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Saffari M, Tamaddon AM, Shirazi FH, Oghabian MA, Moghimi HR. Improving cellular uptake and in vivo tumor suppression efficacy of liposomal oligonucleotides by urea as a chemical penetration enhancer. J Gene Med 2013; 15:12-9. [PMID: 23281182 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liposomes are among the most widely used carriers for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (AsODNs) to intracellular targets. Although different strategies have been employed, the question of how to improve liposomal uptake and enhance the release of AsODN into cytoplasm still remains to be answered with respect to the use of a safe, easy and economic method. In the present study, the possibility of enhancing such processes at cellular and animal levels using urea as a penetration enhancer was investigated. METHODS To perform this investigation, a cationic liposome containing an AsODN against protein kinase (PKC)-α was prepared, and the effect of urea on its cellular internalization and the related sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were investigated by flow cytometry and the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. In in vivo studies, a xenograft lung tumor was established in nude mice by A549 cells and the enhancement effect of urea toward the effects of liposomal AsODN on tumor growth was investigated. RESULTS Cellular studies revealed that urea treatment increases liposomal uptake and the release of AsODN into the cytoplasm by approximately 40%. Sequence-specific inhibition of target gene PKC-α expression was also increased by approximately two-fold by urea at 200-300 nM AsODN. In animal studies, urea significantly decreased the tumor volume (approximately 40%) and increased its doubling time from approximately 13 days to 17 days. CONCLUSIONS Urea, and possibly other membrane fluidizers, could be regarded as penetration enhancers for liposomal AsODN delivery and may improve the therapeutic effect of these gene-therapy vectors at both cellular and animal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saffari
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Schizophyllan: A review on its structure, properties, bioactivities and recent developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jacobs S, Bunt CR, Wu Z, Lehr CM, Rupenthal ID. Characterization and evaluation of β-glucan formulations as injectable implants for protein and peptide delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1337-43. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.650646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lehtovaara BC, Verma MS, Gu FX. Synthesis of curdlan-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) and formulation of doxorubicin-loaded core–shell nanoparticles. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911511432511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new core–shell nanoparticle containing the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin was formulated via amphiphilic graft copolymer self-assembly using curdlan- graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (curdlan -g-PEG). The graft copolymer was synthesized through the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ester linkage of carboxylated PEG to the hydroxyl groups of the curdlan backbone. The nanoparticles were 109.9 nm in size and encapsulated doxorubicin in high yield (4%–5% wt/wt). The nanoparticles also controlled the release of doxorubicin over 24 h with a release profile that followed a Fickian diffusion model. The biocompatibility of curdlan- g-PEG was confirmed by hemolysis assay. This is the first nanoparticle formulated using the hydrophobicity of curdlan for concealing the immunomodulatory potential of curdlan within the core.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Frank X. Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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Lehtovaara BC, Gu FX. Pharmacological, structural, and drug delivery properties and applications of 1,3-β-glucans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6813-6828. [PMID: 21609131 DOI: 10.1021/jf200964u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
1,3-β-Glucans are a class of natural polysaccharides with unique pharmacological properties and the ability to form single- and triple-helical structures that can be formed into resilient gels with the application of heat and humidity. The pharmacological capabilities of 1,3-β-glucans include the impartation of tumor inhibition, resistance to infectious disease, and improvements in wound healing. Curdlan is a linear 1,3-β-glucan that has been used extensively to study the nature of these helical structures and gels, and Curdlan sulfates have found ongoing application in the inhibition of HIV infection. 1,3-β-Glucan gels have been used in food science as stabilizers and encapsulating agents, in nanoscience as scaffolds to build nanofibers and nanowires, and in drug delivery to form nanoparticles and create helical micelles encapsulating polynucleotides. 1,3-β-Glucans are beginning to have enormous significance due to their dual nature as structure-forming agents and pharmacological substances, and research is especially focused on the application of these polymers in animal nutrition and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Lehtovaara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Sizovs A, McLendon PM, Srinivasachari S, Reineke TM. Carbohydrate polymers for nonviral nucleic acid delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:131-90. [PMID: 21504102 PMCID: PMC4096969 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific delivery is also briefly reviewed. We contend that carbohydrates have contributed significantly to progress in the field of non-viral DNA delivery, and these new discoveries are impactful for developing new vehicles and materials for treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antons Sizovs
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
| | - Patrick M. McLendon
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45228, USA
| | - Sathya Srinivasachari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
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Fujioka T, Taketani S, Nagasaki T, Matsumoto A. Self-Assembly and Cellular Uptake of Degradable and Water-Soluble Polyperoxides. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1879-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Fujioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Mochizuki S, Sakurai K. A Novel Polysaccharide/Polynucleotide Complex and its Application to Bio-functional DNA Delivery System. Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2008309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Study on cellular internalization of poly(vinyldiaminotriazine)-based hydrogen bonding type non-viral transgene vector. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xiong XB, Mahmud A, Uludağ H, Lavasanifar A. Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Doxorubicin to Metastatic Cancer Cells. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2555-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rinaudo M. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. POLYM INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Minari J, Kubo T, Ohba H, Shimada N, Takeda Y, Karinaga R, Anada T, Koumoto K, Kawazu T, Nagasaki T, Shinkai S, Sakurai K. Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides to Nuclear Telomere RNA by Use of a Complex between Polysaccharide and Polynucleotide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yan H, Tram K. Glycotargeting to improve cellular delivery efficiency of nucleic acids. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:107-23. [PMID: 17268860 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids bearing glycans of various structures have been under vigorous investigation in the past decade. The carbohydrate moieties of such complexes can serve as recognition sites for carbohydrate-binding proteins-lectins-and initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, carbohydrates can enhance cell targeting and internalization of nucleic acids that are associated with them and thus improve the bioavailability of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents. This review summarizes nucleic acid glycosylation in nature and approaches for the preparation of both non-covalently associated and covalently-linked carbohydrate-nucleic acid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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Anada T, Karinaga R, Koumoto K, Mizu M, Nagasaki T, Kato Y, Taira K, Shinkai S, Sakurai K. Linear double-stranded DNA that mimics an infective tail of virus genome to enhance transfection. J Control Release 2005; 108:529-39. [PMID: 16219384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work showed that a natural beta-(1-->3)-d-glucan schizophyllan (SPG) can form a stable complex with single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssODNs). When protein transduction peptides were attached to SPG and this modified SPG was complexed with ssODNs, the resultant complex could induce cellular transfection of the bound ODNs, without producing serious cytotoxicity. However, no technique was available to transfect double-stranded DNAs (dsDNA) or plasmid DNA using SPG. This paper presents a new approach to transfect dsDNA, showing preparation and transfection efficiency for a minimal-size gene having a loop-shaped poly(dA)(80) on both ends. This poly(dA) loops of dsDNA can form a complex with SPG. An siRNA-coding dsDNA with the poly(dA) loop was complexed with Tat-attached SPG to silence luciferase expression. When LTR-Luc-HeLa cells that can express luciferase under the control of the LTR promoter were exposed to this complex, the expression of luciferase was suppressed (i.e., RNAi effect was enhanced). Cytotoxicity studies showed that the Tat-SPG complex induced much less cell death compared to polyethylenimine, indicating that the proposed method caused less harm than the conventional method. The Tat-SPG/poly(dA) looped dsDNA complex had a structure similar to the viral genome in that the dsDNA ends were able to induce transfection and protection. The present work identifies the SPG and poly(dA) looped minimum-sized gene combination as a candidate for a non-toxic gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Anada
- Department of Chemical Process & Environments, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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