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Wang YR, Qiao FQ, Tan YW, Hu JL, Zhang AH, Liang T, Liu XY, Song HR, Kang YF. A fluorescence probe with targeted mitochondria for detecting hydrogen peroxide in vitro and in diabetic mice. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3831-3838. [PMID: 38828794 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00653d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We designed and prepared probe W-1 for the detection of H2O2. W-1 showed excellent selectivity for H2O2 and was accompanied by colorimetric signal changes. The excellent linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and H2O2 concentration (0-100 μM) provided favorable conditions for its quantitative detection. In addition, the combination of portable test strips with a smartphone platform provided great convenience for on-site visual detection of H2O2. Moreover, W-1 possessed targeting mitochondria property and could be applied to image the exogenous and endogenous H2O2 in cells to distinguish normal cells and cancer cells. Lastly, W-1 was used for monitoring the H2O2 fluctuation of the diabetic process in mice, and the results showed an increase in H2O2 levels in diabetes. Therefore, the probe provided a tool for understanding the pathological and physiological mechanisms of diabetes by imaging H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Wang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Qiao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Wei Tan
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Ling Hu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ai-Hong Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Liang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu-Ying Liu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ru Song
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Fei Kang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Zhang Jiakou Key Laboratory of Organic Light Functional Materials, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Fasquelle F, Scuotto A, Howsam M, Betbeder D. Maltodextrin-Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for Nasal Vaccines: A Review Article. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:247. [PMID: 38399301 PMCID: PMC10892173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are increasingly being studied as antigen delivery systems for immunization with nasal vaccines. The addition of adjuvants is still generally required in many nanoparticle formulations, which can induce potential side effects owing to mucosal reactogenicity. In contrast, maltodextrin nanoparticles do not require additional immunomodulators, and have been shown to be efficient vaccine delivery systems. In this review, the development of maltodextrin nanoparticles is presented, specifically their physico-chemical properties, their ability to load antigens and deliver them into airway mucosal cells, and the extent to which they trigger protective immune responses against bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. We demonstrate that the addition of lipids to maltodextrin nanoparticles increases their potency as a vaccine delivery system for nasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Howsam
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France
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3
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Cheng J, Huang H, Chen Y, Wu R. Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304294. [PMID: 37897322 PMCID: PMC10754137 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
With the changing disease spectrum, atherosclerosis has become increasingly prevalent worldwide and the associated diseases have emerged as the leading cause of death. Due to their fascinating physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, nanomaterials are regarded as a promising tool to tackle enormous challenges in medicine. The emerging discipline of nanomedicine has filled a huge application gap in the atherosclerotic field, ushering a new generation of diagnosis and treatment strategies. Herein, based on the essential pathogenic contributors of atherogenesis, as well as the distinct composition/structural characteristics, synthesis strategies, and surface design of nanoplatforms, the three major application branches (nanodiagnosis, nanotherapy, and nanotheranostic) of nanomedicine in atherosclerosis are elaborated. Then, state-of-art studies containing a sequence of representative and significant achievements are summarized in detail with an emphasis on the intrinsic interaction/relationship between nanomedicines and atherosclerosis. Particularly, attention is paid to the biosafety of nanomedicines, which aims to pave the way for future clinical translation of this burgeoning field. Finally, this comprehensive review is concluded by proposing unresolved key scientific issues and sharing the vision and expectation for the future, fully elucidating the closed loop from atherogenesis to the application paradigm of nanomedicines for advancing the early achievement of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Cheng
- Department of UltrasoundShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200080P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325088P. R. China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of UltrasoundShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200080P. R. China
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4
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Huang L, Su Y, Zhang D, Zeng Z, Hu X, Hong S, Lin X. Recent theranostic applications of hydrogen peroxide-responsive nanomaterials for multiple diseases. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27333-27358. [PMID: 37705984 PMCID: PMC10496458 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is associated with the initiation and progression of many diseases. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the diagnosis and treatment of those diseases could be realized through a variety of H2O2-responsive nanomaterials. In order to broaden the application prospects of H2O2-responsive nanomaterials and promote their development, understanding and summarizing the design and application fields of such materials has attracted much attention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the types of H2O2-responsive nanomaterials including organic, inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrids in recent years, and focused on their specific design and applications. Based on the type of disease, such as tumors, bacteria, dental diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, bone injury and so on, key examples for above disease imaging diagnosis and therapy strategies are introduced. In addition, current challenges and the outlook of H2O2-responsive nanomaterials are also discussed. This review aims to stimulate the potential of H2O2-responsive nanomaterials and provide new application ideas for various functional nanomaterials related to H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Huang
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yina Su
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xueqi Hu
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Shanni Hong
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiahui Lin
- School of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 Fujian P. R. China
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5
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Chen X, Yu W, Zhang J, Fan X, Liu X, Liu Q, Pan S, Dixon RAF, Li P, Yu P, Shi A. Therapeutic angiogenesis and tissue revascularization in ischemic vascular disease. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:13. [PMID: 36797776 PMCID: PMC9936669 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic vascular disease is a major healthcare problem. The keys to treatment lie in vascular regeneration and restoration of perfusion. However, current treatments cannot satisfy the need for vascular regeneration to restore blood circulation. As biomedical research has evolved rapidly, a variety of potential alternative therapeutics has been explored widely, such as growth factor-based therapy, cell-based therapy, and material-based therapy including nanomedicine and biomaterials. This review will comprehensively describe the main pathogenesis of vascular injury in ischemic vascular disease, the therapeutic function of the above three treatment strategies, the corresponding potential challenges, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Wenlu Yu
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825School of Ophthalmology and Optometry of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Xiao Fan
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Xiao Liu
- grid.412536.70000 0004 1791 7851Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, 51000 Guangdong China
| | - Qi Liu
- grid.416470.00000 0004 4656 4290Wafic Said Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Su Pan
- grid.416470.00000 0004 4656 4290Wafic Said Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Richard A. F. Dixon
- grid.416470.00000 0004 4656 4290Wafic Said Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pengyang Li
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Peng Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China.
| | - Ao Shi
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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6
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Hoseinzadeh A, Ghoddusi Johari H, Anbardar MH, Tayebi L, Vafa E, Abbasi M, Vaez A, Golchin A, Amani AM, Jangjou A. Effective treatment of intractable diseases using nanoparticles to interfere with vascular supply and angiogenic process. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:232. [PMID: 36333816 PMCID: PMC9636835 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital biological process involving blood vessels forming from pre-existing vascular systems. This process contributes to various physiological activities, including embryonic development, hair growth, ovulation, menstruation, and the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. On the other hand, it is essential in treating a wide range of pathological diseases, such as cardiovascular and ischemic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancies, ophthalmic and retinal diseases, and other chronic conditions. These diseases and disorders are frequently treated by regulating angiogenesis by utilizing a variety of pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic agents or molecules by stimulating or suppressing this complicated process, respectively. Nevertheless, many traditional angiogenic therapy techniques suffer from a lack of ability to achieve the intended therapeutic impact because of various constraints. These disadvantages include limited bioavailability, drug resistance, fast elimination, increased price, nonspecificity, and adverse effects. As a result, it is an excellent time for developing various pro- and anti-angiogenic substances that might circumvent the abovementioned restrictions, followed by their efficient use in treating disorders associated with angiogenesis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in different fields of medicine and biology, including therapeutic angiogenesis. Around the world, a multitude of research groups investigated several inorganic or organic nanoparticles (NPs) that had the potential to effectively modify the angiogenesis processes by either enhancing or suppressing the process. Many studies into the processes behind NP-mediated angiogenesis are well described. In this article, we also cover the application of NPs to encourage tissue vascularization as well as their angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects in the treatment of several disorders, including bone regeneration, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, post-ischemic cardiovascular injury, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, gene delivery-based angiogenic therapy, protein delivery-based angiogenic therapy, stem cell angiogenic therapy, and diabetic retinopathy, cancer that may benefit from the behavior of the nanostructures in the vascular system throughout the body. In addition, the accompanying difficulties and potential future applications of NPs in treating angiogenesis-related diseases and antiangiogenic therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hoseinzadeh
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghoddusi Johari
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Ehsan Vafa
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Abbasi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Jangjou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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7
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Zhuang J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Zhu M, Huang X. Targeted delivery of nanomedicines for promoting vascular regeneration in ischemic diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:6223-6241. [PMID: 36168632 PMCID: PMC9475455 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic diseases, the leading cause of disability and death, are caused by the restriction or blockage of blood flow in specific tissues, including ischemic cardiac, ischemic cerebrovascular and ischemic peripheral vascular diseases. The regeneration of functional vasculature network in ischemic tissues is essential for treatment of ischemic diseases. Direct delivery of pro-angiogenesis factors, such as VEGF, has demonstrated the effectiveness in ischemic disease therapy but suffering from several obstacles, such as low delivery efficacy in disease sites and uncontrolled modulation. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of inducing vascular regeneration, providing the guidance for designing the desired nanomedicines. We also introduce the delivery of various nanomedicines to ischemic tissues by passive or active targeting manner. To achieve the efficient delivery of nanomedicines in various ischemic diseases, we highlight targeted delivery of nanomedicines and controllable modulation of disease microenvironment using nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinglu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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8
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Formulation attributes, acid tunable degradability and cellular interaction of acetalated maltodextrin nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Jung E, Song N, Lee Y, Kwon G, Kwon S, Lee D. H2O2-activatable hybrid prodrug nanoassemblies as a pure nanodrug for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Hu Q, Fang Z, Ge J, Li H. Nanotechnology for cardiovascular diseases. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100214. [PMID: 35243468 PMCID: PMC8866095 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have become the major killers in today's world, among which coronary artery diseases (CADs) make the greatest contributions to morbidity and mortality. Although state-of-the-art technologies have increased our knowledge of the cardiovascular system, the current diagnosis and treatment modalities for CADs still have limitations. As an emerging cross-disciplinary approach, nanotechnology has shown great potential for clinical use. In this review, recent advances in nanotechnology in the diagnosis of CADs will first be elucidated. Both the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors for biomarker detection and molecular imaging strategies, such as magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging, nuclear scintigraphy, and multimodal imaging strategies, have been greatly increased with the assistance of nanomaterials. Second, various nanomaterials, such as liposomes, polymers (PLGA), inorganic nanoparticles (AuNPs, MnO2, etc.), natural nanoparticles (HDL, HA), and biomimetic nanoparticles (cell-membrane coating) will be discussed as engineered as drug (chemicals, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids) carriers targeting pathological sites based on their optimal physicochemical properties and surface modification potential. Finally, some of these nanomaterials themselves are regarded as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of atherosclerosis because of their intrinsic antioxidative/anti-inflammatory and photoelectric/photothermal characteristics in a complex plaque microenvironment. In summary, novel nanotechnology-based research in the process of clinical transformation could continue to expand the horizon of nanoscale technologies in the diagnosis and therapy of CADs in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan-xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheyan Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan-xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan-xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan-xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Xing Z, Zhao C, Wu S, Yang D, Zhang C, Wei X, Wei X, Su H, Liu H, Fan Y. Hydrogel Loaded with VEGF/TFEB-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for Rescuing Critical Limb Ischemia by a Dual-Pathway Activation Strategy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100334. [PMID: 34297471 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the most severe clinical manifestation of peripheral arterial disease, which causes many amputations and deaths. Conventional treatment strategies for CLI (e.g., stent implantation and vascular surgery) bring surgical risk, which are not suitable for each patient. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be a potential solution for CLI. Herein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; i.e., a crucial molecule related to angiogenesis) and transcription factor EB (TFEB; i.e., a pivotal regulator of autophagy) are chosen as the target gene to improve the bioactivity of EVs derived from endothelial cells. The VEGF/TFEB-engineered EVs (Engineered-EVs) are fabricated by genetically engineering the parent cells, and their versatile functions are confirmed using three cell models (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, myoblast, and monocytes). Injectable thermal-responsive hydrogel are then combined with Engineered-EVs to combat CLI. These results reveal that the hydrogel can enhance the stability of Engineered-EVs in vivo and release EVs at different temperatures. Moreover, the results of animal studies indicate that Engineered-EV/Hydrogel can significantly improve neovascularization, attenuate muscle injury, and recover limb function after CLI. Finally, mechanistic studies shed light on the therapeutic effect of Engineered-EV/Hydrogel due to the activated VEGF/VEGFR pathway and autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xing
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Siwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Depeng Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 P. R. China
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xinbo Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Xinran Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Su
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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12
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ROS-Based Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Treatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226921. [PMID: 34832328 PMCID: PMC8619986 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic arterial disease, is the leading cause of death in western developed countries. Considering its long-term asymptomatic progression and serious complications, the early prevention and effective treatment of AS are particularly important. The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) make them attractive in novel therapeutic and diagnostic applications, providing new options for the treatment of AS. With the assistance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based NPs, drugs can reach specific lesion areas, prolong the therapeutic effect, achieve targeted controlled release and reduce adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AS and the generation and removal strategy of ROS. We further discussed ROS-based NPs, and summarized their biomedical applications in scavenger and drug delivery. Furthermore, we highlighted the recent advances, challenges and future perspectives of ROS-based NPs for treating AS.
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Li C, Nie F, Liu X, Chen M, Chi D, Li S, Pipinos II, Li X. Antioxidative and Angiogenic Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel for the Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45224-45235. [PMID: 34519480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a progressive atherosclerotic disorder characterized by blockages of the arteries supplying the lower extremities. Ischemia initiates oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in the legs of PAD patients, causing injury to the tissues of the leg, significant decline in walking performance, leg pain while walking, and in the most severe cases, nonhealing ulcers and gangrene. Current clinical trials based on cells/stem cells, the trophic factor, or gene therapy systems have shown some promising results for the treatment of PAD. Biomaterial matrices have been explored in animal models of PAD to enhance these therapies. However, current biomaterial approaches have not fully met the essential requirements for minimally invasive intramuscular delivery to the leg. Ideally, a biomaterial should present properties to ameliorate oxidative stress/damage and failure of angiogenesis. Recently, we have created a thermosensitive hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel with antioxidant capacity and skeletal muscle-matching stiffness. Here, we further optimized HA hydrogels with the cell adhesion peptide RGD to facilitate the development of vascular-like structures in vitro. The optimized HA hydrogel reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and preserved vascular-like structures against H2O2-induced damage in vitro. HA hydrogels also provided prolonged release of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). After injection into rat ischemic hindlimb muscles, this VEGF-releasing hydrogel reduced lipid oxidation, regulated oxidative-related genes, enhanced local blood flow in the muscle, and improved running capacity of the treated rats. Our HA hydrogel system holds great potential for the treatment of the ischemic legs of patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Fujiao Nie
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases and Protection of Visual Function with Chinese Medicine, Human University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - David Chi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Iraklis I Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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14
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Chen S, Zhu L, Du Z, Ma R, Yan T, Alimu G, Zhang X, Alifu N, Ma C. Polymer encapsulated clinical ICG nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal therapy and NIR fluorescence imaging in cervical cancer. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20850-20858. [PMID: 35479387 PMCID: PMC9034030 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02875h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a popular tumor therapy method, which is based on efficient photothermal nanoagents (PTNs). Clinical Indocyanine Green (ICG), as a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved agent, is an often-used PTN, meanwhile it is also a good near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence contrast agent. However, the further applications of ICG in biomedical fields are limited due to its poor stability. In this study, ICG was encapsulated by the amphiphilic polymer poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) to form ICG@PSMA nanoparticles. Furthermore, optical and thermal characteristics of ICG@PSMA nanoparticles were studied in detail. Strong NIR fluorescence and excellent photothermal properties of ICG@PSMA nanoparticles under 808 nm laser irradiation were measured. Besides, favorable biocompatibility of ICG@PSMA nanoparticles was demonstrated on a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) via cell viability studies. Hence, ICG@PSMA nanoparticles were further applied to enhanced PTT of living HeLa cells under 808 nm excitation, and a high PTT efficiency of ∼70% was obtained. The novel ICG nanoparticles as a promising PTT nanoplatform could offer an opportunity for further tumour treatments. PSMA encapsulated Clinical ICG to form ICG@PSMA nanoparticles. ICG@PSMA nanoparticles showed strong NIR fluorescence and excellent photothermal properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Zhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Ting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Gulinigaer Alimu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Nuernisha Alifu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
| | - Cailing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China
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Jung E, Lee J, Lee Y, Seon S, Park M, Song C, Lee D. Tumor-Targeting H 2O 2-Responsive Photosensitizing Nanoparticles with Antiangiogenic and Immunogenic Activities for Maximizing Anticancer Efficacy of Phototherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4450-4461. [PMID: 35006857 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers and light to kill cancer cells and has become a promising therapeutic modality because of advantages such as minimal invasiveness and high cancer selectivity. However, PTT or PDT as a single treatment modality has insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, oxygen consumption by PDT activates angiogenic factors and leads to cancer recurrence and progression. Therefore, the therapeutic outcomes of phototherapy would be maximized by employing photosensitizers for concurrent PTT and PDT and suppressing angiogenic factors. Therefore, integrating photosensitive agents and antiangiogenic agents in a single nanoplatform would be a promising strategy to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of phototherapy. In this study, we developed hyaluronic acid-coated fluorescent boronated polysaccharide (HA-FBM) nanoparticles as a combination therapeutic agent for phototherapy and antiangiogenic therapy. Upon a single near-infrared laser irradiation, HA-FBM nanoparticles generated heat and singlet oxygen simultaneously to kill cancer cells and also induced immunogenic cancer cell death. Beside their fundamental roles as photosensitizers, HA-FBM nanoparticles exerted antiangiogenic effects by suppressing the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cancer cell migration. In a mouse xenograft model, intravenously injected HA-FBM nanoparticles targeted tumors by binding CD44-overexpressing cancer cells and suppressed angiogenic VEGF expression. Upon laser irradiation, HA-FBM nanoparticles remarkably eradicated tumors and increased anticancer immunity. Given their synergistic effects of phototherapy and antiangiogenic therapy from tumor-targeting HA-FBM nanoparticles, we believe that integrating the photosensitizers and antiangiogenic agents into a single nanoplatform presents an attractive strategy to maximize the anticancer therapeutic efficacy of phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yeongjong Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Semee Seon
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Park
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulgyu Song
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ahamad N, Kar A, Mehta S, Dewani M, Ravichandran V, Bhardwaj P, Sharma S, Banerjee R. Immunomodulatory nanosystems for treating inflammatory diseases. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120875. [PMID: 34010755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory disease (ID) is an umbrella term encompassing all illnesses involving chronic inflammation as the central manifestation of pathogenesis. These include, inflammatory bowel diseases, hepatitis, pulmonary disorders, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, arthritis, periodontitis, psoriasis. The IDs create a severe burden on healthcare and significantly impact the global socio-economic balance. Unfortunately, the standard therapies that rely on a combination of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents are palliative and provide only short-term relief. In contrast, the emerging concept of immunomodulatory nanosystems (IMNs) has the potential to address the underlying causes and prevent reoccurrence, thereby, creating new opportunities for treating IDs. The IMNs offer exquisite ability to precisely modulate the immune system for a therapeutic advantage. The nano-sized dimension of IMNs allows them to efficiently infiltrate lymphatic drainage, interact with immune cells, and subsequently to undergo rapid endocytosis by hyperactive immune cells (HICs) at inflamed sites. Thus, IMNs serve to restore dysfunctional or HICs and alleviate the inflammation. We identified that different IMNs exert their immunomodulatory action via either of the seven mechanisms to modulate; cytokine production, cytokine neutralization, cellular infiltration, macrophage polarization, HICs growth inhibition, stimulating T-reg mediated tolerance and modulating oxidative-stress. In this article, we discussed representative examples of IMNs by highlighting their rationalization, design principle, and mechanism of action in context of treating various IDs. Lastly, we highlighted technical challenges in the application of IMNs and explored the future direction of research, which could potentially help to overcome those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Ahamad
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Abhinanda Kar
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sourabh Mehta
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; IITB-Monash Research Academy IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mahima Dewani
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Vasanthan Ravichandran
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Prateek Bhardwaj
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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17
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Jung E, Kim T, Bae S, Kang PM, Lee D. H
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‐Triggered Self Immolative Prodrug Nanoassemblies as Self‐Deliverable Nanomedicines for Targeted On‐Demand Therapy of Thrombotic Disorders. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Taeeon Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Bae
- Cardiovascular Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Peter M. Kang
- Cardiovascular Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer⋅Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
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18
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Li C, Kitzerow O, Nie F, Dai J, Liu X, Carlson MA, Casale GP, Pipinos II, Li X. Bioengineering strategies for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:684-696. [PMID: 33005831 PMCID: PMC7511653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a progressive atherosclerotic disorder characterized by narrowing and occlusion of arteries supplying the lower extremities. Approximately 200 million people worldwide are affected by PAD. The current standard of operative care is open or endovascular revascularization in which blood flow restoration is the goal. However, many patients are not appropriate candidates for these treatments and are subject to continuous ischemia of their lower limbs. Current research in the therapy of PAD involves developing modalities that induce angiogenesis, but the results of simple cell transplantation or growth factor delivery have been found to be relatively poor mainly due to difficulties in stem cell retention and survival and rapid diffusion and enzymolysis of growth factors following injection of these agents in the affected tissues. Biomaterials, including hydrogels, have the capability to protect stem cells during injection and to support cell survival. Hydrogels can also provide a sustained release of growth factors at the injection site. This review will focus on biomaterial systems currently being investigated as carriers for cell and growth factor delivery, and will also discuss biomaterials as a potential stand-alone method for the treatment of PAD. Finally, the challenges of development and use of biomaterials systems for PAD treatment will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Oliver Kitzerow
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Fujiao Nie
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Jingxuan Dai
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
- Omaha VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, United States
| | - George P. Casale
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Iraklis I. Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
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19
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Zhang C, Wang X, Du J, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Reactive Oxygen Species-Regulating Strategies Based on Nanomaterials for Disease Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002797. [PMID: 33552863 PMCID: PMC7856897 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in physiological and pathological processes. Studies on the regulation of ROS for disease treatments have caused wide concern, mainly involving the topics in ROS-regulating therapy such as antioxidant therapy triggered by ROS scavengers and ROS-induced toxic therapy mediated by ROS-elevation agents. Benefiting from the remarkable advances of nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials with the ROS-regulating ability are developed to seek new and effective ROS-related nanotherapeutic modalities or nanomedicines. Although considerable achievements have been made in ROS-based nanomedicines for disease treatments, some fundamental but key questions such as the rational design principle for ROS-related nanomaterials are held in low regard. Here, the design principle can serve as the initial framework for scientists and technicians to design and optimize the ROS-regulating nanomedicines, thereby minimizing the gap of nanomedicines for biomedical application during the design stage. Herein, an overview of the current progress of ROS-associated nanomedicines in disease treatments is summarized. And then, by particularly addressing these known strategies in ROS-associated therapy, several fundamental and key principles for the design of ROS-associated nanomedicines are presented. Finally, future perspectives are also discussed in depth for the development of ROS-associated nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for NanotechnologyGuangdong510700China
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Siafaka PI, Okur NÜ, Karantas ID, Okur ME, Gündoğdu EA. Current update on nanoplatforms as therapeutic and diagnostic tools: A review for the materials used as nanotheranostics and imaging modalities. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:24-46. [PMID: 33613728 PMCID: PMC7878458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of nanotheranostics as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic tools for various diseases, especially cancer, is held great attention. Up to date, several approaches have been employed in order to develop smart nanotheranostics, which combine bioactive targeting on specific tissues as well as diagnostic properties. The nanotheranostics can deliver therapeutic agents by concomitantly monitor the therapy response in real-time. Consequently, the possibility of over- or under-dosing is decreased. Various non-invasive imaging techniques have been used to quantitatively monitor the drug delivery processes. Radiolabeling of nanomaterials is widely used as powerful diagnostic approach on nuclear medicine imaging. In fact, various radiolabeled nanomaterials have been designed and developed for imaging tumors and other lesions due to their efficient characteristics. Inorganic nanoparticles as gold, silver, silica based nanomaterials or organic nanoparticles as polymers, carbon based nanomaterials, liposomes have been reported as multifunctional nanotheranostics. In this review, the imaging modalities according to their use in various diseases are summarized, providing special details for radiolabeling. In further, the most current nanotheranostics categorized via the used nanomaterials are also summed up. To conclude, this review can be beneficial for medical and pharmaceutical society as well as material scientists who work in the field of nanotheranostics since they can use this research as guide for producing newer and more efficient nanotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I. Siafaka
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioannis D. Karantas
- 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mehmet Evren Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Nanotechnology could offer a new complementary strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases including coronary, carotid, or peripheral arterial disease due to narrowing or blockage of the artery caused by atherosclerosis. These arterial diseases manifest correspondingly as angina and myocardial infarction, stroke, and intermittent claudication of leg muscles during exercise. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves biological events at the cellular and molecular level, thus targeting these using nanomaterials precisely and effectively could result in a better outcome. Nanotechnology can mitigate the pathological events by enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the therapeutic agent by delivering it at the point of a lesion in a controlled and efficacious manner. Further, combining therapeutics with imaging will enhance the theranostic ability in atherosclerosis. Additionally, nanoparticles can provide a range of delivery systems for genes, proteins, cells, and drugs, which individually or in combination can address various problems within the arteries. Imaging studies combined with nanoparticles helps in evaluating the disease progression as well as the response to the treatment because imaging and diagnostic agents can be delivered precisely to the targeted destinations via nanocarriers. This review focuses on the use of nanotechnology in theranostics of coronary artery and peripheral arterial disease.
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Lee H, Jeong SW, Jung E, Lee D. Dexamethasone-loaded H 2O 2-activatable anti-inflammatory nanoparticles for on-demand therapy of inflammatory respiratory diseases. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 30:102301. [PMID: 32942045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common airway inflammatory disorder, characterized by increased infiltration of leukocytes and bronchoconstriction. Dexamethasone (DEX) has been widely used in the treatment of allergic asthma. However, long-term and frequent use of DEX has side effects. We therefore reasoned that if drug carriers have intrinsic anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic activity and synergize with drug payloads, a low dose of DEX could exert sufficient therapeutic effects. In this study, we developed DEX-loaded H2O2-activatable boronate maltodextrin (DEX-BM) nanoparticles. DEX-BM nanoparticles released DEX in a H2O2-triggered manner and remarkably suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages and lung epithelial cells. In the studies of a murine allergic asthma model, DEX-BM nanoparticles (5 mg/kg) effectively inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration and airway inflammation than equivalent DEX and BM nanoparticles without noticeable side effects. We anticipate that DEX-BM nanoparticles hold great potential as therapeutic agents for various airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanui Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Jeong
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Parodi A, Rudzinska M, Leporatti S, Anissimov Y, Zamyatnin AA. Smart Nanotheranostics Responsive to Pathological Stimuli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:503. [PMID: 32523946 PMCID: PMC7261906 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nanotheranostics represents one of the most dynamic technological frontiers in the treatment of different pathological conditions. With the goal in mind to generate nanocarriers with both therapeutic and diagnostic properties, current research aims at implementing these technologies with multiple functions, including targeting, multimodal imaging, and synergistic therapies. The working mechanism of some nanotheranostics relies on physical, chemical, and biological triggers allowing for the activation of the therapeutic and/or the diagnostic properties only at the diseased site. In this review, we explored new advances in the development of smart nanotheranostics responsive to pathological stimuli, including altered pH, oxidative stress, enzymatic expression, and reactive biological molecules with a deep focus on the material used in the field to generate the particles in the context of the analyzed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parodi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Magdalena Rudzinska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- CNR NANOTEC - Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia, Lecce, Italy
| | - Yuri Anissimov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Wong XY, Sena-Torralba A, Álvarez-Diduk R, Muthoosamy K, Merkoçi A. Nanomaterials for Nanotheranostics: Tuning Their Properties According to Disease Needs. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2585-2627. [PMID: 32031781 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanotheranostics is one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs in nanomedicine. Most of the currently available diagnosis and therapies are invasive, time-consuming, and associated with severe toxic side effects. Nanotheranostics, on the other hand, has the potential to bridge this gap by harnessing the capabilities of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for combined therapeutics and diagnostics with markedly enhanced efficacy. However, nanomaterial applications in nanotheranostics are still in its infancy. This is due to the fact that each disease has a particular microenvironment with well-defined characteristics, which promotes deeper selection criteria of nanomaterials to meet the disease needs. In this review, we have outlined how nanomaterials are designed and tailored for nanotheranostics of cancer and other diseases such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune (particularly on rheumatoid arthritis), and cardiovascular diseases. The penetrability and retention of a nanomaterial in the biological system, the therapeutic strategy used, and the imaging mode selected are some of the aspects discussed for each disease. The specific properties of the nanomaterials in terms of feasibility, physicochemical challenges, progress in clinical trials, its toxicity, and their future application on translational medicine are addressed. Our review meticulously and critically examines the applications of nanotheranostics with various nanomaterials, including graphene, across several diseases, offering a broader perspective of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Wong
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasturi Muthoosamy
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Centre of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Li CW, Li LL, Chen S, Zhang JX, Lu WL. Antioxidant Nanotherapies for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:200. [PMID: 32258013 PMCID: PMC7093330 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential in regulating various physiological functions. However, overproduction of ROS is implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Antioxidant therapy has thus represented an effective strategy for the treatment of oxidative stress relevant inflammatory diseases. Conventional anti-oxidative agents showed limited in vivo effects owing to their non-specific distribution and low retention in disease sites. Over the past decades, significant achievements have been made in the development of antioxidant nanotherapies that exhibit multiple advantages such as excellent pharmacokinetics, stable anti-oxidative activity, and intrinsic ROS-scavenging properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview on recent advances in antioxidant nanotherapies, including ROS-scavenging inorganic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles with intrinsic antioxidant activity, and drug-loaded anti-oxidant nanoparticles. We highlight the biomedical applications of antioxidant nanotherapies in the treatment of different inflammatory diseases, with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, and brain diseases. Current challenges and future perspectives to promote clinical translation of antioxidant nanotherapies are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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An F, Yang Z, Zheng M, Mei T, Deng G, Guo P, Li Y, Sheng R. Rationally assembled albumin/indocyanine green nanocomplex for enhanced tumor imaging to guide photothermal therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:49. [PMID: 32183838 PMCID: PMC7079369 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel phototheranostic nanocomplex that is self-assembled from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and indocyanine green (ICG) is developed for enhanced near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, which benefits the guidance on in vivo cancer photothermal therapy (PTT). The study confirms that the binding of ICG with the bind sits on the albumin will result in improved hydrolytic stability and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The ICG loading ratio in the nanocomplex is optimized and confirms the loading ratio of 0.5% ICG to be the optimal content. The optimized ICG–BSA nanocomplex (ICG–BSA NC) possesses a higher PLQY of 16.8% than that of free ICG (2.7%). The high PLQY and efficient passive targeting ability of ICG–BSA NC help improve its in vivo tumor accumulation and NIR fluorescence imaging significantly. Under laser irradiation, efficient PTT with obvious tumor growth suppression on a triple negative breast tumor model can be observed in the ICG–BSA NC treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei An
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meichen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Mei
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Functional Molecules, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
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Scavenger receptor-AI-targeted ultrasmall gold nanoclusters facilitate in vivo MR and ex vivo fluorescence dual-modality visualization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 19:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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