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Conzatti G, Nadal C, Berthelot J, Vachoud L, Labour MN, Tourrette A, Belamie E. Chitosan-PNIPAM Thermogel Associated with Hydrogel Microspheres as a Smart Formulation for MSC Injection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3033-3040. [PMID: 38587908 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine based on cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of various medical conditions. However, the success of cell therapy heavily relies on the development of suitable injectable hydrogels that can encapsulate cells and provide a conducive environment for their survival, proliferation, and tissue regeneration. Herein, we address the medical need for cyto- and biocompatible injectable hydrogels by reporting on the synthesis of a hydrogel-forming thermosensitive copolymer. The copolymer was synthesized by grafting poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-carboxymethyl acrylate) (PNIPAM-COOH) onto chitosan through amide coupling. This chemical modification resulted in the formation of hydrogels that exhibit a sol-gel transition with an onset at approximately 27 °C, making them ideal for use in injectable applications. The hydrogels supported the survival and proliferation of cells for several days, which is critical for cell encapsulation. Furthermore, the study evaluates the addition of collagen/chitosan hybrid microspheres to support the adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells within the hydrogels. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of the PNIPAM-chitosan thermogel for cell encapsulation and its possible applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Conzatti
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INP Toulouse, Toulouse 31062, France
- INSERM/University of Strasbourg (Faculty of Pharmacy), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clémence Nadal
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INP Toulouse, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Jade Berthelot
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Vachoud
- UMR QualiSud, UMR Cirad 95, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, B.P. 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Labour
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Tourrette
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INP Toulouse, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Emmanuel Belamie
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
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Ferreira SA, Tallia F, Heyraud A, Walker SA, Salzlechner C, Jones JR, Rankin SM. 3D printed hybrid scaffolds do not induce adverse inflammation in mice and direct human BM-MSC chondrogenesis in vitro. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2024; 13:100087. [PMID: 38312434 PMCID: PMC10835132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2024.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials that can improve the healing of articular cartilage lesions are needed. To address this unmet need, we developed novel 3D printed silica/poly(tetrahydrofuran)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH) hybrid scaffolds. Our aim was to carry out essential studies to advance this medical device towards functional validation in pre-clinical trials. First, we show that the chemical composition, microarchitecture and mechanical properties of these scaffolds were not affected by sterilisation with gamma irradiation. To evaluate the systemic and local immunogenic reactivity of the sterilised 3D printed hybrid scaffolds, they were implanted subcutaneously into Balb/c mice. The scaffolds did not trigger a systemic inflammatory response over one week of implantation. The interaction between the host immune system and the implanted scaffold elicited a local physiological reaction with infiltration of mononuclear cells without any signs of a chronic inflammatory response. Then, we investigated how these 3D printed hybrid scaffolds direct chondrogenesis in vitro. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) seeded within the 3D printed hybrid scaffolds were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, with or without chondrogenic supplements. Chondrogenic differentiation assessed by both gene expression and protein production analyses showed that 3D printed hybrid scaffolds support hBM-MSC chondrogenesis. Articular cartilage-specific extracellular matrix deposition within these scaffolds was enhanced under hypoxic conditions (1.7 or 3.7 fold increase in the median of aggrecan production in basal or chondrogenic differentiation media). Our findings show that 3D printed SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH hybrid scaffolds have the potential to support the regeneration of cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agathe Heyraud
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone A. Walker
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Julian R. Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara M. Rankin
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Salehi S, Naghib SM, Garshasbi HR, Ghorbanzadeh S, Zhang W. Smart stimuli-responsive injectable gels and hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1104126. [PMID: 36911200 PMCID: PMC9992555 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely used biomaterials in the delivery of therapeutic agents, including drugs, genes, proteins, etc., as well as tissue engineering, due to obvious properties such as biocompatibility and their similarity to natural body tissues. Some of these substances have the feature of injectability, which means that the substance is injected into the desired place in the solution state and then turns into the gel, which makes it possible to administer them from a way with a minimal amount of invasion and eliminate the need for surgery to implant pre-formed materials. Gelation can be caused by a stimulus and/or spontaneously. Suppose this induces due to the effect of one or many stimuli. In that case, the material in question is called stimuli-responsive because it responds to the surrounding conditions. In this context, we introduce the different stimuli that cause gelation and investigate the different mechanisms of the transformation of the solution into the gel in them. Also, we study special structures, such as nano gels or nanocomposite gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Salehi
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Garshasbi
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ghorbanzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Samiei M, Dalir Abdollahinia E, Amiryaghoubi N, Fathi M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Injectable thermosensitive chitosan/gelatin hydrogel for dental pulp stem cells proliferation and differentiation. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 13:63-72. [PMID: 36816999 PMCID: PMC9923811 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds based on natural polymers such as gelatin and chitosan (CS) provide suitable microenvironments in dental tissue engineering. In the present study, we report on the synthesis of injectable thermosensitive hydrogel (PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer/gelatin hybrid hydrogel) for osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methods: The CS-g-PNIPAAm was synthesized using the reaction of carboxyl terminated PNIPAAm with CS, which was then mixed with various amounts of gelatin solution in the presence of genipin as a chemical crosslinker to gain a homogenous solution. The chemical composition and microstructures of the fabricated hydrogels were confirmed by FT-IR and SEM analysis, respectively. To evaluate the mechanical properties (e.g., storage and loss modulus of the gels), the rheological analysis was considered. Calcium deposition and ALP activity of DPSCs were carried out using alizarin red staining and ALP test. While the live/dead assay was performed to study its toxicity, the real-time PCR was conducted to investigate the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs cultured on prepared hydrogels. Results: The hydrogels with higher gelatin incorporation showed a slightly looser network compared to the other ones. The hydrogel with less gelatin indicates a rather higher value of G', indicating a higher elasticity due to more crosslinking reaction of amine groups of CS via a covalent bond with genipin. All the hydrogels contained viable cells with negligible dead cells, indicating the high biocompatibility of the prepared hydrogels for hDPSCs. The quantitative results of alizarin red staining displayed a significant rise in calcium deposition in hDPSCs cultured on prepared hydrogels after 21 days. Further, hDPSCs cultured on hydrogel with more gelatin displayed the most ALP activity. The expression of late osteogenic genes such as OCN and BMP-2 were respectively 6 and 4 times higher on the hydrogel with more gelatin than the control group after 21 days. Conclusion: The prepared PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer/gelatin hybrid hydrogel presented great features (e.g., porous structure, suitable rheological behavior, and improved cell viability), and resulted in osteogenic differentiation necessary for dental tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samiei
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Dalir Abdollahinia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Amiryaghoubi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding authors: Marziyeh Fathi, ; Yadollah Omidi,
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA,Corresponding authors: Marziyeh Fathi, ; Yadollah Omidi,
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Nugud A, Alghfeli L, Elmasry M, El-Serafi I, El-Serafi AT. Biomaterials as a Vital Frontier for Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:713934. [PMID: 35399531 PMCID: PMC8987776 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.713934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and tissue regeneration represent two fields of intense research and rapid advancement. Their combination allowed the utilization of the different characteristics of biomaterials to enhance the expansion of stem cells or their differentiation into various lineages. Furthermore, the use of biomaterials in tissue regeneration would help in the creation of larger tissue constructs that can allow for significant clinical application. Several studies investigated the role of one or more biomaterial on stem cell characteristics or their differentiation potential into a certain target. In order to achieve real advancement in the field of stem cell-based tissue regeneration, a careful analysis of the currently published information is critically needed. This review describes the fundamental description of biomaterials as well as their classification according to their source, bioactivity and different biological effects. The effect of different biomaterials on stem cell expansion and differentiation into the primarily studied lineages was further discussed. In conclusion, biomaterials should be considered as an essential component of stem cell differentiation strategies. An intense investigation is still required. Establishing a consortium of stem cell biologists and biomaterial developers would help in a systematic development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nugud
- Pediatric Department, Aljalila Children Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Latifa Alghfeli
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moustafa Elmasry
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed T. El-Serafi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ahmed T. El-Serafi,
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Effect of Ce-doped bioactive glass/collagen/chitosan nanocomposite scaffolds on the cell morphology and proliferation of rabbit’s bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived osteogenic cells. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:33. [PMID: 35192077 PMCID: PMC8864049 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerium-containing materials have wide applications in the biomedical field, because of the mimetic catalytic activities of cerium. The study aims to deeply estimate the biocompatibility of different scaffolds based on Ce-doped nanobioactive glass, collagen, and chitosan using the first passage of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) directed to osteogenic lineage by direct and indirect approach. One percentage of glass filler was used (30 wt. %) in the scaffold, while the percentage of CeO2 in the glass was ranged from 0 to 10 mol. %. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by monitoring of cell morphological changes and reduction in cell proliferation activity of BMMSCs maintained under osteogenic condition using proliferation assays, MTT assay for the direct contact of cells/scaffolds twice in a week, trypan blue and hemocytometer cell counting for indirect contact of cells/scaffolds extracts at day 7. Cell behaviors growth, morphology characteristics were monitored daily under a microscope and cell counting were conducted after 1 week of the incubation of the cells with the extracts of the four composite scaffolds in the osteogenic medium at the end of the week. Results Showed that at 24 h after direct contact with composite scaffold, all scaffolds showed proliferation of cells > 50% and increased in cell density on day 7. The scaffold of the highest percentage of CeO2 in bioactive glass nanoparticles (sample CL/CH/C10) showed the lowest inhibition of cell proliferation (< 25%) at day 7. Moreover, the indirect cell viability test showed that all extracts from the four composite scaffolds did not demonstrate a toxic effect on the cells (inhibition value < 25%). Conclusion The addition of CeO2 to the glass composition improved the biocompatibility of the composite scaffold for the proliferation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells directed to osteogenic lineage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00302-x.
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Soleimanbeigi M, Dousti F, Hassanzadeh F, Mirian M, Varshosaz J, Kasesaz Y, Rostami M. Boron Phenyl Alanine Targeted Chitosan-PNIPAAm Core-Shell Thermo-Responsive Nanoparticles; Boosting Drug Delivery to Glioblastoma in BNCT. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1607-1623. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2032132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Soleimanbeigi
- Master Student of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dousti
- Master Student of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yaser Kasesaz
- Reactor and Nuclear Safety Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rostami
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kong Y, Duan J, Liu F, Han L, Li G, Sun C, Sang Y, Wang S, Yi F, Liu H. Regulation of stem cell fate using nanostructure-mediated physical signals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12828-12872. [PMID: 34661592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is regulation of stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. Unlike biological and chemical signals, physical signals with adjustable properties can be applied to stem cells in a timely and localized manner, thus making them a hot topic for research in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, and cell biology. According to the signals sensed by cells, physical signals used for regulating stem cell fate can be classified into six categories: mechanical, light, thermal, electrical, acoustic, and magnetic. In most cases, external macroscopic physical fields cannot be used to modulate stem cell fate, as only the localized physical signals accepted by the surface receptors can regulate stem cell differentiation via nanoscale fibrin polysaccharide fibers. However, surface receptors related to certain kinds of physical signals are still unknown. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of functional materials for energy conversion. Consequently, localized physical fields can be produced by absorbing energy from an external physical field and subsequently releasing another type of localized energy through functional nanostructures. Based on the above concepts, we propose a methodology that can be utilized for stem cell engineering and for the regulation of stem cell fate via nanostructure-mediated physical signals. In this review, the combined effect of various approaches and mechanisms of physical signals provides a perspective on stem cell fate promotion by nanostructure-mediated physical signals. We expect that this review will aid the development of remote-controlled and wireless platforms to physically guide stem cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, using optimized stimulation parameters and mechanistic investigations while driving the progress of research in the fields of materials science, cell biology, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jiazhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Neurological Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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Rana MM, De la Hoz Siegler H. Tuning the Properties of PNIPAm-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3154. [PMID: 34578055 PMCID: PMC8467289 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) is a three-dimensional (3D) crosslinked polymer that can interact with human cells and play an important role in the development of tissue morphogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. PNIPAm-based scaffolds possess many desirable structural and physical properties required for tissue regeneration, but insufficient mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biomimicry for tissue development remain obstacles for their application in tissue engineering. The structural integrity and physical properties of the hydrogels depend on the crosslinks formed between polymer chains during synthesis. A variety of design variables including crosslinker content, the combination of natural and synthetic polymers, and solvent type have been explored over the past decade to develop PNIPAm-based scaffolds with optimized properties suitable for tissue engineering applications. These design parameters have been implemented to provide hydrogel scaffolds with dynamic and spatially patterned cues that mimic the biological environment and guide the required cellular functions for cartilage tissue regeneration. The current advances on tuning the properties of PNIPAm-based scaffolds were searched for on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the scaffolding properties of PNIPAm-based hydrogels and the effects of synthesis-solvent and crosslinking density on tuning these properties. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of considering these two design variables for developing PNIPAm-based scaffolds are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohosin Rana
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Hector De la Hoz Siegler
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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10
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Constantinou AP, Georgiou TK. Pre‐clinical and clinical applications of thermoreversible hydrogels in biomedical engineering: a review. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Constantinou
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Royal School of Mines London UK
| | - Theoni K Georgiou
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Royal School of Mines London UK
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11
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Rahmanian-Devin P, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. Thermosensitive Chitosan- β-Glycerophosphate Hydrogels as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview on Preparation and Their Applications. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:6640893. [PMID: 34036263 PMCID: PMC8116164 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, with the advances in technology and science, more advanced drug delivery formulations are required. One of these new systems is an intelligent hydrogel. These systems are affected by the environment or conditions that become a gel, stay in the circumstance for a certain period, and slowly release the drug. As an advantage, only a lower dose of the drug is required, and it provides less toxicity and minor damage to other tissues. Hydrogels are of different types, including temperature-sensitive, pH-sensitive, ion change-sensitive, and magnetic field-sensitive. In this study, we investigated a kind of temperature-sensitive smart hydrogel, which has a liquid form at room temperature and becomes gel with increasing temperature. Chitosan-β-glycerophosphate hydrogels have been researched and used in many studies. This study investigates the various factors that influence the gelation mechanism, such as gel formation rates, temperature, pH, time, and gel specificity. Hydrogels are used in many drug delivery systems and diseases, including nasal drug delivery, vaginal drug delivery, wound healing, peritoneal adhesion, ophthalmic drug delivery, tissue engineering, and peptide and protein delivery. Overall, the chitosan-β-glycerophosphate hydrogel is a suitable drug carrier for a wide range of drugs. It shows little toxicity to the body, is biodegradable, and is compatible with other organs. This system can be used in different conditions and different medication ways, such as oral, nasal, and injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Rahmanian-Devin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Liang W, Chen X, Dong Y, Zhou P, Xu F. Recent advances in biomaterials as instructive scaffolds for stem cells in tissue repair and regeneration. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1848832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinchang People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, P. R. China
| | - Fangming Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
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13
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Taga T, Tabu K. Glioma progression and recurrence involving maintenance and expansion strategies of glioma stem cells by organizing self-advantageous niche microenvironments. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:33. [PMID: 32952746 PMCID: PMC7493875 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the nature of enhanced resistance to conventional chemo/radiotherapies and metastasis, highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as a promising target for cancer eradication. To tackle the therapeutic difficulties of cancers involving CSCs, extensive research efforts have been directed toward understanding the extracellular microenvironments of CSCs, i.e., CSC niche, which plays important roles in CSC maintenance and expansion. Here we review recently identified mechanisms of maintenance and expansion of glioma CSCs (GSCs) leading to glioma progression and recurrence, with particular emphasis on the reports made by studies with a unique approach using polymer microarrays screening and with a unique viewpoint of necrotic particles. The polymer-based approach identified two groups of niche components, extracellular matrices (ECMs) and iron, and uncovered that co-expression of ECM-, iron-, and macrophage-related genes is predictive of glioma patients' outcome. The study in view of a unique fraction of GSC-derived necrotic particles proposed that such particles develop GSC-supportive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Taken together, these studies provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying GSC-driven niche development, i.e., organization of the self-advantageous niche microenvironments for GSC maintenance and expansion leading to glioma progression and recurrence. A series of such studies can redefine the current concept of anti-GSC niche therapy that targets ligands/receptors supporting GSCs, and have potential to accelerate cancer therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Taga
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Tabu
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
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14
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Pilipenko IM, Korzhikov-Vlakh VA, Zakharova NV, Urtti A, Tennikova TB. Thermo- and pH-sensitive glycosaminoglycans derivatives obtained by controlled grafting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Carbohydr Polym 2020; 248:116764. [PMID: 32919560 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) grafted heparin and chondroitin sulfate were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The copolymers were characterized by NMR, IR, SEC, DLS, SLS and NTA methods. High grafting densities were reached for both glycosaminoglycans. The temperature, pH and polymer concentration affected the low critical solution temperatures values. The increased pNIPAAm chain length, grafting density and concentration led to the sharp phase transition at 35 °C. Spherical nanogels were formed around this temperature. Terminal dodecyl trithiocarbonate groups of the copolymers were reduced to thiols that allowed formation of sensitive nanogels with sharp phase transitions induced by pNIPAAm chains. The copolymers showed no toxicity to the ocular cells and they provided the prolonged release of dexamethasone phosphate at 37 °C. These copolymers are interesting alternatives for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Pilipenko
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Korzhikov-Vlakh
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Zakharova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Urtti
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T B Tennikova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bedell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Adam M. Navara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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16
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Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer networks for galantamine hydrobromide delivery. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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N-isopropyl chitosan. A pH- and thermo-responsive polysaccharide for gel formation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Boyer C, Réthoré G, Weiss P, d’Arros C, Lesoeur J, Vinatier C, Halgand B, Geffroy O, Fusellier M, Vaillant G, Roy P, Gauthier O, Guicheux J. A Self-Setting Hydrogel of Silylated Chitosan and Cellulose for the Repair of Osteochondral Defects: From in vitro Characterization to Preclinical Evaluation in Dogs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:23. [PMID: 32117912 PMCID: PMC7025592 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) may be affected by many injuries including traumatic lesions that predispose to osteoarthritis. Currently there is no efficient cure for cartilage lesions. In that respect, new strategies for regenerating AC are contemplated with interest. In this context, we aim to develop and characterize an injectable, self-hardening, mechanically reinforced hydrogel (Si-HPCH) composed of silanised hydroxypropymethyl cellulose (Si-HPMC) mixed with silanised chitosan. The in vitro cytocompatibility of Si-HPCH was tested using human adipose stromal cells (hASC). In vivo, we first mixed Si-HPCH with hASC to observe cell viability after implantation in nude mice subcutis. Si-HPCH associated or not with canine ASC (cASC), was then tested for the repair of osteochondral defects in canine femoral condyles. Our data demonstrated that Si-HPCH supports hASC viability in culture. Moreover, Si-HPCH allows the transplantation of hASC in the subcutis of nude mice while maintaining their viability and secretory activity. In the canine osteochondral defect model, while the empty defects were only partially filled with a fibrous tissue, defects filled with Si-HPCH with or without cASC, revealed a significant osteochondral regeneration. To conclude, Si-HPCH is an injectable, self-setting and cytocompatible hydrogel able to support the in vitro and in vivo viability and activity of hASC as well as the regeneration of osteochondral defects in dogs when implanted alone or with ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Boyer
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Gildas Réthoré
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Service d’Odontologie Restauratrice et Chirurgicale, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Weiss
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Service d’Odontologie Restauratrice et Chirurgicale, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| | - Cyril d’Arros
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Lesoeur
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- SC3M – “Electron Microscopy, Microcharacterization and Functional Morphohistology Imaging” Core Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Franc̨ois Bonamy, INSERM – UMS016, CNRS 3556, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Vinatier
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- SC3M – “Electron Microscopy, Microcharacterization and Functional Morphohistology Imaging” Core Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Franc̨ois Bonamy, INSERM – UMS016, CNRS 3556, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Boris Halgand
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Geffroy
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- Centre of Research and Preclinical Investigation (C.R.I.P.), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- Centre of Research and Preclinical Investigation (C.R.I.P.), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Gildas Vaillant
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
- Centre of Research and Preclinical Investigation (C.R.I.P.), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Patrice Roy
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- Centre of Research and Preclinical Investigation (C.R.I.P.), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- Centre of Research and Preclinical Investigation (C.R.I.P.), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- SC3M – “Electron Microscopy, Microcharacterization and Functional Morphohistology Imaging” Core Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Franc̨ois Bonamy, INSERM – UMS016, CNRS 3556, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
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19
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Kim YS, Guo JL, Lam J, Grande-Allen KJ, Engel PS, Mikos AG. Synthesis of Injectable, Thermally Responsive, Chondroitin Sulfate-Cross-Linked Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6405-6413. [PMID: 33417793 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a biosynthetic hydrogel system that consists of a thermally responsive macromer and biological cross-linkers. By combining a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermogelling macromer with epoxy pendant groups and chondroitin sulfate cross-linkers that are modified to contain either hydrazide or N-hydroxysuccinimide pendant groups, we successfully fabricated a system that undergoes gelation when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 37 °C and is further stabilized via covalent links between the macromers. The anionic charge on chondroitin sulfate contributed to a high degree of gel swelling, while the cross-linking reaction between the macromers prevented post-formation syneresis. The rate of degradation of CS-cross-linked hydrogels was dependent on the degree of substitution of hydrazide-modified chondroitin sulfate cross-linkers. A higher molar content of chondroitin sulfate led to a greater osmotic pressure within the hydrogel and thus a higher compressive modulus. On the other hand, excessive amounts of chondroitin sulfate caused time-dependent cytotoxicity, as confirmed by a leachables cytocompatibility study. Overall, the system described in this study provides a versatile platform to synthesize hydrogels with differing combinations of compressive moduli and rates of degradation, which is achievable by varying the degree of substitution of hydrazide groups on CS-based cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jason L Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Johnny Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - K Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Paul S Engel
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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20
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Kruppke B, Farack J, Weil S, Aflalo ED, Poláková D, Sagi A, Hanke T. Crayfish hemocyanin on chitin bone substitute scaffolds promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:694-708. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kruppke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Jana Farack
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Simy Weil
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Eliahu David Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
- Department of Life Sciences Achva Academic College Arugot Israel
| | - Dagmar Poláková
- Faculty of Mechatronics and Interdisciplinary Engineering Studies, Technical University of Liberec Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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21
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Jia Z, Zhu F, Li X, Liang Q, Zhuo Z, Huang J, Duan L, Xiong J, Wang D. Repair of osteochondral defects using injectable chitosan-based hydrogel encapsulated synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:541-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Effects of Cell Seeding Methods on Chondrogenic Differentiation of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Polyhydroxybutyrate/Chitosan Scaffolds. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of our study was to examine the effects of passive and active cell seeding techniques on in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) isolated from rat bone marrow and seeded on porous biopolymer scaffolds based on polyhydroxybutyrate/chitosan (PCH) blends. This paper is focused on the distribution of the cells on and in the scaffolds, since it influences the uniformity of the created extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as the homogenity of the distribution of chondrogenic markers in vitro which ultimately affects the quality of the newly created tissue after in vivo implantation. The three types of cell-scaffold constructs were examined by: fluorescence microscopy, SEM, histology and quantitative analysis of the glycosaminoglycans after chondrogenic cultivation. The results demonstrated that the active cells seeded via the centrifugation of the cell suspension onto the scaffold guaranteed an even distribution of cells on the bulk of the scaffold and the uniform secretion of the ECM products by the differentiated cells.
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24
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Adsorption versus grafting of poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous conditions on the surface of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Dwivedi G, Chevrier A, Hoemann CD, Buschmann MD. Injectable freeze‐dried chitosan‐platelet‐rich‐plasma implants improve marrow‐stimulated cartilage repair in a chronic‐defect rabbit model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:599-611. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dwivedi
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Anik Chevrier
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Caroline D. Hoemann
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Michael D. Buschmann
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
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26
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Ren K, Zuo J, Ding J, Chen X. Thermosensitive Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1478-1492. [PMID: 30843390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Jiakuo Yu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Ren
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory
of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory
of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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27
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Kollarigowda RH, Mathews AS, Abraham S. Super Mechanical Stimuli Responsive Hydrogel: Dynamic Cues for Cell Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:277-283. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Kabir SMF, Sikdar PP, Haque B, Bhuiyan MAR, Ali A, Islam MN. Cellulose-based hydrogel materials: chemistry, properties and their prospective applications. Prog Biomater 2018; 7:153-174. [PMID: 30182344 PMCID: PMC6173681 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on cellulose comprising many organic biopolymers including cellulose, chitin, and chitosan are the hydrophilic material, which can absorb and retain a huge proportion of water in the interstitial sites of their structures. These polymers feature many amazing properties such as responsiveness to pH, time, temperature, chemical species and biological conditions besides a very high-water absorption capacity. Biopolymer hydrogels can be manipulated and crafted for numerous applications leading to a tremendous boom in research during recent times in scientific communities. With the growing environmental concerns and an emergent demand, researchers throughout the globe are concentrating particularly on naturally derived hydrogels due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and abundance. Cellulose-based hydrogels are considered as useful biocompatible materials to be used in medical devices to treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ, or help function of the body. These hydrogels also hold a great promise for applications in agricultural activity, as smart materials and some other useful industrial purposes. This review offers an overview of the recent and contemporary research regarding physiochemical properties of cellulose-based hydrogels along with their applications in multidisciplinary areas including biomedical fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing, healthcare and hygienic products as well as in agriculture, textiles and industrial applications as smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fijul Kabir
- Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Partha P Sikdar
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - B Haque
- College of Textile Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - M A Rahman Bhuiyan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - A Ali
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - M N Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
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29
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Liao HT, Tsai MJ, Brahmayya M, Chen JP. Bone Regeneration Using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Injectable Thermo-Gelling Hydrogel Scaffold Containing Platelet-Rich Plasma and Biphasic Calcium Phosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2537. [PMID: 30150580 PMCID: PMC6164853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For bone regeneration, a biocompatible thermo-gelling hydrogel, hyaluronic acid-g-chitosan-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (HA-CPN) was used as a three-dimensional organic gel matrix for entrapping rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs). Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic microparticles were embedded within the gel matrix as a mineralized bone matrix, which was further fortified with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with osteo-inductive properties. In vitro culture of rASCs in HA-CPN and HA-CPN/PRP/BCP was compared for cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Overall, HA-CPN/PRP/BCP was a better injectable cell carrier for osteogenesis of rASCs with increased cell proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase activity, enhanced calcium deposition and mineralization of extracellular matrix, and up-regulated expression of genetic markers of osteogenesis. By implanting HA-CPN/PRP/BCP/rASCs constructs in rabbit critical size calvarial bone defects, new bone formation at the defect site was successfully demonstrated from computed tomography, and histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Taken together, by combining PRP and BCP as the osteo-inductive and osteo-conductive factor with HA-CPN, we successfully demonstrated the thermo-gelling composite hydrogel scaffold could promote the osteogenesis of rASCs for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tsung Liao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jin Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Manuri Brahmayya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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Singh YP, Moses JC, Bhardwaj N, Mandal BB. Injectable hydrogels: a new paradigm for osteochondral tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5499-5529. [PMID: 32254962 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue engineering has become a promising strategy for repairing focal chondral lesions and early osteoarthritis (OA), which account for progressive joint pain and disability in millions of people worldwide. Towards improving osteochondral tissue repair, injectable hydrogels have emerged as promising matrices due to their wider range of properties such as their high water content and porous framework, similarity to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), ability to encapsulate cells within the matrix and ability to provide biological cues for cellular differentiation. Further, their properties such as those that facilitate minimally invasive deployment or delivery, and their ability to repair geometrically complex irregular defects have been critical for their success. In this review, we provide an overview of innovative approaches to engineer injectable hydrogels towards improved osteochondral tissue repair. Herein, we focus on understanding the biology of osteochondral tissue and osteoarthritis along with the need for injectable hydrogels in osteochondral tissue engineering. Furthermore, we discuss in detail different biomaterials (natural and synthetic) and various advanced fabrication methods being employed for the development of injectable hydrogels in osteochondral repair. In addition, in vitro and in vivo applications of developed injectable hydrogels for osteochondral tissue engineering are also reviewed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives of using injectable hydrogels in osteochondral tissue engineering are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
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31
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Zhang J, Peng CA. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) modified polydopamine as a temperature-responsive surface for cultivation and harvest of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:2310-2318. [PMID: 29022603 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A thermo-responsive surface was fabricated by depositing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) onto polydopamine coated cell culture substrata through free radical polymerization for the purpose of culturing and harvesting human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Human MSCs were cultured onto the PNIPAAm-g-polydopamine coated surface and harvested by changing from physiological to ambient temperature. The produced PNIPAAm-g-polydopamine surface was characterized by atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, water contact angle measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, and cell culture studies. Our results revealed that hMSCs could be detached from the PNIPAAm-g-polydopamine surface within 60 min after switching the temperature from 37 °C to room temperature. The detached hMSCs were able to proliferate on the PNIPAAm-g-polydopamine coated surface for further growth and harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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Ressler A, Ródenas-Rochina J, Ivanković M, Ivanković H, Rogina A, Gallego Ferrer G. Injectable chitosan-hydroxyapatite hydrogels promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:469-477. [PMID: 30007636 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of a pH-responsive chitosan-hydroxyapatite hydrogel to be used as a three-dimensional support for encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenic differentiation. In vitro enzymatic degradation of the hydrogel, during 28 days of incubation, in simulated physiological condiditons, was characterized by swelling measurements, molecular weight determination and SEM analysis of hydrogel microstructure. Osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated MSCs was confirmed by osteogenic Runx2, collagen type I and osteocalcin immunostaining and alkaline phosphatase quantification. The deposition of late osteogenic markers (calcium phosphates) detected by Alizarin red and von Kossa staining indicated an extracellular matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ressler
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Joaquín Ródenas-Rochina
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Anamarija Rogina
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain.
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Mochalova AE, Smirnova LA. State of the Art in the Targeted Modification of Chitosan. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090418020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Chatterjee S, Hui PCL, Kan CW. Thermoresponsive Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications: Special Insight into Their Applications in Textile Based Transdermal Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E480. [PMID: 30966514 PMCID: PMC6415431 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various natural and synthetic polymers are capable of showing thermoresponsive properties and their hydrogels are finding a wide range of biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing. Thermoresponsive hydrogels use temperature as external stimulus to show sol-gel transition and most of the thermoresponsive polymers can form hydrogels around body temperature. The availability of natural thermoresponsive polymers and multiple preparation methods of synthetic polymers, simple preparation method and high functionality of thermoresponsive hydrogels offer many advantages for developing drug delivery systems based on thermoresponsive hydrogels. In textile field applications of thermoresponsive hydrogels, textile based transdermal therapy is currently being applied using drug loaded thermoresponsive hydrogels. The current review focuses on the preparation, physico-chemical properties and various biomedical applications of thermoresponsive hydrogels based on natural and synthetic polymers and especially, their applications in developing functionalized textiles for transdermal therapies. Finally, future prospects of dual responsive (pH/temperature) hydrogels made by these polymers for textile based transdermal treatments are mentioned in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chatterjee
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Patrick Chi-Leung Hui
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Wai Kan
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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Thermoresponsive Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications: Special Insight into Their Applications in Textile Based Transdermal Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 30966514 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050480]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various natural and synthetic polymers are capable of showing thermoresponsive properties and their hydrogels are finding a wide range of biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing. Thermoresponsive hydrogels use temperature as external stimulus to show sol-gel transition and most of the thermoresponsive polymers can form hydrogels around body temperature. The availability of natural thermoresponsive polymers and multiple preparation methods of synthetic polymers, simple preparation method and high functionality of thermoresponsive hydrogels offer many advantages for developing drug delivery systems based on thermoresponsive hydrogels. In textile field applications of thermoresponsive hydrogels, textile based transdermal therapy is currently being applied using drug loaded thermoresponsive hydrogels. The current review focuses on the preparation, physico-chemical properties and various biomedical applications of thermoresponsive hydrogels based on natural and synthetic polymers and especially, their applications in developing functionalized textiles for transdermal therapies. Finally, future prospects of dual responsive (pH/temperature) hydrogels made by these polymers for textile based transdermal treatments are mentioned in this review.
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Patel M, Lee HJ, Park S, Kim Y, Jeong B. Injectable thermogel for 3D culture of stem cells. Biomaterials 2018; 159:91-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zheng F, Lawrence NS, Hartshorne RS, Fisher AC. Electrochemically Initiated Crosslinking of Chitosan. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site; Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Nathan S. Lawrence
- Chemical Engineering; University of Hull; Cottenham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Robert S. Hartshorne
- Department of Chemistry, Schlumberger Gould Research; Madingly Road Cambridge CB3 0EL UK
| | - Adrian C. Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site; Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
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Celik C, Mogal VT, Hui JHP, Loh XJ, Toh WS. Injectable Hydrogels for Cartilage Regeneration. GELS HORIZONS: FROM SCIENCE TO SMART MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6077-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dorati R, DeTrizio A, Modena T, Conti B, Benazzo F, Gastaldi G, Genta I. Biodegradable Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration Combined with Drug-Delivery Systems in Osteomyelitis Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E96. [PMID: 29231857 PMCID: PMC5748651 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of research is ongoing in the area of tissue engineering (TE) for bone regeneration. A possible improvement in restoring damaged tissues involves the loading of drugs such as proteins, genes, growth factors, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs into scaffolds for tissue regeneration. This mini-review is focused on the combination of the local delivery of antibiotic agents with bone regenerative therapy for the treatment of a severe bone infection such as osteomyelitis. The review includes a brief explanation of scaffolds for bone regeneration including scaffolds characteristics and types, a focus on severe bone infections (especially osteomyelitis and its treatment), and a literature review of local antibiotic delivery by the combination of scaffolds and drug-delivery systems. Some examples related to published studies on gentamicin sulfate-loaded drug-delivery systems combined with scaffolds are discussed, and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center of Health Technology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonella DeTrizio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Modena
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center of Health Technology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center of Health Technology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Benazzo
- Center of Health Technology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Centre oh Health Technology (CHT), Via Ferrata 1, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giulia Gastaldi
- Centre oh Health Technology (CHT), Via Ferrata 1, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center of Health Technology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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40
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Lanzalaco S, Armelin E. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Copolymers: A Review on Recent Progresses in Biomedical Applications. Gels 2017; 3:E36. [PMID: 30920531 PMCID: PMC6318659 DOI: 10.3390/gels3040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate ability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) thermo-responsive hydrogel to copolymerize and to graft synthetic polymers and biomolecules, in conjunction with the highly controlled methods of radical polymerization which are now available, have expedited the widespread number of papers published in the last decade-especially in the biomedical field. Therefore, PNIPAAm-based hydrogels are extensively investigated for applications on the controlled delivery of active molecules, in self-healing materials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, or in the smart encapsulation of cells. The most promising polymers for biodegradability enhancement of PNIPAAm hydrogels are probably poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and/or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), whereas the biocompatibility is mostly achieved with biopolymers. Ultimately, advances in three-dimensional bioprinting technology would contribute to the design of new devices and medical tools with thermal stimuli response needs, fabricated with PNIPAAm hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lanzalaco
- Industrial and Digital Innovation Department (DIID), Chemical Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/d'Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fathi M, Zangabad PS, Aghanejad A, Barar J, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Folate-conjugated thermosensitive O-maleoyl modified chitosan micellar nanoparticles for targeted delivery of erlotinib. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Portnov T, Shulimzon TR, Zilberman M. Injectable hydrogel-based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. REV CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2015-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHydrogels are highly hydrated materials that may absorb from 10% to 20% up to hundreds of times their dry weight in water and are composed of three-dimensional hydrophilic polymeric networks that are similar to those in natural tissue. The structural integrity of hydrogels depends on cross-links formed between the polymer chains. Hydrogels have been extensively explored as injectable cell delivery systems, owing to their high tissue-like water content, ability to mimic extracellular matrix, homogeneously encapsulated cells, efficient mass transfer, amenability to chemical and physical modifications, and minimally invasive delivery. A variety of naturally and synthetically derived materials have been used to form injectable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. The current review article focuses on these biomaterials, on the design parameters of injectable scaffolds, and on the
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Li S, Kuddannaya S, Chuah YJ, Bao J, Zhang Y, Wang D. Combined effects of multi-scale topographical cues on stable cell sheet formation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2056-2067. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To decipher specific cell responses to diverse and complex in vivo signals, it is essential to emulate specific surface chemicals, extra cellular matrix (ECM) components and topographical signals through reliable and easily reproducible in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Shreyas Kuddannaya
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Yon Jin Chuah
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Jingnan Bao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Dongan Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
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Belali S, Karimi AR, Hadizadeh M. Novel nanostructured smart, photodynamic hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) bearing porphyrin units in their crosslink chains: A potential sensitizer system in cancer therapy. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Maisani M, Pezzoli D, Chassande O, Mantovani D. Cellularizing hydrogel-based scaffolds to repair bone tissue: How to create a physiologically relevant micro-environment? J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417712073. [PMID: 28634532 PMCID: PMC5467968 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417712073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising alternative to autografts or allografts for the regeneration of large bone defects. Cell-free biomaterials with different degrees of sophistication can be used for several therapeutic indications, to stimulate bone repair by the host tissue. However, when osteoprogenitors are not available in the damaged tissue, exogenous cells with an osteoblast differentiation potential must be provided. These cells should have the capacity to colonize the defect and to participate in the building of new bone tissue. To achieve this goal, cells must survive, remain in the defect site, eventually proliferate, and differentiate into mature osteoblasts. A critical issue for these engrafted cells is to be fed by oxygen and nutrients: the transient absence of a vascular network upon implantation is a major challenge for cells to survive in the site of implantation, and different strategies can be followed to promote cell survival under poor oxygen and nutrient supply and to promote rapid vascularization of the defect area. These strategies involve the use of scaffolds designed to create the appropriate micro-environment for cells to survive, proliferate, and differentiate in vitro and in vivo. Hydrogels are an eclectic class of materials that can be easily cellularized and provide effective, minimally invasive approaches to fill bone defects and favor bone tissue regeneration. Furthermore, by playing on their composition and processing, it is possible to obtain biocompatible systems with adequate chemical, biological, and mechanical properties. However, only a good combination of scaffold and cells, possibly with the aid of incorporated growth factors, can lead to successful results in bone regeneration. This review presents the strategies used to design cellularized hydrogel-based systems for bone regeneration, identifying the key parameters of the many different micro-environments created within hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Maisani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire BioTis, Inserm U1026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniele Pezzoli
- Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chassande
- Laboratoire BioTis, Inserm U1026, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Radhakrishnan J, Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Injectable and 3D Bioprinted Polysaccharide Hydrogels: From Cartilage to Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:1-26. [PMID: 27966916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical performance of functional cartilage is executed by the exclusive anisotropic composition and spatially varying intricate architecture in articulating ends of diarthrodial joint. Osteochondral tissue constituting the articulating ends comprise superfical soft cartilage over hard subchondral bone sandwiching interfacial soft-hard tissue. The shock-absorbent, lubricating property of cartilage and mechanical stability of subchondral bone regions are rendered by extended chemical structure of glycosaminoglycans and mineral deposition, respectively. Extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans analogous polysaccharides are major class of hydrogels investigated for restoration of functional cartilage. Recently, injectable hydrogels have gained momentum as it offers patient compliance, tunable mechanical properties, cell deliverability, and facile administration at physiological condition with long-term functionality and hyaline cartilage construction. Interestingly, facile modifiable functional groups in carbohydrate polymers impart tailorability of desired physicochemical properties and versatile injectable chemistry for the development of highly potent biomimetic in situ forming scaffold. The scaffold design strategies have also evolved from single component to bi- or multilayered and graded constructs with osteogenic properties for deep subchondral regeneration. This review highlights the significance of polysaccharide structure-based functions in engineering cartilage tissue, injectable chemistries, strategies for combining analogous matrices with cells/stem cells and biomolecules and multicomponent approaches for osteochondral mimetic constructs. Further, the rheology and precise spatiotemporal positioning of cells in hydrogel bioink for rapid prototyping of complex three-dimensional anisotropic cartilage have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University , Thanjavur-613401, India
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University , Thanjavur-613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University , Thanjavur-613401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University , Thanjavur-613401, India
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Li H, Ji Q, Chen X, Sun Y, Xu Q, Deng P, Hu F, Yang J. Accelerated bony defect healing based on chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel scaffolds embedded with chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of BMP2 plasmid DNA. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:265-273. [PMID: 27636714 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- Department of Stomatology; Beijing Tongzhou Xinhua Hospital; Tongzhou Beijing 101100 China
| | - Qiuxia Ji
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
| | - Ximin Chen
- Orthopedic Center; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Qingdao Shandong 266035 China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
| | - Quanchen Xu
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
| | - Panpan Deng
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
- School of Stomatology; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong 266001 China
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48
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Mellati A, Fan CM, Tamayol A, Annabi N, Dai S, Bi J, Jin B, Xian C, Khademhosseini A, Zhang H. Microengineered 3D cell-laden thermoresponsive hydrogels for mimicking cell morphology and orientation in cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:217-231. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mellati
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Chia-Ming Fan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Cory Xian
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology; Konkuk University; Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu Seoul 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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Hsieh SR, Reddy PM, Chang CJ, Kumar A, Wu WC, Lin HY. Exploring the Behavior of Bovine Serum Albumin in Response to Changes in the Chemical Composition of Responsive Polymers: Experimental and Simulation Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E238. [PMID: 30979331 PMCID: PMC6432219 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between polymer and protein is very important to fabricate the potential materials for many bio-related applications. In this regard, the present work investigated the effect of copolymers on the conformation and thermal stability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the aid of biophysical techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In comparison with that of copolymer PGA-1.5, our fluorescence spectroscopy results reveal that the copolymer PGA-1, which has a lower PEGMA/AA ratio, shows greater influence on the conformation of BSA. Copolymers induced unfolding of the polypeptide chain of BSA, which was confirmed from the loss in the negative ellipticity of CD spectra. DSC results showed that the addition of PGA-1 and PGA-1.5 (0.05% (w/v) decreased the transition temperature by 14.8 and 11.5 °C, respectively). The results from the present study on the behavior of protein in response to changes in the chemical composition of synthetic polymers are significant for various biological applications such as enzyme immobilization, protein separations, sensor development and stimuli-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Rong Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
| | - P Madhusudhana Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Jung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Wan-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Panadero J, Lanceros-Mendez S, Ribelles JG. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering: Individual and synergetic effects of three-dimensional environment and mechanical loading. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:1-12. [PMID: 26826532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells is influenced not only by soluble molecules like growth factors, but also by the cell environment itself. The latter is achieved through both mechanical cues - which act as stimulation factor and influences nutrient transport - and adhesion to extracellular matrix cues - which determine cell shape. Although the effects of soluble molecules and cell environment have been intensively addressed, few observations and conclusions about the interaction between the two have been achieved. In this work, we review the state of the art on the single effects between mechanical and biochemical cues, as well as on the combination of the two. Furthermore, we provide a discussion on the techniques currently used to determine the mechanical properties of materials and tissues generated in vitro, their limitations and the future research needs to properly address the identified problems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The importance of biomechanical cues in chondrogenesis is well known. This paper reviews the existing literature on the effect of mechanical stimulation on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in order to regenerate hyaline cartilage. Contradictory results found with respect to the effect of different modes of external loading can be explained by the different properties of the scaffolding system that holds the cells, which determine cell adhesion and morphology and spatial distribution of cells, as well as the stress transmission to the cells. Thus, this review seeks to provide an insight into the interplay between external loading program and scaffold properties during chondrogenic differentiation. The review of the literature reveals an important gap in the knowledge in this field and encourages new experimental studies. The main issue is that in each of the few cases in which the interplay is investigated, just two groups of scaffolds are compared, leaving intermediate adhesion conditions out of study. The authors propose broader studies implementing new high-throughput techniques for mechanical characterization of tissue engineering constructs and the inclusion of fatigue analysis as support methodology to more exhaustive mechanical characterization.
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