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Dong W, Wang G, Bai Y, Li Y, Huo X, Zhao J, Lu W, Lu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen H, Tan C. Analysis of the noncoding RNA regulatory networks of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106643. [PMID: 36992931 PMCID: PMC10042141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs regulate the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infecting the host, but there is no simultaneous transcriptional information of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) and the global regulatory networks of non-coding RNA. Rv1759c, a virulence factor, is a member of protein family containing the proline-glutamic acid (PE) in M. tb, which can increase M. tb survival. To reveal the noncoding RNA regulatory networks and the effect of Rv1759c on non-coding RNA expression during M. tb infection, we collected samples of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages and explored the full transcriptome expression profile. We found 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv infection, 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv△1759c infection. We constructed lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks during H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c infection. We demonstrated the role of one of the hubs of the networks, hsa-miR-181b-3p, for H37Rv survival in macrophages. We discovered that the expression changes of 68 mRNAs, 92 lncRNAs, 26 circRNAs, and 3 miRNAs were only related to the deletion of Rv1759c by comparing the transcription profiles of H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c. Here, our study comprehensively characterizes the transcriptional profiles in THP1-derived-macrophages infected with H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c, which provides support and new directions for in-depth exploration of noncoding RNA and PE/PPE family functions during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- WuHan Animal Disease Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Tan,
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Rapid induction and long-term self-renewal of neural crest-derived ectodermal chondrogenic cells from hPSCs. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:69. [PMID: 36477591 PMCID: PMC9729200 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is highly specific and has limited capacity for regeneration if damaged. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to generate any cell type in the body. Here, we report the dual-phase induction of ectodermal chondrogenic cells (ECCs) from hPSCs through the neural crest (NC). ECCs were able to self-renew long-term (over numerous passages) in a cocktail of growth factors and small molecules. The cells stably expressed cranial neural crest-derived mandibular condylar cartilage markers, such as MSX1, FOXC1 and FOXC2. Compared with chondroprogenitors from iPSCs via the paraxial mesoderm, ECCs had single-cell transcriptome profiles similar to condylar chondrocytes. After the removal of the cocktail sustaining self-renewal, the cells stopped proliferating and differentiated into a homogenous chondrocyte population. Remarkably, after transplantation, this cell lineage was able to form cartilage-like structures resembling mandibular condylar cartilage in vivo. This finding provides a framework to generate self-renewing cranial chondrogenic progenitors, which could be useful for developing cell-based therapy for cranial cartilage injury.
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Etchegaray E, Baas D, Naville M, Haftek-Terreau Z, Volff JN. The neurodevelopmental gene MSANTD2 belongs to a gene family formed by recurrent molecular domestication of Harbinger transposons at the base of vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac173. [PMID: 35980103 PMCID: PMC9392472 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new genes is a major source of organism evolutionary innovation. Beyond their mutational effects, transposable elements can be co-opted by host genomes to form different types of sequences including novel genes, through a mechanism named molecular domestication.We report the formation of four genes through molecular domestication of Harbinger transposons, three in a common ancestor of jawed vertebrates about 500 million years ago and one in sarcopterygians approx. 430 million years ago. Additionally, one processed pseudogene arose approx. 60 million years ago in simians. In zebrafish, Harbinger-derived genes are expressed during early development but also in adult tissues, and predominantly co-expressed in male brain. In human, expression was detected in multiple organs, with major expression in the brain particularly during fetal development. We used CRISPR/Cas9 with direct gene knock-out in the F0 generation and the morpholino antisense oligonucleotide knock-down technique to study in zebrafish the function of one of these genes called MSANTD2, which has been suggested to be associated to neuro-developmental diseases such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in human. MSANTD2 inactivation led to developmental delays including tail and nervous system malformation at one day post fertilization. Affected embryos showed dead cell accumulation, major anatomical defects characterized by impaired brain ventricle formation and alterations in expression of some characteristic genes involved in vertebrate nervous system development. Hence, the characterization of MSANTD2 and other Harbinger-derived genes might contribute to a better understanding of the genetic innovations having driven the early evolution of the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Etchegaray
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Unité MeLiS, UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Zofia Haftek-Terreau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
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4
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Zhu M, Wang Y, Guan L, Lu C, Sun R, Chen Y, Shi J, Zhu Y, Wang D. A novel chromosome 2q24.3-q32.1 microdeletion in a fetus with multiple malformations. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24602. [PMID: 35819063 PMCID: PMC9396185 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminal or interstitial deletion of chromosome 2q is rarely reported but clinically significant, which can result in developmental malformations and psychomotor retardation in humans. In the present study, we analyzed this deletion to comprehensively clarify the relationship between phenotype and microdeletion region. METHODS We collected clinical records of the fetus and summarized patient symptoms. Subsequently, genomic DNA was extracted from fetal tissue or peripheral blood collected from parents. In addition, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) were performed. RESULTS The fetus presented a previously unreported interstitial deletion of 2q24.3-q32.1. WES and CNV-seq revealed a de novo 18.46 Mb deletion at 2q24.3-q32.1, a region involving 94 protein-coding genes, including HOXD13, MAP3K20, DLX1, DLX2, SCN2A, and SCN1A. The fetus had upper and lower limb malformations, including camptodactyly and syndactyly, along with congenital cardiac defects. CONCLUSION Herein, we report a fetus with a novel microdeletion of chromosome 2q24.3-q32.1, likely a heterozygous pathogenic variant. Haploinsufficiency of HOXD13 might be related to limb deformity in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijie Guan
- Department of Ultrasound imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaosheng Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongyue Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanying Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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5
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Sun J, Ha N, Liu Z, Bian Q, Wang X. A Neural Crest-specific Overexpression Mouse Model Reveals the Transcriptional Regulatory Effects of Dlx2 During Maxillary Process Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:855959. [PMID: 35514355 PMCID: PMC9070692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.855959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is a complex process that requires precise regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Perturbations of this process cause a series of craniofacial deformities. Dlx2 is a critical transcription factor that regulates the development of the first branchial arch. However, the transcriptional regulatory functions of Dlx2 during craniofacial development have been poorly understood due to the lack of animal models in which the Dlx2 level can be precisely modulated. In this study, we constructed a Rosa26 site-directed Dlx2 gene knock-in mouse model Rosa26 CAG-LSL-Dlx2-3xFlag for conditionally overexpressing Dlx2. By breeding with wnt1 cre mice, we obtained wnt1 cre ; Rosa26 Dlx2/- mice, in which Dlx2 is overexpressed in neural crest lineage at approximately three times the endogenous level. The wnt1 cre ; Rosa26 Dlx2/- mice exhibited consistent phenotypes that include cleft palate across generations and individual animals. Using this model, we demonstrated that Dlx2 caused cleft palate by affecting maxillary growth and uplift in the early-stage development of maxillary prominences. By performing bulk RNA-sequencing, we demonstrated that Dlx2 overexpression induced significant changes in many genes associated with critical developmental pathways. In summary, our novel mouse model provides a reliable and consistent system for investigating Dlx2 functions during development and for elucidating the gene regulatory networks underlying craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - NaYoung Ha
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixu Liu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Bian
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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6
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Xu X, Wang B, Jiang Z, Chen Q, Mao K, Shi X, Yan C, Hu J, Zha Y, Ma C, Zhang J, Guo R, Wang L, Zhao S, Liu H, Zhang Q, Zhang YB. Novel risk factors for craniofacial microsomia and assessment of their utility in clinic diagnosis. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1045-1056. [PMID: 33615373 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial microsomia (CFM, OMIM%164 210) is one of the most common congenital facial abnormalities worldwide, but it's genetic risk factors and environmental threats are poorly investigated, as well as their interaction, making the diagnosis and prenatal screening of CFM impossible. We perform a comprehensive association study on the largest CFM cohort of 6074 samples. We identify 15 significant (P < 5 × 10-8) associated genomic loci (including eight previously reported) and decipher 107 candidates based on multi-omics data. Gene Ontology term enrichment found that these candidates are mainly enriched in neural crest cell (NCC) development and hypoxic environment. Single-cell RNA-seq data of mouse embryo demonstrate that nine of them show dramatic expression change during early cranial NCC development whose dysplasia is involved in pathogeny of CFM. Furthermore, we construct a well-performed CFM risk-predicting model based on polygenic risk score (PRS) method and estimate seven environmental risk factors that interacting with PRS. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based PRS is significantly associated with CFM [P = 7.22 × 10-58, odds ratio = 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.74-3.63], and the top fifth percentile has a 6.8-fold CFM risk comparing with the 10th percentile. Father's smoking increases CFM risk as evidenced by interaction parameter of -0.324 (95% CI -0.578 to -0.070, P = 0.011) with PRS. In conclusion, the newly identified risk loci will significantly improve our understandings of genetics contribution to CFM. The risk prediction model is promising for CFM prediction, and father's smoking is a key environmental risk factor for CFM through interacting with genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Bingqing Wang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Ke Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chun Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jintian Hu
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shouqin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yong-Biao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing 100191, China
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7
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Zeng X, Wang Y, Dong Q, Ma MX, Liu XD. DLX2 activates Wnt1 transcription and mediates Wnt/β-catenin signal to promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Gene 2020; 744:144564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Overexpression of Dlx2 enhances osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells via direct upregulation of Osteocalcin and Alp. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:12. [PMID: 30880332 PMCID: PMC6421343 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have revealed a critical role of Distal-homeobox (Dlx) genes in bone formation, and our previous study showed that Dlx2 overexpressing in neural crest cells leads to profound abnormalities of the craniofacial tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Dlx2 in osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Initially, we observed upregulation of Dlx2 during the early osteogenesis in BMSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, Dlx2 overexpression enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and extracellular matrix mineralization in BMSCs and MC3T3-E1 cell line. In addition, micro-CT of implanted tissues in nude mice confirmed that Dlx2 overexpression in BMSCs promoted bone formation in vivo. Unexpectedly, Dlx2 overexpression had little impact on the expression level of the pivotal osteogenic transcription factors Runx2, Dlx5, Msx2, and Osterix, but led to upregulation of Alp and Osteocalcin (OCN), both of which play critical roles in promoting osteoblast maturation. Importantly, luciferase analysis showed that Dlx2 overexpression stimulated both OCN and Alp promoter activity. Through chromatin-immunoprecipitation assay and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we provide molecular evidence that Dlx2 transactivates OCN and Alp expression by directly binding to the Dlx2-response cis-acting elements in the promoter of the two genes. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that Dlx2 overexpression enhances osteogenic differentiation in vitro and accelerates bone formation in vivo via direct upregulation of the OCN and Alp gene, suggesting that Dlx2 plays a crucial role in osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. The distal-less homeobox (Dlx) gene family is related to various features of bone development, and the Dlx2 member of that family has been found to play a crucial role in bone formation. A team headed by Steve Guofang Shen at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in China investigated the function of Dlx2 in osteogenic (bone development) differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and MC3T3-E1 cells (precursors of osteoblasts, the major cellular component of bone). The team found that overexpression of Dlx2 promotes osteogenic differentiation in vitro and accelerates bone formation in vivo by enhancing Osteocalcin and Alp genes (both of which play critical roles in promoting osteoblast maturation). The authors conclude that their results suggest a promising future strategy for treating bone defects where BMSCs overexpress Dlx2.
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Distal-less homeobox 5 promotes the osteo-/dentinogenic differentiation potential of stem cells from apical papilla by activating histone demethylase KDM4B through a positive feedback mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2019; 374:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Dlx2 overexpression enhanced accumulation of type II collagen and aggrecan by inhibiting MMP13 expression in mice chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:528-535. [PMID: 29787757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies revealed a crucial role of Distal-homebox (Dlx) genes in skeletal development, and our previous study demonstrated overexpressing Dlx2 in neural crest cells led to abnormal cartilage structure, including ectopic cartilage in the maxillary region and nasal bone in mice. The aim of this study was to investigate how Dlx2 overexpression affects chondrogenesis in mouse chondroblast cell line TMC23 and the underlying mechanism. We first demonstrated that Dlx2 expression was upregulated during chondrogenesis in TMC23 cells. Moreover, forced overexpression of Dlx2 in TMC23 cells led to increased accumulation of aggrecan and type II collagen, markers of early chondrocyte differentiation, but had little effect on mRNA and protein levels of Aggrecan and Col2α1, type II collagen gene. Importantly, Dlx2 overexpression decreased mRNA and protein levels of MMP13, a major collagenase degrading aggrecan and type II collagen during late stages of chondrogenesis. Luciferase-reporter and Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that MMP13 promoter contained two Dlx2-response elements, and Dlx2 inhibited MMP13 expression by directly binding to these two elements. Based on these observations, we propose that forced overexpression of Dlx2 enhances early chondrocyte differentiation by increasing accumulation of type II collagen and aggrecan, but interferes later stages of chondrocyte differentiation through inhibiting MMP13 expression.
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11
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Ouyang N, Zhu X, Li H, Lin Y, Shi J, Dai J, Shen G. Effects of a single condylar neck fracture without condylar cartilage injury on traumatic heterotopic ossification around the temporomandibular joint in mice. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Han J, Su L, Zhang C, Jiang R. miR-539 mediates osteoblast mineralization by regulating Distal-less genes 2 in MC3T3-E1 cell line. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanisms of miRNAs regulating osteoblast mineralization still needs to be further cleared. Distal-less genes 2 (Dlx2) plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation. We have found that miR-539 was significantly downregulated and Dlx2 was found to be inversely correlated with miR-539 in MC3T3-E1 cell line during osteoblast mineralization. The overexpression of miR-539 significantly decreased the expression level of Dlx2 and suppressed the osteogenic marker gene expression level, alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Our study showed that miR-539 was a negative regulator in osteoblast mineralization and that the targeting of Dlx2 gene partly contributes to this inhibitory effect exerted by miR-539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, 014010PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052PR China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, 014010PR China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, 014010PR China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052PR China
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14
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Ba P, Duan X, Fu G, Lv S, Yang P, Sun Q. Differential effects of p38 and Erk1/2 on the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:63-68. [PMID: 28498451 PMCID: PMC5482129 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein-kinase pathways serve important roles in the regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the exact mechanism remains unclear, and the effect is controversial. In the present study, the effects of Erk1/2 and p38 on the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were compared in vitro. The results indicated that inhibition of Erk1/2 is able to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs and inhibit chondrogenic differentiation, whereas inhibition of p38 demonstrated the opposite effect. When compared with previous studies, the present study further confirmed that Erk1/2 and p38 serve important, but complicated, roles in regulating the differentiation of MSCs. Different chemical and physical stimuli, cell types, culture methods, times of inhibitor administration and the dosage of the inhibitor may influence the effect of Erk1/2 and p38 on the differentiation of MSCs. The present study aims to better understand the mechanisms that control the differentiation of MSCs and may be helpful in creating more effective tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ba
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory, WeGo Group Co., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong 264210, P.R. China
| | - Guo Fu
- Department of Periodontology, Weihai Stomatological Hospital, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Lv
- Department of Periodontology, Weihai Stomatological Hospital, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qinfeng Sun
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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15
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Schoen C, Aschrafi A, Thonissen M, Poelmans G, Von den Hoff JW, Carels CEL. MicroRNAs in Palatogenesis and Cleft Palate. Front Physiol 2017; 8:165. [PMID: 28420997 PMCID: PMC5378724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis requires a precise spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression, which is controlled by an intricate network of transcription factors and their corresponding DNA motifs. Even minor perturbations of this network may cause cleft palate, the most common congenital craniofacial defect in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small regulatory non-coding RNAs, have elicited strong interest as key regulators of embryological development, and as etiological factors in disease. MiRNAs function as post-transcriptional repressors of gene expression and are therefore able to fine-tune gene regulatory networks. Several miRNAs are already identified to be involved in congenital diseases. Recent evidence from research in zebrafish and mice indicates that miRNAs are key factors in both normal palatogenesis and cleft palate formation. Here, we provide an overview of recently identified molecular mechanisms underlying palatogenesis involving specific miRNAs, and discuss how dysregulation of these miRNAs may result in cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schoen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Thonissen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carine E L Carels
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University Hospitals-KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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16
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Dai J, Si J, Ouyang N, Zhang J, Wu D, Wang X, Shen G. Dental and periodontal phenotypes of Dlx2 overexpression in mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2443-2450. [PMID: 28447749 PMCID: PMC5428916 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2) is a member of the homeodomain family of transcription factors and is important for the development of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs)-derived craniofacial tissues. Previous studies revealed that Dlx2 was expressed in the cementum and a targeted null mutation disrupted tooth development in mice. However, whether Dlx2 overexpression may impair in vivo tooth morphogenesis remains to be elucidated. The present study used a transgenic mouse model to specifically overexpress Dlx2 in neural crest cells in order to identify the dental phenotypes in mice by observation, micro-computed tomography and histological examination. The Dlx2-overexpressed mice exhibited tooth abnormalities including incisor cross-bite, shortened tooth roots, increased cementum deposition, periodontal ligament disorganization and osteoporotic alveolar bone. Therefore, Dlx2 overexpression may alter the alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL) phenotypes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Si
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ningjuan Ouyang
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Guofang Shen
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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17
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Chen CC, Hsia CW, Ho CW, Liang CM, Chen CM, Huang KL, Kang BH, Chen YH. Hypoxia and hyperoxia differentially control proliferation of rat neural crest stem cells via distinct regulatory pathways of the HIF1α-CXCR4 and TP53-TPM1 proteins. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:162-185. [PMID: 28002632 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a population of adult multipotent stem cells. We are interested in studying whether oxygen tensions affect the capability of NCSCs to self-renew and repair damaged tissues. NCSCs extracted from the hair follicle bulge region of the rat whisker pad were cultured in vitro under different oxygen tensions. RESULTS We found significantly increased and decreased rates of cell proliferation in rat NCSCs (rNCSCs) cultured, respectively, at 0.5% and 80% oxygen levels. At 0.5% oxygen, the expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and CXCR4 was greatly enhanced in the rNCSC nuclei and was suppressed by incubation with the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100. In addition, the rate of cell apoptosis in the rNCSCs cultured at 80% oxygen was dramatically increased, associated with increased nuclear expression of TP53, decreased cytoplasmic expression of TPM1 (tropomyosin-1), and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of S100A2. Incubation of rNCSCs with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) overcame the inhibitory effect of 80% oxygen on proliferation and survival of rNCSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time that extreme oxygen tensions directly control NCSC proliferation differentially via distinct regulatory pathways of proteins, with hypoxia via the HIF1α-CXCR4 pathway and hyperoxia via the TP53-TPM1 pathway. Developmental Dynamics 246:162-185, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wu Hsia
- Department of Finance, School of Management, Shih Hsin University, Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Min Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hwang Kang
- Division of Diving Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
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18
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Dai J, Si J, Zhu X, Zhang L, Wu D, Lu J, Ouyang N, Wang X, Shen G. Overexpression of Dlx2 leads to postnatal condyle degradation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1624-30. [PMID: 27315306 PMCID: PMC4940110 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2), a member of the Dlx family of transcription factors, is important for the development of craniofacial tissues. Previous studies based on knock-out mutant mice revealed that Dlx2 primarily disturbed the development of tissues from maxillary arch. The present study used a transgenic mouse model to specifically overexpress Dlx2 in neural crest cells in order to investigate the role of Dlx2 overexpression in post-natal condyle in mice. The model was constructed and the phenotype observed using gross observation, micro-CT scan and histological examination. The model determined that overexpression of Dlx2 may lead to postnatal condyle malformation, subchondral bone degradation and irregular histological structure of the condylar cartilage. In addition, the expression of osteocalcin in the condyle region was markedly downregulated, whereas expression of msh homeobox 2 was upregulated. The results of the present study suggest that Dlx2 overexpression in cranial neural crest cells would disrupt the development of post-natal condyle, which demonstrates that the expression level and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Dlx2 may be important in regulating the development of post-natal condyle in mice, and also offered a possible temporal-mandibular joint osteoarthritis model animal for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Si
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jingting Lu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ningjuan Ouyang
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Guofang Shen
- Department of Oral and Cranio‑Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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19
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Injured condylar cartilage leads to traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Lu J, Dai J, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang P, Sun H, Zhang X, Yu H, Zhang W, Zhang L, Jiang X, Shen G. The effect of fibroblast growth factor 9 on the osteogenic differentiation of calvaria-derived mesenchymal cells. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 25:e502-5. [PMID: 25148645 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) plays complicated and crucial roles in bone formation, and the biologic effect of FGF9 may depend on the gene dosage, developmental stage, cell type, or interactions with other cytokines. In this study, we demonstrated that FGF9 enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 in calvaria-derived mesenchymal cells. However, the inhibitory effect of FGF9 on the osteogenic differentiation of calvaria-derived mesenchymal cells did not depend on the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2. Combined with the previous findings that FGF9 promotes dental pulp stem cells chondrogenesis in vitro, we suggest that FGF9 may be applied to promote chondrogenesis and inhibit osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Lu
- From the *Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; and †Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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21
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Qu B, Liu O, Fang X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Quan H, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zuo J, Tang J, Tang Z. Distal-less homeobox 2 promotes the osteogenic differentiation potential of stem cells from apical papilla. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:133-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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