1
|
Gkika KS, Kargaard A, Burke CS, Dolan C, Heise A, Keyes TE. Ru(ii)/BODIPY core co-encapsulated ratiometric nanotools for intracellular O 2 sensing in live cancer cells. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1520-1533. [PMID: 34704057 PMCID: PMC8496004 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is a crucial reagent in many biochemical processes within living cells and its concentration can be an effective marker in disease, particularly in cancer where tissue hypoxia has been shown to indicate tumour growth. Probes that can reflect the oxygen concentration and distribution using ratiometric signals can be applied to a range of conventional methods without the need for specialised equipment and are particularly useful. The preparation and in cellulo study of luminescent ratiometric core–shell nanoparticles are presented. Here, a new lipophilic and oxygen-responsive Ru(ii) tris-heteroleptic polypyridyl complex is co-encapsulated with a reference BODIPY dye into the core of poly-l-lysine-coated polystyrene particles. The co-core encapsulation ensures oxygen response but reduces the impact of the environment on both probes. Single wavelength excitation of the particles, suspended in aqueous buffer, at 480 nm, triggers well-resolved dual emission from both dyes with peak maxima at 515 nm and 618 nm. A robust ratiometric oxygen response is observed from water, with a linear dynamic range of 3.6–262 μM which matches well with typical biological ranges. The uptake of RuBDP NPs was found to be cell-line dependent, but in cancerous cell lines, the particles were strongly permeable with late endosomal and partial lysosomal co-staining observed within 3 to 4 hours, eventually leading to extensive staining of the cytoplasm. The co-localisation of the ruthenium and BODIPY emission confirms that the particles remain intact in cellulo with no indication of dye leaching. The ratiometric O2 sensing response of the particles in cellulo was demonstrated using a plate-based assay and by confocal xyλ scanning of cells exposed to hypoxic conditions. Uptake and quantitative ratiometric oxygen sensing response of core–shell nanoparticles containing ruthenium probe and BODIPY reference is demonstrated using a plate reader-based assay and by confocal xyλ scanning of live cancer cells under hypoxic conditions.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karmel Sofia Gkika
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | | | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland .,Department of Chemistry, RCSI Dublin Ireland
| | - Ciaran Dolan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI Dublin Ireland.,CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices RCSI Dublin D02 Ireland.,AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre RCSI Dublin D02 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin Dublin 9 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van der Sanden B, Gredy L, Wion D, Stephan O. 3D two-photon polymerization of smart cell gelatin - collagen matrixes with incorporated ruthenium complexes for the monitoring of local oxygen tensions. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:172-182. [PMID: 34129956 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The extra cellular matrix plays a major role in the biomechanical properties of tissues that impact cell behavior and fate. It is therefore crucial to mimic these complex cell-matrix interactions in 3D cell cultures. Here, two-photon polymerization is applied to produce gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) - collagen matrixes that further enable local pO2matrix measurement, when ruthenium complexes are used as photo-activators. The fluorescence intensity of these complexes has a direct and inverse relationship with the local pO2matrix. The 3D structures reached their maximum size in cell culture conditions after 3H with a swelling factor of ~1.5. Their shape and the ruthenium fluorescence intensity of the alveoli walls stayed constant for at least 2 weeks in the absence of cells. They were used in time series to monitor the local pO2matrix adjacent to cancer cells during their division, migration and the formation of a tumor tissue mass. At the presence of these cell activities that consume O2, a significant ~3-fold increase of the ruthenium fluorescence intensity in the alveoli walls was observed. This study demonstrates that online monitoring of the local pO2matrix is possible. The ruthenium complexes provide the bio-optical sensors that are useful for further analysis of cancer and healthy cell energy metabolism in a 3D matrix that better mimics in vivo conditions and migration paths. Unraveling the cancer cell metabolic adaptations in a changing micro-environment will help the development of new therapeutic opportunities. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In 3D cell cultures, monitoring pericellular pO2 is as critical as controlling pH. This facility is currently missing. Here, we take advantage of the direct and inverse relationship between pO2 and the fluorescence intensity of ruthenium complexes to generate stable gelatin-collagen matrixes able to continuously monitoring the pO2 at the pericellular level. The ruthenium complexes, which are photo-activators in the two-photon polymerization of these matrixes, became covalently bind to the collagen fibers. Indeed, local O2 consumption by cancer cells during migration, mitosis and tumor mass formation caused a 3-fold increase of the ruthenium fluorescence. In the future, incorporating ruthenium complexes with other bio-optical sensors will create new drug screening platforms that monitor cell culture parameters at the pericellular level.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sigaeva A, Ong Y, Damle VG, Morita A, van der Laan KJ, Schirhagl R. Optical Detection of Intracellular Quantities Using Nanoscale Technologies. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1739-1749. [PMID: 31187980 PMCID: PMC6639779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optical probes that can be used to measure certain quantities with subcellular resolution give us access to a new level of information at which physics, chemistry, life sciences, and medicine become strongly intertwined. The emergence of these new technologies is owed to great advances in the physical sciences. However, evaluating and improving these methods to new standards requires a joint effort with life sciences and clinical practice. In this Account, we give an overview of the probes that have been developed for measuring a few highly relevant parameters at the subcellular scale: temperature, pH, oxygen, free radicals, inorganic ions, genetic material, and biomarkers. Luminescent probes are available in many varieties, which can be used for measuring temperature, pH, and oxygen. Since they are influenced by virtually any metabolic process in the healthy or diseased cell, these quantities are extremely useful to understand intracellular processes. Probes for them can roughly be divided into molecular dyes with a parameter dependent fluorescence or phosphorescence and nanoparticle platforms. Nanoparticle probes can provide enhanced photostability, measurement quality, and potential for multiple functionalities. Embedding into coatings can improve biocompatibility or prevent nonspecific interactions between the probe and the cellular environment. These qualities need to be matched however with good uptake properties, colloidal properties and eventually intracellular targeting to optimize their practical applicability. Inorganic ions constitute a broad class of compounds or elements, some of which play specific roles in signaling, while others are toxic. Their detection is often difficult due to the cross-talk with similar ions, as well as other parameters. The detection of free radicals, DNA, and biomarkers at extremely low levels has significant potential for biomedical applications. Their presence is linked more directly to physiological and clinical manifestations. Since existing methods for free radical detection are generally poor in sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, new reliable methods that are generally applicable can contribute greatly to advancing this topic in biology. Optical methods that detect DNA or RNA and protein biomarkers exist for intracellular applications, but are mostly relevant for the development of rapid point-of-care sample testing. To elucidate the inner workings of cells, focused multidisciplinary research is required to define the validity and limitations of a nanoparticle probe, in both physical and biological terms. Multifunctional platforms and those that are easily made compatible with conventional research equipment have an edge over other techniques in growing the body of research evidencing their versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yori Ong
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viraj G. Damle
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aryan Morita
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dept. Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Kiran J. van der Laan
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rivera KR, Yokus MA, Erb PD, Pozdin VA, Daniele M. Measuring and regulating oxygen levels in microphysiological systems: design, material, and sensor considerations. Analyst 2019; 144:3190-3215. [PMID: 30968094 PMCID: PMC6564678 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As microfabrication techniques and tissue engineering methods improve, microphysiological systems (MPS) are being engineered that recapitulate complex physiological and pathophysiological states to supplement and challenge traditional animal models. Although MPS provide unique microenvironments that transcend common 2D cell culture, without proper regulation of oxygen content, MPS often fail to provide the biomimetic environment necessary to activate and investigate fundamental pathways of cellular metabolism and sub-cellular level. Oxygen exists in the human body in various concentrations and partial pressures; moreover, it fluctuates dramatically depending on fasting, exercise, and sleep patterns. Regulating oxygen content inside MPS necessitates a sensitive biological sensor to quantify oxygen content in real-time. Measuring oxygen in a microdevice is a non-trivial requirement for studies focused on understanding how oxygen impacts cellular processes, including angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Quantifying oxygen inside a microdevice can be achieved via an array of technologies, with each method having benefits and limitations in terms of sensitivity, limits of detection, and invasiveness that must be considered and optimized. This article will review oxygen physiology in organ systems and offer comparisons of organ-specific MPS that do and do not consider oxygen microenvironments. Materials used in microphysiological models will also be analyzed in terms of their ability to control oxygen. Finally, oxygen sensor technologies are critically compared and evaluated for use in MPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kudva AK, Luyten FP, Patterson J. In Vitro Screening of Molecularly Engineered Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering using Periosteum-Derived and ATDC5 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3341. [PMID: 30373138 PMCID: PMC6274881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has brought about an increase in demand for biomaterials that mimic closely the form and function of biological tissues. Therefore, understanding the cellular response to the changes in material composition moves research one step closer to a successful tissue-engineered product. With this in mind, polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels comprised of different concentrations of polymer (2.5%, 4%, 6.5%, or 8% (w/v)); different protease sensitive, peptide cross-linkers (VPMSMRGG or GPQGIWGQ); and the incorporation or lack of a peptide cell adhesion ligand (RGD) were screened for their ability to support in vitro chondrogenesis. Human periosteum-derived cells (hPDCs), a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like primary cell source, and ATDC5 cells, a murine carcinoma-derived chondrogenic cell line, were encapsulated within the various hydrogels to assess the effects of the different formulations on cellular viability, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation while receiving exogenous growth factor stimulation via the medium. Through the results of this screening process, the 6.5% (w/v) PEG constructs, cross-linked with the GPQGIWGQ peptide and containing the RGD cell binding molecule, demonstrated an environment that consistently supported cellular viability and proliferation as well as chondrogenic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith K Kudva
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery-Imaging & Pathology (OMFS-IMPATH), KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7 block a, Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang C, Luo J, Ou L, Lun Y, Cai S, Hu B, Yu G, Pan C. Fluorescent Porous Carbazole-Decorated Copolymer Monodisperse Microspheres: Facile synthesis, Selective and Recyclable Detection of Iron (III) in Aqueous Medium. Chemistry 2018; 24:3030-3037. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources; Central South University; Changsha 410083 P. R. China
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Green Building; Hunan Institute of Technology; Hengyang 421002 P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Luo
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Green Building; Hunan Institute of Technology; Hengyang 421002 P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Ou
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Green Building; Hunan Institute of Technology; Hengyang 421002 P. R. China
| | - Yinghui Lun
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Green Building; Hunan Institute of Technology; Hengyang 421002 P. R. China
| | - Songtao Cai
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Green Building; Hunan Institute of Technology; Hengyang 421002 P. R. China
| | - Bonian Hu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Green Building; Hunan Institute of Technology; Hengyang 421002 P. R. China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources; Central South University; Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources; Central South University; Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Microfluidic technologies for anticancer drug studies. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1654-1670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
8
|
González-Valverde I, Semino C, García-Aznar JM. Phenomenological modelling and simulation of cell clusters in 3D cultures. Comput Biol Med 2016; 77:249-60. [PMID: 27615191 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell clustering and aggregation are fundamental processes in the development of several tissues and the progression of many diseases. The formation of these aggregates also has a direct impact on the oxygen concentration in their surroundings due to cellular respiration and poor oxygen diffusion through clusters. In this work, we propose a mathematical model that is capable of simulating cell cluster formation in 3D cultures through combining a particle-based and a finite element approach to recreate complex experimental conditions. Cells are modelled considering cell proliferation, cell death and cell-cell mechanical interactions. Additionally, the oxygen concentration profile is calculated through finite element analysis using a reaction-diffusion model that considers cell oxygen consumption and diffusion through the extracellular matrix and the cell clusters. In our model, the local oxygen concentration in the medium determines both cell proliferation and cell death. Numerical predictions are also compared with experimental data from the literature. The simulation results indicate that our model can predict cell clustering, cluster growth and oxygen distribution in 3D cultures. We conclude that the initial cell distribution, cell death and cell proliferation dynamics determine the size and density of clusters. Moreover, these phenomena are directly affected by the oxygen transport in the 3D culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I González-Valverde
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Rio Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Químico Sarrià, Universidad Ramon Llul, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Semino
- Instituto Químico Sarrià, Universidad Ramon Llul, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M García-Aznar
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Rio Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bolander J, Chai YC, Geris L, Schrooten J, Lambrechts D, Roberts SJ, Luyten FP. Early BMP, Wnt and Ca(2+)/PKC pathway activation predicts the bone forming capacity of periosteal cells in combination with calcium phosphates. Biomaterials 2016; 86:106-18. [PMID: 26901484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of osteoinductive calcium phosphate- (CaP) based biomaterials has, and continues to be, a major focus in the field of bone tissue engineering. However, limited insight into the spatiotemporal activation of signalling pathways has hampered the optimisation of in vivo bone formation and subsequent clinical translation. To gain further knowledge regarding the early molecular events governing bone tissue formation, we combined human periosteum derived progenitor cells with three types of clinically used CaP-scaffolds, to obtain constructs with a distinct range of bone forming capacity in vivo. Protein phosphorylation together with gene expression for key ligands and target genes were investigated 24 hours after cell seeding in vitro, and 3 and 12 days post ectopic implantation in nude mice. A computational modelling approach was used to deduce critical factors for bone formation 8 weeks post implantation. The combined Ca(2+)-mediated activation of BMP-, Wnt- and PKC signalling pathways 3 days post implantation were able to discriminate the bone forming from the non-bone forming constructs. Subsequently, a mathematical model able to predict in vivo bone formation with 96% accuracy was developed. This study illustrates the importance of defining and understanding CaP-activated signalling pathways that are required and sufficient for in vivo bone formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the reliability of mathematical modelling as a tool to analyse and deduce key factors within an empirical data set and highlight its relevance to the translation of regenerative medicine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bolander
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoke Chin Chai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liege, Chemin des Chevreuils 1, BAT 52/3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, Bus 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Bus 2450, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dennis Lambrechts
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Y, Chen H, Zhang H, Fan LJ. Color Tuning of Core-Shell Fluorescent Microspheres by Controlling the Conjugation of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Backbone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26709-26715. [PMID: 26553581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)-coated microspheres with varied fluorescent emission colors have been prepared by controlling the average length of the conjugated segments on the polymer backbone. A modified Wessling method was used for preparing PPV with different conjugation segments. The labile sulfonium groups of the initial polymer precursor of PPV (pre-PPV) were partly substituted by relatively stable methoxyl groups. A series of precursors with different degrees of substitution were prepared by controlling the time of reaction; these precursors were adsorbed onto the negatively charged substrate spheres. Subsequently, heterogeneous thermal treatment eliminated the sulfonium groups selectively to form the conjugated segments on the PPV backbone with varied average conjugation lengths. Under UV exposure, the as-prepared PPV-coated microspheres displayed emission colors ranging from blue to green; a 65 nm shift in the emission maximum was observed in the fluorescence spectra. The gradual color change in emission of spheres was also confirmed in a confocal microscopy study. Further characterizations indicated that these microspheres possessed clear core-shell structure, good monodispersity in size, smooth surfaces, uniform emission, and superior thermal and photo stability. Flow cytometry measurements indicated that these spheres have very different patterns of intensity combination from four-signal receiving channels. The simple method reported herein, which can effectively and efficiently tune the emission color of the fluorescent microspheres, is a promising approach for preparation of microspheres used as encoded signal carrier in flow cytometry and other high-throughput techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leijten J, Chai Y, Papantoniou I, Geris L, Schrooten J, Luyten F. Cell based advanced therapeutic medicinal products for bone repair: Keep it simple? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:30-44. [PMID: 25451134 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell based advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs) for bone repair has been expected to revolutionize the health care system for the clinical treatment of bone defects. Despite this great promise, the clinical outcomes of the few cell based ATMPs that have been translated into clinical treatments have been far from impressive. In part, the clinical outcomes have been hampered because of the simplicity of the first wave of products. In response the field has set-out and amassed a plethora of complexities to alleviate the simplicity induced limitations. Many of these potential second wave products have remained "stuck" in the development pipeline. This is due to a number of reasons including the lack of a regulatory framework that has been evolving in the last years and the shortage of enabling technologies for industrial manufacturing to deal with these novel complexities. In this review, we reflect on the current ATMPs and give special attention to novel approaches that are able to provide complexity to ATMPs in a straightforward manner. Moreover, we discuss the potential tools able to produce or predict 'goldilocks' ATMPs, which are neither too simple nor too complex.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dmitriev RI, Borisov SM, Kondrashina AV, Pakan JMP, Anilkumar U, Prehn JHM, Zhdanov AV, McDermott KW, Klimant I, Papkovsky DB. Imaging oxygen in neural cell and tissue models by means of anionic cell-permeable phosphorescent nanoparticles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:367-81. [PMID: 25006059 PMCID: PMC11113450 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeable phosphorescent probes enable the study of cell and tissue oxygenation, bioenergetics, metabolism, and pathological states such as stroke and hypoxia. A number of such probes have been described in recent years, the majority consisting of cationic small molecule and nanoparticle structures. While these probes continue to advance, adequate staining for the study of certain cell types using live imaging techniques remains elusive; this is particularly true for neural cells. Here we introduce novel probes for the analysis of neural cells and tissues: negatively charged poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)-based nanoparticles impregnated with a phosphorescent Pt(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtPFPP) dye (this form is referred to as PA1), and with an additional reference/antennae dye poly(9,9-diheptylfluorene-alt-9,9-di-p-tolyl-9H-fluorene) (this form is referred to as PA2). PA1 and PA2 are internalised by endocytosis, result in efficient staining in primary neurons, astrocytes, and PC12 cells and multi-cellular aggregates, and allow for the monitoring of local O(2) levels on a time-resolved fluorescence plate reader and PLIM microscope. PA2 also efficiently stains rat brain slices and permits detailed O(2) imaging experiments using both one and two-photon intensity-based modes and PLIM modes. Multiplexed analysis of embryonic rat brain slices reveals age-dependent staining patterns for PA2 and a highly heterogeneous distribution of O(2) in tissues, which we relate to the localisation of specific progenitor cell populations. Overall, these anionic probes are useful for sensing O(2) levels in various cells and tissues, particularly in neural cells, and facilitate high-resolution imaging of O(2) in 3D tissue models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan I Dmitriev
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lambrechts D, Roeffaers M, Kerckhofs G, Hofkens J, Van de Putte T, Schrooten J, Van Oosterwyck H. Reporter cell activity within hydrogel constructs quantified from oxygen-independent bioluminescence. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8065-77. [PMID: 24957291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By providing a three-dimensional (3D) support to cells, hydrogels offer a more relevant in vivo tissue-like environment as compared to two-dimensional cell cultures. Hydrogels can be applied as screening platforms to investigate in 3D the role of biochemical and biophysical cues on cell behaviour using bioluminescent reporter cells. Gradients in oxygen concentration that result from the interplay between molecular transport and cell metabolism can however cause substantial variability in the observed bioluminescent reporter cell activity. To assess the influence of these oxygen gradients on the emitted bioluminescence for various hydrogel geometries, a combined experimental and modelling approach was implemented. We show that the applied model is able to predict oxygen gradient independent bioluminescent intensities which correlate better to the experimentally determined viable cell numbers, as compared to the experimentally measured bioluminescent intensities. By analysis of the bioluminescence reaction dynamics we obtained a quantitative description of cellular oxygen metabolism within the hydrogel, which was validated by direct measurements of oxygen concentration within the hydrogel. Bioluminescence peak intensities can therefore be used as a quantitative measurement of reporter cell activity within a hydrogel, but an unambiguous interpretation of these intensities requires a compensation for the influence of cell-induced oxygen gradients on the luciferase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lambrechts
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Putte
- TiGenix NV, Haasrode Researchpark 1724, Romeinse Straat 12 box 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C - Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lambrechts D, Roeffaers M, Goossens K, Hofkens J, Van de Putte T, Schrooten J, Van Oosterwyck H. A causal relation between bioluminescence and oxygen to quantify the cell niche. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97572. [PMID: 24840204 PMCID: PMC4026314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging assays have become a widely integrated technique to quantify effectiveness of cell-based therapies by monitoring fate and survival of transplanted cells. To date these assays are still largely qualitative and often erroneous due to the complexity and dynamics of local micro-environments (niches) in which the cells reside. Here, we report, using a combined experimental and computational approach, on oxygen that besides being a critical niche component responsible for cellular energy metabolism and cell-fate commitment, also serves a primary role in regulating bioluminescent light kinetics. We demonstrate the potential of an oxygen dependent Michaelis-Menten relation in quantifying intrinsic bioluminescence intensities by resolving cell-associated oxygen gradients from bioluminescent light that is emitted from three-dimensional (3D) cell-seeded hydrogels. Furthermore, the experimental and computational data indicate a strong causal relation of oxygen concentration with emitted bioluminescence intensities. Altogether our approach demonstrates the importance of oxygen to evolve towards quantitative bioluminescence and holds great potential for future microscale measurement of oxygen tension in an easily accessible manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lambrechts
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Goossens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Schrooten
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kasinskas RW, Venkatasubramanian R, Forbes NS. Rapid uptake of glucose and lactate, and not hypoxia, induces apoptosis in three-dimensional tumor tissue culture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:399-410. [PMID: 24503640 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of cellular metabolism in tumor tissue critically affects the treatment of cancer. However, little is known about how diffusion and cellular uptake relate to intracellular metabolism and cell death in three dimensions. To quantify these mechanisms, fluorescent microscopy and multicellular tumor cylindroids were used to measure pH and oxygen profiles, and quantify the distribution of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. Spheroid dissociation, enzymatic analysis, and mass spectrometry were used to measure concentration profiles of glucose, lactate and glutamine. A mathematical model was used to integrate these measurements and calculate metabolic rate parameters. It was found that large cylindroids, >500 μm in diameter, contained apoptotic and necrotic cells, whereas small cylindroids contained apoptotic but not necrotic cells. The center of cylindroids was found to be acidic but not hypoxic. From the edge to the center, concentrations of glucose, lactate and glutamine decreased rapidly. Throughout the cell masses lactate was consumed and not produced. These measurements indicate that apoptosis was the primary mechanism of cell death; acidity was not caused by lactic acid; and cell death was caused by depletion of carbon sources and not hypoxia. The mathematical model showed that the transporter enzymes for glucose and lactate were not saturated; oxygen uptake was limited by intracellular metabolism; and oxygen uptake was not limited by membrane-transport or diffusion. Unsaturated transmembrane uptake may be the cause of both proliferative and apoptotic regimes in cancer. These results suggest that transporter enzymes are excellent targets for treating well oxygenated tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Kasinskas
- N525 Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dmitriev RI, Kondrashina AV, Koren K, Klimant I, Zhdanov AV, Pakan JMP, McDermott KW, Papkovsky DB. Small molecule phosphorescent probes for O2imaging in 3D tissue models. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:853-866. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PtPFPP-carbohydrate conjugates are promising O2probes for 3D PLIM imaging of live spheroids and brain explants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Klaus Koren
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Klimant
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu Y, Li Y, Xu J, Wu D. Incorporating fluorescent dyes into monodisperse melamine–formaldehyde resin microspheres via an organic sol–gel process: a pre-polymer doping strategy. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5837-5846. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00942h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An organic sol–gel process is developed to incorporate various organic fluorescent dyes into monodisperse melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin microspheres. The dye incorporating mechanism is investigated and fluorescence-encoded microsphere arrays are prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youshen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Daocheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dmitriev RI, Zhdanov AV, Nolan YM, Papkovsky DB. Imaging of neurosphere oxygenation with phosphorescent probes. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9307-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
19
|
|