC and MenSC attractive sources of MSC for clinical applications. In preparation for clinical translation, a serum-free culture protocol was established for eMSC which includes a small molecule TGFβ receptor inhibitor that prevents spontaneous differentiation, apoptosis, senescence, maintains the clonogenic SUSD2+ population and enhances their potency, suggesting potential for cell-therapies and regenerative medicine. However, standardization of MenSC isolation protocols and culture conditions are major issues requiring further research to maximize their potential for clinical application. Future research will also address crucial safety aspects of eMSC and MenSC to ensure these protocols produce cell products free from tumorigenicity and toxicity. Although a wealth of data on the biological properties of eMSC and MenSC has recently been published, it will be important to address their mechanism of action in preclinical models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Bozorgmehr
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shanti Gurung
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Saeedeh Darzi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shohreh Nikoo
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Nanobitechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Chen H, Zhong J, Wang J, Huang R, Qiao X, Wang H, Tan Z. Enhanced growth and differentiation of myoblast cells grown on E-jet 3D printed platforms. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:937-950. [PMID: 30787608 PMCID: PMC6366362 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s193624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle tissue engineering often involves the prefabrication of muscle tissues in vitro by differentiation and maturation of muscle precursor cells on a platform which provides an environment that facilitates the myogenic differentiation of the seeded cells. METHODS Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) 3D printed scaffolds, which simulate the highly complex structure of extracellular matrix (ECM), were fabricated by E-jet 3D printing in this study. The scaffolds were used as platforms, providing environment that aids in growth, differentiation and other properties of C2C12 myoblast cells. RESULTS The C2C12 myoblast cells grown on the PLGA 3D printed platforms had enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, the platforms were able to induce myogenic differentiation of the myoblast cells by promoting the formation of myotubes and up-regulating the expressions of myogenic genes (MyHC and MyOG). CONCLUSION The fabricated 3D printed platforms have excellent biocompatibility, thereby can potentially be used as functional cell culture platforms in skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Chen
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
| | - Juchang Zhong
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
| | - Ruiying Huang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
| | - Xiaoyin Qiao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
| | - Honghui Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
| | - Zhikai Tan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China,
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