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Gong X, Liang Z, Yang Y, Liu H, Ji J, Fan Y. A resazurin-based, nondestructive assay for monitoring cell proliferation during a scaffold-based 3D culture process. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:271-281. [PMID: 32523729 PMCID: PMC7266666 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of viable cell estimation method without sacrificing proliferation and functions of cells cultured on regenerative biomaterials is essential for regenerative engineering. Cytotoxicity and depletion of resazurin are critical but often overlooked limitations that hindered applications of resazurin in viable cell estimation. The present work found that cytotoxicity and depletion of resazurin depended on cell concentration, resazurin concentration and resazurin incubation time. A simple strategy which only allowed cells to incubate with resazurin during each measurement was developed to eliminate negative effects of resazurin. This strategy was verified by monitoring proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on poly(d,l-lactic acid) scaffold during a continuous 3D culture process for up to 21 days, comparing the accuracy with MTT assay which is a destructive assay with high sensitivity and accuracy and commonly used in regenerative engineering and comparing viability, proliferation and differentiation functions of MC3T3-E1, which were treated with/without this strategy for nondestructive evaluation. This method showed comparable linearity of standard curve and characteristics of growth curve to MTT assay. No major negative effects of this method on MC3T3-E1 viability and functions were found. Our work highlighted the importance of the concentration and incubation time of resazurin in designing application-specific nondestructive viability assay and would be helpful in improving the implanted medical devices as well as in regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqing Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
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Park JY, Jeon HJ, Kim TY, Lee KY, Park K, Lee ES, Choi JM, Park CG, Jeon SH. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cell surface marker expression for human dental mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 2014; 8:453-66. [PMID: 23826699 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Human dental mesenchymal stem cells (hDMSCs) have been isolated from extracted human teeth and proven to have different proliferation and differentiation abilities among the subtypes. Despite increasing interest in the clinical use of hDMSCs, a well-defined specific marker has been absent for these stem cells. In this study, a comparative analysis with known mesenchymal stem cell surface markers such as STRO-1, CD90, CD146, CD34 and TfR (CD71) was performed. MATERIALS & METHODS Four subtypes of the hDMSCs were obtained and cultured. The hDMSCs were processed by flow cytometric analysis, fluorescence immunocytostaining for in vitro study and in situ immunohistochemical staining for in vivo study. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The previously known positive and negative MSC markers, such as STRO-1, CD90, CD146 and CD34 showed comparative expression profiles of hDMSC subtypes. TfR was highly positive in hDMSCs compared with the control cells; therefore, TfR was suggested as a new marker for hDMSCs in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Qu G, von Schroeder HP. Preliminary Evidence for the Dedifferentiation of RAW 264.7 Cells into Mesenchymal Progenitor-Like Cells by a Purine Analog. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1890-901. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Qu
- Bone Lab, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert P. von Schroeder
- Bone Lab, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Hand Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gurkan UA, Kishore V, Condon KW, Bellido TM, Akkus O. A scaffold-free multicellular three-dimensional in vitro model of osteogenesis. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:388-401. [PMID: 21318400 PMCID: PMC10132772 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of osteogenesis are essential for investigating bone biology and the effects of pharmaceutical, chemical, and physical cues on bone formation. Osteogenesis takes place in a complex three-dimensional (3D) environment with cells from both mesenchymal and hematopoietic origins. Existing in vitro models of osteogenesis include two-dimensional (2D) single type cell monolayers and 3D cultures. However, an in vitro scaffold-free multicellular 3D model of osteogenesis is missing. We hypothesized that the self-inductive ossification capacity of bone marrow tissue can be harnessed in vitro and employed as a scaffold-free multicellular 3D model of osteogenesis. Therefore, rat bone marrow tissue was cultured for 28 days in three settings: 2D monolayer, 3D homogenized pellet, and 3D organotypic explant. The ossification potential of marrow in each condition was quantified by micro-computed tomography. The 3D organotypic marrow explant culture resulted in the greatest level of ossification with plate-like bone formations (up to 5 mm in diameter and 0.24 mm in thickness). To evaluate the mimicry of the organotypic marrow explants to newly forming native bone tissue, detailed compositional and morphological analyses were performed, including characterization of the ossified matrix by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, Raman microspectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, backscattered electron microscopy, and micromechanical tests. The results indicated that the 3D organotypic marrow explant culture model mimics newly forming native bone tissue in terms of the characteristics studied. Therefore, this platform holds significant potential to be used as a model of osteogenesis, offering an alternative to in vitro monolayer cultures and in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut A Gurkan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
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Gurkan UA, Krueger A, Akkus O. Ossifying Bone Marrow Explant Culture as a Three-Dimensional MechanoresponsiveIn VitroModel of Osteogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:417-28. [PMID: 20807016 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Adam Krueger
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Srisa-Art M, Bonzani IC, Williams A, Stevens MM, deMello AJ, Edel JB. Identification of rare progenitor cells from human periosteal tissue using droplet microfluidics. Analyst 2009; 134:2239-45. [PMID: 19838410 DOI: 10.1039/b910472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and characterisation of single cells from a heterogeneous population are important processes in cell biology, immunology, stem cell research, and cancer research. In the development of novel cell-based therapies, there is a considerable need to target specific cell types to allow for further analysis and amplification ex vivo. We introduce, herein, the use of droplet-based microfluidics as a platform technology for the identification and quantification of distinct cell phenotypes. Using molecular labelling of specific cell populations by antibodies and fluorescent dyes, detection of single cells encapsulated within picolitre-sized aqueous droplets can be performed using high-sensitivity confocal fluorescence detection. Specifically, rare progenitor cells were immunodetected within a heterogeneous population of cells isolated from human periosteal tissue. Using this model human cell population, the accuracy and reproducibility of the droplet system were tested and the results were verified using conventional flow cytometry. It was found that the quantitation of phenotypic subpopulations measured using both techniques is directly comparable. Accordingly, this study demonstrates the biological capacity of droplet-based microfluidics for cellular analysis and provides a necessary first step towards the development of a novel cell sorting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK SW7 2AZ
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Hu W, Guo F, Li F, Huang H, Zhang W, Chen A. Construction of Sox9 gene eukaryotic expression vector and its inductive effects on directed differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into precartilaginous stem cells in rats. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2009; 29:291-5. [PMID: 19513608 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sox9 gene was cloned from immortalized precartilaginous stem cells and its eukaryotic expression vector constructed in order to explore the possibility of bone marrow-derived stromal cells differentiation into precartilaginous stem cells induced by Sox9. A full-length fragment of Sox9 was obtained by RT-PCR, inserted into pGEM-T Easy clone vector, and ligated with pEGFP-IRES2 expression vector by double digestion after sequencing. The compound plasmid was transfected into born marrow-derived stromal cells by Lipofectamine 2000, and the transfection efficacy and the expression of Sox9 and FGFR-3 were observed. Flow cytometry was used to identify the cell phenotype, and MTT was employed to assay proliferative viability of cells. Sequencing, restrictive endonuclease identification and RT-PCR confirmed that the expansion of Sox9 and construction of Sox9 expression vector were successful. After transfection of the recombinant vector into bone marrow-derived stromal cells, the expression of Sox9 and FGFR-3 was detected, and proliferative viability was not different from that of precartilaginous stem cells. It was concluded that Sox9 gene eukaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed, and the transfected bone marrow-derived stromal cells differentiated into the precartilaginous stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Yu J, Shi J, Jin Y. Current Approaches and Challenges in Making a Bio-Tooth. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:307-19. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junnan Shi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jin
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Oral Histology & Pathology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Yang X, van der Kraan PM, van den Dolder J, Walboomers XF, Bian Z, Fan M, Jansen JA. STRO-1 Selected Rat Dental Pulp Stem Cells Transfected with Adenoviral-Mediated Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Gene Show Enhanced Odontogenic Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:2803-12. [PMID: 17824831 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells harbor great potential for tissue-engineering purposes. However, previous studies have shown variable results, and some have reported only limited osteogenic and odontogenic potential.Because bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well-established agents to induce bone and dentin formation,in this study STRO-1-selected rat dental pulp-derived stem cells were transfected with the adenoviral mediated human BMP-2 gene. Subsequently, the cells were evaluated for their odontogenic differentiation ability in medium not containing dexamethasone or other stimuli. Cultures were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated for cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity, and calcium content. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for gene expression of Alp, osteocalcin, collagen type I, bone sialoprotein, dentin sialophosphoprotein, and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1. Finally, an oligo-microarray was used to profile the expression of odontogenesis-related genes. Results of ALP activity, calcium content, and real-time PCR showed that only BMP2-transfected cells had the ability to differentiate into the odontoblast phenotype and to produce a calcified extracellular matrix. SEM and oligo-microarray confirmed these results. In contrast, the non-transfected cells represented a less differentiated cell phenotype. Based on our results, we concluded that the adenovirus can transfect STRO-1 selected cells with high efficacy. After BMP2 gene transfection, these cells had the ability to differentiate into odontoblast phenotype, even without the addition of odontogenic supplements to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Yang
- Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yu J, Wang Y, Deng Z, Tang L, Li Y, Shi J, Jin Y. Odontogenic capability: bone marrow stromal stem cells versus dental pulp stem cells. Biol Cell 2007; 99:465-74. [PMID: 17371295 DOI: 10.1042/bc20070013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Although adult bone-marrow-derived cell populations have been used to make teeth when recombined with embryonic oral epithelium, the differences between dental and non-dental stem-cell-mediated odontogenesis remain an open question. RESULTS STRO-1(+) (stromal precursor cell marker) DPSCs (dental pulp stem cells) and BMSSCs (bone marrow stromal stem cells) were isolated from rat dental pulp and bone marrow respectively by magnetic-activated cell-sorting techniques. Their odontogenic capacity was compared under the same inductive microenvironment produced by ABCs (apical bud cells) from 2-day-old rat incisors. Co-cultured DPSCs/ABCs in vitro showed more active odontogenic differentiation ability than mixed BMSSCs/ABCs, as indicated by the accelerated matrix mineralization, up-regulated alkaline phosphatase activity, cell-cycle modification, and the expression of tooth-specific proteins and genes. After cultured for 14 days in the renal capsules of rat hosts, recombined DPSC/ABC pellets formed typical tooth-shaped tissues with balanced amelogenesis and dentinogenesis, whereas BMSSC/ABC recombinants developed into atypical dentin-pulp complexes without enamel formation. DPSC and BMSSC pellets in vivo produced osteodentin-like structures and fibrous connective tissues respectively. CONCLUSIONS DPSCs presented more striking odontogenic capability than BMSSCs under the induction of postnatal ABCs. This report provides critical insights into the selection of candidate cells for tooth regeneration between dental and non-dental stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Duplomb L, Dagouassat M, Jourdon P, Heymann D. Concise Review: Embryonic Stem Cells: A New Tool to Study Osteoblast and Osteoclast Differentiation. Stem Cells 2006; 25:544-52. [PMID: 17095705 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling involves synthesis of organic matrix by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. A tight collaboration between these two cell types is essential to maintain a physiological bone homeostasis. Thus, osteoblasts control bone-resorbing activities and are also involved in osteoclast differentiation. Any disturbance between these effectors leads to the development of skeletal abnormalities and/or bone diseases. In this context, the determination of key genes involved in bone cell differentiation is a new challenge to treat any skeletal disorders. Different models are used to study the differentiation process of these cells, but all of them use pre-engaged progenitor cells, allowing us to study only the latest stages of the differentiation. Embryonic stem (ES) cells come from the inner mass of the blastocyst prior its implantation to the uterine wall. Because of their capacity to differentiate into all germ layers, and so into all tissues of the body, ES cells represent the best model by which to study earliest stages of bone cell differentiation. Osteoblasts are generated by two methods, one including the generation of embryoid body, the other not. Mineralizing cells are obtained after 2 weeks of culture and express all the specific osteoblastic markers (alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteocalcin, and others). Osteoclasts are generated from a single-cell suspension of ES cells seeded on a feeder monolayer, and bone-resorbing cells expressing osteoclastic markers such as tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase or receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB are obtained within 11 days. The aim of this review is to present recent discoveries and advances in the differentiation of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts from ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Duplomb
- INSERM, ERI 7 Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1.
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