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Xiong Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang N, Cheng X, Dong Q, Bao H. Light-sensitive PEG hydrogel with antibacterial performance for pacemaker pocket infection prevention. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100987. [PMID: 38486799 PMCID: PMC10938169 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Prevention of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) infection is crucial for successful outcomes. In this study, we report an adhesive and antibacterial hydrogel coating for CIED infection treatment, by immobilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 2'-O-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HAC) on Ti surface. Initial alkali and APTES treatment caused the formation of -NH2 to enhance the adhesion of the hydrogel coating to Ti implants, followed by immobilizing a photo-cross-linkable PEG/2'-O-HTACCS hydrogel on Ti/OH/NH2 surface. Surface characterization of Ti/OH/NH2 sample and adhesion testing of hydrogel on Ti/OH/NH2 surface confirm successful immobilization of hydrogel onto the Ti/OH/NH2 surface. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial results exhibited that the photo-cross-linkable PEG/HAC composite hydrogel has excellent antimicrobial capabilities against both Grampositive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) bacteria. The outcome of this study demonstrates the photo-cross linked PEG/HAC coating hydrogels can be easily formed on the Ti implants, and has great potential in preventing CIED pocket infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Quanbin Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
| | - Huihui Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanchang Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China
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2
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Akyıldız Ö, Batur MK. Evaluation of infections associated with implantable cardiac electronic devices: 10 years of experience in a single center. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:501-504. [PMID: 36088196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) is used increasingly in recent years. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the frequency of CIED-associated infections in the cardiology clinic of our hospital in the last 10 years, the causative microorganisms by determining their risk factors and clinical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS 225 patients who underwent CIED implantation in our hospital's cardiology clinic between March 2009 and December 2019 were retrospectively identified. The patients were grouped as with and without CIED-associated infection. RESULTS In a period of approximately 10 years, the rate of CIED infection was determined as 4.8%. 9 of the patients (81.8%) had CIED infection after the first implantation, and 2 of the patients (18.2%) after replacement. When the groups with and without CIED infection were compared; there was no significant difference in the group with CIED infection compared to the control group in terms of age, gender, type of the device inserted and the way of placing the device (implantation/replacement). Comparing risk factors between CIED infection and control group, there is no significant difference in terms of diabetes mellitus (DM), congestive heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, dyslipidemia, malignancy, immunosuppression. The use of anticoagulation was found statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS CIED infections occur clinically with increased morbidity and mortality due to factors related to the patient and/or the type of device implanted. Knowing the patient's comorbid conditions well and taking precautions before CIED implantation can contribute to the reduction of the CIED infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özay Akyıldız
- Acıbadem Adana Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adana, Türkiye.
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3
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Wang F, Qiao W, Guo W, Li Z, Cai X. Fabrication and functionalization of biocompatible carboxymethyl chitosan/gelatin membranes via anodic electrophoretic deposition. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5677-5685. [PMID: 35425547 PMCID: PMC8981570 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A biocompatible CMC/G membrane for titanium substrates has been fabricated in an eco-friendly manner and could be a promising carrier for negatively charged agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjie Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hyaluronic acid-based antibacterial hydrogels constructed by a hybrid crosslinking strategy for pacemaker pocket infection prevention. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Wang H, Tampio AJF, Xu Y, Nicholas BD, Ren D. Noninvasive Control of Bacterial Biofilms by Wireless Electrostimulation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:727-738. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Alex J. F. Tampio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, 241 Campus West, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Yikang Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Brian D. Nicholas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, 241 Campus West, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 110 Life Sciences Complex, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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6
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Zhang W, Hu J, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Yu F, Hong C, Chen L, Xin H, Hong K, Wang X. Latex and a ZnO-based multi-functional material for cardiac implant-related inflammation. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4186-4194. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00952c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new memory latex foam with ZnO modification was developed to reduce the incidence of both bacteria- and shaking-induced pocket inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Jinzhu Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The National Engineering Research center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Yutong Chen
- The National Engineering Research center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Fen Yu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Can Hong
- The National Engineering Research center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Liming Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- The National Engineering Research center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- P.R. China
- The National Engineering Research center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies
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7
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Miller ED, Song F, Smith JD, Ayan AS, Mo X, Weldon M, Lu L, Campbell PG, Bhatt AD, Chakravarti A, Jacob NK. Plasma-based biomaterials for the treatment of cutaneous radiation injury. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 27:139-149. [PMID: 30576033 PMCID: PMC7261420 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds caused by an exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation remain a therapeutic challenge. While new experimental strategies for treatment are being developed, there are currently no off‐the‐shelf therapies for the treatment of cutaneous radiation injury that have been proven to promote repair of the damaged tissues. Plasma‐based biomaterials are biologically active biomaterials made from platelet enriched plasma, which can be made into both solid and semi‐solid forms, are inexpensive, and are available as off‐the‐shelf, nonrefrigerated products. In this study, the use of plasma‐based biomaterials for the mitigation of acute and late toxicity for cutaneous radiation injury was investigated using a mouse model. A 2‐cm diameter circle of the dorsal skin was irradiated with a single dose of 35 Gy followed by topical treatment with plasma‐based biomaterial or vehicle once daily for 5 weeks postirradiation. Weekly imaging demonstrated more complete wound resolution in the plasma‐based biomaterial vs. vehicle group which became statistically significant (p < 0.05) at weeks 12, 13, and 14 postmaximum wound area. Despite more complete wound healing, at 9 and 17 weeks postirradiation, there was no statistically significant difference in collagen deposition or skin thickness between the plasma‐based biomaterial and vehicle groups based on Masson trichrome staining nor was there a statistically significant difference in inflammatory or fibrosis‐related gene expression between the groups. Although significant improvement was not observed for late toxicity, plasma‐based biomaterials were effective at promoting wound closure, thus helping to mitigate acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Feifei Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason D Smith
- Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Carmell Therapeutics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmet S Ayan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael Weldon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lanchun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Phil G Campbell
- Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aashish D Bhatt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Naduparambil K Jacob
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Kang FG, Liu PJ, Liang LY, Lin YQ, Xie SL, He Y, Liang BS, Zhang HF, Chen YX, Wang JF. Effect of pocket irrigation with antimicrobial on prevention of pacemaker pocket infection: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:256. [PMID: 28964262 PMCID: PMC5622444 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) pocket infection is difficult to treat, causing serious clinical outcomes, but little is known for prevention. Results from some studies suggested that pocket irrigation could reduce infection while others showed conflicting results. We pooled the effects of pocket irrigations on the prevention of pocket infection by meta-analysis methods. Method Relevant studies published before June, 2017 were retrieved mainly by the computer-based search of PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, Chinese BioMedical, Global Health and BIOSIS Previews databases. Estimations of relative ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were pooled. Subgroup analyses according to potential key factors affecting the effects were conducted, which was confirmed by meta-regression. Sensitivity analysis and test for publication bias were also performed. Results We identified 10 studies providing data of 5467 patients receiving CIEDs implantations. Pooled infection rates were 1.48 and 3.49% respectively for medication and saline irrigation groups. Meta-analysis showed that medication irrigation conferred protection to pocket infection (RR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.31-0.63). Subgroup analysis showed that antibiotics, rather than non-antibiotics (antiseptics) exerting the protection. The first and second lines antibiotics against staphylococcus aureus, which is the main pathogen for pocket infection, were both effective (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24-0.75 and RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20-0.58 respectively for first line and second line therapies). Meta-regression revealed that region and class of irrigation medication completely explained the variance among studies and implied that effects of region were masked by medication types. Sensitivity analysis did not showed any significant change of the result and publication bias were not statistical significance. Conclusion Pocket irrigation with antibiotics were effective for reducing pocket infection and should be encouraged in CIEDs implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Guang Kang
- ShunDe Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Jian Liu
- ShunDe Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yi Liang
- ShunDe Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qing Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Lun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- ShunDe Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Shan Liang
- ShunDe Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, 528333, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.
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Branch-Elliman W. A Roadmap for Reducing Cardiac Device Infections: a Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Actionable Risk Factors to Guide the Development of an Infection Prevention Program for the Electrophysiology Laboratory. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2017; 19:34. [PMID: 28815459 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-017-0591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are highly morbid, common, and costly, and rates are increasing (Sohail et al. Arch Intern Med 171(20):1821-8 2011; Voigt et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(3):590-1 2006). Factors that contribute to the development of CIED infections include patient factors (comorbid conditions, self-care, microbiome), procedural details (repeat procedure, contamination during procedure, appropriate pre-procedural prep, and antimicrobial use), environmental and organizational factors (patient safety culture, facility barriers, such as lack of space to store essential supplies, quality of environmental cleaning), and microbial factors (type of organism, virulence of organism). Each of these can be specifically targeted with infection prevention interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Basic prevention practices, such as administration of systemic antimicrobials prior to incision and delaying the procedure in the setting of fever or elevated INR, are helpful for day-to-day prevention of cardiac device infections. Small single-center studies provide proof-of-concept that bundled prevention interventions can reduce infections, particularly in outbreak settings. However, data regarding which prevention strategies are the most important is limited as are data regarding the optimal prevention program for day-to-day prevention (Borer et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25(6):492-7 2004; Ahsan et al. Europace 16(10):1482-9 2014). Evolution of infection prevention programs to include ambulatory and procedural areas is crucial as healthcare delivery is increasingly provided outside of hospitals and operating rooms. The focus on traditional operating rooms and inpatient care leaves the vast majority of healthcare delivery-including cardiac device implantations in the electrophysiology laboratory-uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Westyn Branch-Elliman
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Rana D, Ramasamy K, Leena M, Jiménez C, Campos J, Ibarra P, Haidar ZS, Ramalingam M. Surface functionalization of nanobiomaterials for application in stem cell culture, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:554-67. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Rana
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR); A Unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine-Bengaluru, Stem Cell Nanotechnology Lab, Christian Medical College Campus; Vellore 632002 India
| | - Keerthana Ramasamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR); A Unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine-Bengaluru, Stem Cell Nanotechnology Lab, Christian Medical College Campus; Vellore 632002 India
| | - Maria Leena
- Dept. of Nanoscience and Technology; Karunya University; Coimbatore 641114 India
| | - Constanza Jiménez
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad De Medicina; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Javier Campos
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Plan De Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI) En Innovación-I+D+I, Universidad De Los Andes; Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Paula Ibarra
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Plan De Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI) En Innovación-I+D+I, Universidad De Los Andes; Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Ziyad S. Haidar
- BioMAT'X, Facultad De Odontología; Universidad De Los Andes; Mons. Álvaro Del Portillo Santiago 12.455 Chile
- Plan De Mejoramiento Institucional (PMI) En Innovación-I+D+I, Universidad De Los Andes; Santiago 12.455 Chile
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR); A Unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine-Bengaluru, Stem Cell Nanotechnology Lab, Christian Medical College Campus; Vellore 632002 India
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8577 Japan
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