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Yang H, Yao L, Wang Y, Chen G, Chen H. Advancing cell surface modification in mammalian cells with synthetic molecules. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13325-13345. [PMID: 38033886 PMCID: PMC10685406 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04597h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological cells, being the fundamental entities of life, are widely acknowledged as intricate living machines. The manipulation of cell surfaces has emerged as a progressively significant domain of investigation and advancement in recent times. Particularly, the alteration of cell surfaces using meticulously crafted and thoroughly characterized synthesized molecules has proven to be an efficacious means of introducing innovative functionalities or manipulating cells. Within this realm, a diverse array of elegant and robust strategies have been recently devised, including the bioorthogonal strategy, which enables selective modification. This review offers a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in the modification of mammalian cell surfaces through the use of synthetic molecules. It explores a range of strategies, encompassing chemical covalent modifications, physical alterations, and bioorthogonal approaches. The review concludes by addressing the present challenges and potential future opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lihua Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
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2
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Arkas M, Vardavoulias M, Kythreoti G, Giannakoudakis DA. Dendritic Polymers in Tissue Engineering: Contributions of PAMAM, PPI PEG and PEI to Injury Restoration and Bioactive Scaffold Evolution. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:524. [PMID: 36839847 PMCID: PMC9966633 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability of radially polymerized bio-dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers for medical applications is well established. Perhaps the most important implementations are those that involve interactions with the regenerative mechanisms of cells. In general, they are non-toxic or exhibit very low toxicity. Thus, they allow unhindered and, in many cases, faster cell proliferation, a property that renders them ideal materials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Their resemblance to proteins permits the synthesis of derivatives that mimic collagen and elastin or are capable of biomimetic hydroxy apatite production. Due to their distinctive architecture (core, internal branches, terminal groups), dendritic polymers may play many roles. The internal cavities may host cell differentiation genes and antimicrobial protection drugs. Suitable terminal groups may modify the surface chemistry of cells and modulate the external membrane charge promoting cell adhesion and tissue assembly. They may also induce polymer cross-linking for healing implementation in the eyes, skin, and internal organ wounds. The review highlights all the different categories of hard and soft tissues that may be remediated with their contribution. The reader will also be exposed to the incorporation of methods for establishment of biomaterials, functionalization strategies, and the synthetic paths for organizing assemblies from biocompatible building blocks and natural metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Arkas
- Institute of Nanoscience Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Gregoriou Street, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Kythreoti
- Institute of Nanoscience Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Gregoriou Street, 15310 Athens, Greece
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3
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Shaikh A, Kesharwani P, Gajbhiye V. Dendrimer as a momentous tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2022; 346:328-354. [PMID: 35452764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers have been comprehensively used for cargo delivery, nucleic acid delivery (genes, miRNA/siRNAs), delivery of macromolecules, and other various biomedical applications. Dendrimers are highly versatile in function and can be engineered as multifunctional biomacromolecules by modifying the surface for fulfilling different applications. Dendrimers are being used for crosslinking of existing synthetic and natural polymeric scaffolds to regulate their binding efficiency, stiffness, biocompatibility, transfection, and many other properties to mimic the in vivo extracellular matrix in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Dendritic inter-cellular linkers can enhance the linkages between cells and result in scaffold-independent tissue constructs. Effectively engineered dendrimers are the ideal molecules for delivering bioactive molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, etc., and other metabolites for efficaciously regulating cell behavior. Dendrimeric nanostructures have shown tremendous results in various TERM fields like stem cells survival, osteogenesis, increased crosslinking for eye and corneal repair, and proliferation in cartilage. This review highlights the role and various aspects of dendritic polymers for TERM in general and with respect to specific tissues. This review also covers novel explorations and insights into the use of dendrimers in TERM, focusing on the developments in the past decade and perspective of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aazam Shaikh
- Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Virendra Gajbhiye
- Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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4
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Bucak CD, Kürekci C, Dinç CÖ. Carrying system formula for eugenol encapsulation: glycodendritic polyamine dextran-G2.5, synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Cell membrane engineering with synthetic materials: Applications in cell spheroids, cellular glues and microtissue formation. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:21-36. [PMID: 30986529 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biologically inspired materials with tunable bio- and physicochemical properties provide an essential framework to actively control and support cellular behavior. Cell membrane remodeling approaches benefit from the advances in polymer science and bioconjugation methods, which allow for the installation of un-/natural molecules and particles on the cells' surface. Synthetically remodeled cells have superior properties and are under intense investigation in various therapeutic scenarios as cell delivery systems, bio-sensing platforms, injectable biomaterials and bioinks for 3D bioprinting applications. In this review article, recent advances in the field of cell surface remodeling via bio-chemical means and the potential biomedical applications of these emerging cell hybrids are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recent advances in bioconjugation methods, controlled/living polymerizations, microfabrication techniques and 3D printing technologies have enabled researchers to probe specific cellular functions and cues for therapeutic and research purposes through the formation of cell spheroids and polymer-cell chimeras. This review article highlights recent non-genetic cell membrane engineering strategies towards the fabrication of cellular ensembles and microtissues with interest in 3D in vitro modeling, cell therapeutics and tissue engineering. From a wider perspective, these approaches may provide a roadmap for future advances in cell therapies which will expedite the clinical use of cells, thereby improving the quality and accessibility of disease treatments.
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6
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Su N, Jiang LY, Wang X, Gao PL, Zhou J, Wang CY, Luo Y. Membrane-Binding Adhesive Particulates Enhance the Viability and Paracrine Function of Mesenchymal Cells for Cell-Based Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1007-1017. [PMID: 30616345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental cell-material interactions is essential to designing functional materials for biomedical applications. Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are known to secrete cytokines and exosomes that are effective to treat degenerative diseases, the inherent property of biomaterials to modulate the therapeutic function of MSCs remains to be investigated. Here, a multivalent cell-membrane adhesive conjugate was generated through polyamindoamine (PAMAM) and an oligopeptide, IKVAV, and the conjugate was further complexed with hyaluronic acid (HA). The adhesive particulates were used to coat the surface of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) and studied in the MSC spheroid culture. The analysis showed that the adhesive complexes formed via PAMAM conjugates and HA significantly promoted the proliferation and the gene expression of pro-angiogenesis cytokines in MSCs; the production of anti-inflammatory miRNAs in exosomes could also be elevated. The transplantation of the Ad-MSCs primed with PAMAM-IKVAV/HA composite particulates in a rat myocardial infarction model further demonstrated the beneficial effects of membrane-binding materials on improving the cell retention and tissue angiogenesis. The new function of membrane-binding adhesive materials potentially provides useful ways to improve cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Li-Yang Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Peng-Lai Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 27 Taiping Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Chang-Yong Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 27 Taiping Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100871 , China
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7
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Bouguéon G, Kauss T, Dessane B, Barthélémy P, Crauste-Manciet S. Micro- and nano-formulations for bioprinting and additive manufacturing. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:163-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Yang M, Li Y, Wang W, Yuan Z, Li Y. Construction of a Linear Cell Cross-Linker with Multivalent Glycyrrhetinic Acid Ligands for Rapid Formation of Hepatocyte Spheroids. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3570-3577. [PMID: 33465921 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the development of a novel cellular cross-linker further employed in the construction of hepatocellular spheroids based on multivalent strategy. The linker structure consists of a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative (GA-N(CH3)2) modified alginate (ALG). GA-N(CH3)2 is selected as the recognition ligand due to its high affinity toward hepatocyte, whereas ALG represents the linear backbone accounting for its good biocompatibility and flexible structure. These features endow the cellular cross-linker with the ability to flexibly interact with the cell through multiple binding sites, providing superior binding force between the cell and cross-linker, and subsequently rapidly combining multiple cells into cellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Howe EJ, Okesola BO, Smith DK. Self-assembled sorbitol-derived supramolecular hydrogels for the controlled encapsulation and release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:7451-4. [PMID: 25824859 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01868d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple supramolecular hydrogel based on 1,3:2,4-di(4-acylhydrazide)benzylidene sorbitol (DBS-CONHNH2), is able to extract acid-functionalised anti-inflammatory drugs via directed interactions with the self-assembled gel nanofibres. Two-component hydrogel-drug hybrid materials can be easily formed by mixing and exhibit pH-controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Howe
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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10
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Chitosan as inter-cellular linker to accelerate multicellular spheroid generation in hydrogel scaffold. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Zhao Z, Gu J, Zhao Y, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang Y. Hydrogel Thin Film with Swelling-Induced Wrinkling Patterns for High-Throughput Generation of Multicellular Spheroids. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3306-12. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500722g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianjun Gu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yening Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Lamanna G, Grillaud M, Macri C, Chaloin O, Muller S, Bianco A. Adamantane-based dendrons for trimerization of the therapeutic P140 peptide. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7553-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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O'Donovan L, De Bank PA. A hydrazide-anchored dendron scaffold for chemoselective ligation strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7290-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a dendron scaffold, enabling the chemoselective decoration of target molecules with multiple copies of functional species, such as peptides, via a hydrazone bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz O'Donovan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- University of Bath
- Bath, UK
| | - Paul A. De Bank
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- University of Bath
- Bath, UK
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14
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The effects of an RGD-PAMAM dendrimer conjugate in 3D spheroid culture on cell proliferation, expression and aggregation. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2665-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Ciupa A, De Bank PA, Caggiano L. Multicellular aggregation of maltol-modified cells triggered by Fe3+ ions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10148-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43727b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Purpose-driven biomaterials research in liver-tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The application of nanotechnology has opened a new realm of advancement in the field of regenerative medicine and has provided hope for the culmination of long-felt needs by the development of an ideal means to control the biochemical and mechanical microenvironment for successful cell delivery and tissue regeneration. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been widely used in the advancement of this field, be it by improvement in scaffolds for cell growth, development of new and efficient delivery devices, cellular modification and tracking applications or by development of nanodevices such as biosensors. The current review elaborates the various nanomaterials used in regenerative medicine with a special focus on the development of this field during the last 5 years and the recent advances in their aforementioned applications. Furthermore, the key issues and challenges in using nanotechnology-based approaches are highlighted with an outlook on the likely future of nano-assisted regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar (Mohali) 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar (Mohali) 160062, Punjab, India
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Mo X, Li Q, Yi Lui LW, Zheng B, Kang CH, Nugraha B, Yue Z, Jia RR, Fu HX, Choudhury D, Arooz T, Yan J, Lim CT, Shen S, Hong Tan C, Yu H. Rapid construction of mechanically- confined multi- cellular structures using dendrimeric intercellular linker. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7455-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ho VHB, Müller KH, Barcza A, Chen R, Slater NKH. Generation and manipulation of magnetic multicellular spheroids. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3095-102. [PMID: 20045553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids have important applications in tumour studies, drug screening and tissue engineering. To enable simple manipulation of spheroids, magnetically labelled HeLa cells were cultured in hanging drops to generate magnetic spheroids. HeLa cells were labelled by biotinylating their cell membrane proteins and then binding streptavidin paramagnetic particles onto the biotinylated cell surface. Spheroids of different sizes were obtained by varying the seeding cell concentrations within the hanging drops and the spheroids had good cell viability. Characterisation of the F-actin distribution within the spheroids indicated a three dimensional reorganisation of the cellular cytoskeleton compared to monolayer cultures. The magnetic moment of the spheroids was measured and showed a superparamagnetic response in an applied field. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the paramagnetic particles were still present in the spheroids even after 21 days of culture. These spheroids could be easily and quickly separated magnetically without the need for centrifugation. The magnetic spheroids were also successfully manipulated and patterned using magnetic fields within a few seconds. The patterned spheroids then fused together to form a larger tissue construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H B Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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