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Li Y, Feng Q, Wang L, Gao X, Xi Y, Ye L, Ji J, Yang X, Zhai G. Current targeting strategies and advanced nanoplatforms for atherosclerosis therapy. J Drug Target 2024; 32:128-147. [PMID: 38217526 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2300694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of death worldwide, and it is closely related to many cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infraction and angina. Although traditional surgical and pharmacological interventions can effectively retard or slow down the progression of atherosclerosis, it is very difficult to prevent or even reverse this disease. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, various nanoagents have been designed and applied to different diseases including atherosclerosis. The unique atherosclerotic microenvironment with signature biological components allows nanoplatforms to distinguish atherosclerotic lesions from normal tissue and to approach plaques specifically. Based on the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, this review summarises the nanodrug delivery strategies for atherosclerotic therapy, trying to provide help for researchers to understand the existing atherosclerosis management approaches as well as challenges and to reasonably design anti-atherosclerotic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Luyue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xi Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Guo Q, Qian ZM. Macrophage based drug delivery: Key challenges and strategies. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:55-72. [PMID: 38699242 PMCID: PMC11061709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As a natural immune cell and antigen presenting cell, macrophages have been studied and engineered to treat human diseases. Macrophages are well-suited for use as drug carriers because of their biological characteristics, such as excellent biocompatibility, long circulation, intrinsic inflammatory homing and phagocytosis. Meanwhile, macrophages' uniquely high plasticity and easy re-education polarization facilitates their use as part of efficacious therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases or tumors. Although recent studies have demonstrated promising advances in macrophage-based drug delivery, several challenges currently hinder further improvement of therapeutic effect and clinical application. This article focuses on the main challenges of utilizing macrophage-based drug delivery, from the selection of macrophage sources, drug loading, and maintenance of macrophage phenotypes, to drug migration and release at target sites. In addition, corresponding strategies and insights related to these challenges are described. Finally, we also provide perspective on shortcomings on the road to clinical translation and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Dragicevic N, Predic-Atkinson J, Nikolic B, Pajovic SB, Ivkovic S, Adzic M. Nanocarriers in topical photodynamic therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:279-307. [PMID: 38349540 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2318460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained significant attention due to its superiority over conventional treatments. In the context of skin cancers and nonmalignant skin diseases, topical application of photosensitizer formulations onto affected skin, followed by illumination, offers distinct advantages. Topical PDT simplifies therapy by providing easy access to the skin, increasing drug concentration within the target area, and confining residual photosensitivity to the treated skin. However, the effectiveness of topical PDT is often hindered by challenges such as limited skin penetration or photosensitizer instability. Additionally, the hypoxic tumor environment poses further limitations. Nanocarriers present a promising solution to address these challenges. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review is to comprehensively explore and highlight the role of various nanocarriers in advancing topical PDT for the treatment of skin diseases. The primary focus is to address the challenges associated with conventional topical PDT approaches and demonstrate how nanotechnology-based strategies can overcome these challenges, thereby improving the overall efficiency and efficacy of PDT. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of PDT, offering innovative tools to combat the unfavorable features of photosensitizers and hurdles in PDT. Nanocarriers enhance skin penetration and stability of photosensitizers, provide controlled drug release, reduce needed dose, increase production of reactive oxygen species, while reducing side effects, thereby improving PDT effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dragicevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Bojan Nikolic
- Faculty of Health and Business studies, Singidunum University, Valjevo, Serbia
| | - Snezana B Pajovic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Adzic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Canella A, Rajappa P. Therapeutic utility of engineered myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00600-7. [PMID: 36854896 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite promising results shown in hematologic tumors, immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumors have mostly failed so far. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and phenotype of tumor infiltrating macrophages are among the more prevalent reasons for this failure. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs, M2-macrophages) are circulating myeloid cells recruited to the local tumor microenvironment, and together with regulatory T cells (T-regs), are reprogrammed to become immune suppressive. This results in the inactivation or hampered recruitment of cytotoxic CD8 + T and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Recently, attempts have been made to try to leverage specific myeloid functions and properties, including their ability to reach the TME and to mediate the phagocytosis of cancer cells. Additionally, myeloid cells have been used for drug delivery and reprogramming the tumor microenvironment in cancer patients. This approach, together with the advancements in genome editing, paved the way for the development of novel cell-mediated immunotherapies. This article focuses on the latest studies that detail the therapeutic properties of genetically engineered or pharmacologically modulated myeloid cells in cancer preclinical models, limitations, pitfalls, and evaluations of these approaches in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Canella
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Prajwal Rajappa
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Zheng Y, Han Y, Sun Q, Li Z. Harnessing anti-tumor and tumor-tropism functions of macrophages via nanotechnology for tumor immunotherapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210166. [PMID: 37323705 PMCID: PMC10190945 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by modulating macrophages holds great promise in tumor immunotherapy. As a class of professional phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the innate immune system, macrophages can not only directly engulf and clear tumor cells, but also play roles in presenting tumor-specific antigen to initiate adaptive immunity. However, the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) usually display tumor-supportive M2 phenotype rather than anti-tumor M1 phenotype. They can support tumor cells to escape immunological surveillance, aggravate tumor progression, and impede tumor-specific T cell immunity. Although many TAMs-modulating agents have shown great success in therapy of multiple tumors, they face enormous challenges including poor tumor accumulation and off-target side effects. An alternative solution is the use of advanced nanostructures, which not only can deliver TAMs-modulating agents to augment therapeutic efficacy, but also can directly serve as modulators of TAMs. Another important strategy is the exploitation of macrophages and macrophage-derived components as tumor-targeting delivery vehicles. Herein, we summarize the recent advances in targeting and engineering macrophages for tumor immunotherapy, including (1) direct and indirect effects of macrophages on the augmentation of immunotherapy and (2) strategies for engineering macrophage-based drug carriers. The existing perspectives and challenges of macrophage-based tumor immunotherapies are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zheng
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yaobao Han
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Qiao Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Xu X, Li T, Jin K. Bioinspired and Biomimetic Nanomedicines for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1109. [PMID: 35631695 PMCID: PMC9147382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Undesirable side effects and multidrug resistance are the major obstacles in conventional chemotherapy towards cancers. Nanomedicines provide alternative strategies for tumor-targeted therapy due to their inherent properties, such as nanoscale size and tunable surface features. However, the applications of nanomedicines are hampered in vivo due to intrinsic disadvantages, such as poor abilities to cross biological barriers and unexpected off-target effects. Fortunately, biomimetic nanomedicines are emerging as promising therapeutics to maximize anti-tumor efficacy with minimal adverse effects due to their good biocompatibility and high accumulation abilities. These bioengineered agents incorporate both the physicochemical properties of diverse functional materials and the advantages of biological materials to achieve desired purposes, such as prolonged circulation time, specific targeting of tumor cells, and immune modulation. Among biological materials, mammalian cells (such as red blood cells, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils) and pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi) are the functional components most often used to confer synthetic nanoparticles with the complex functionalities necessary for effective nano-biointeractions. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the development of bioinspired and biomimetic nanomedicines (such as mammalian cell-based drug delivery systems and pathogen-based nanoparticles) for targeted cancer therapy. We also discuss the biological influences and limitations of synthetic materials on the therapeutic effects and targeted efficacies of various nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Xu
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tong Li
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.X.); (T.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Nano-engineered immune cells as "guided missiles" for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 341:60-79. [PMID: 34785315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells can actively regulate tumors or inflammatory sites and have good biocompatibility and safety. Currently, they are one of the most promising candidates for drug delivery systems. Moreover, immune cells can significantly extend the circulation time of nanoparticles and have broad-spectrum tumor-targeting properties. This article first introduces the immune cell types most commonly used in recent years, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages, and elucidates their application in anti-tumor therapy. Next, the various ways of loading nanoparticles on immune cells that have been used in recent years are summarized and simply divided into two categories: backpacks and Trojan horses. Finally, the two "mountains" that stand in front of us when using immune cells as cell carriers, off-target problems and effective release strategies, are discussed.
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Nguyen VD, Min HK, Kim HY, Han J, Choi YH, Kim CS, Park JO, Choi E. Primary Macrophage-Based Microrobots: An Effective Tumor Therapy In Vivo by Dual-Targeting Function and Near-Infrared-Triggered Drug Release. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8492-8506. [PMID: 33973786 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) have the capability to sense chemotactic cues and to home tumors, therefore presenting a great approach to engineer these cells to deliver therapeutic agents to treat diseases. However, current cell-based drug delivery systems usually use commercial cell lines that may elicit an immune response when injected into a host animal. Furthermore, premature off-target drug release also remains an enormous challenge. Here, we isolated and differentiated MΦs from the spleens of BALB/c mice and developed dual-targeting MΦ-based microrobots, regulated by chemotaxis and an external magnetic field, and had a precise spatiotemporal controlled drug release at the tumor sites in response to the NIR laser irradiation. These microrobots were prepared by coloading citric acid (CA)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and doxorubicin (DOX)-containing thermosensitive nanoliposomes (TSLPs) into the MΦs. CA-MNPs promoted a magnetic targeting function to the microrobots and also permitted photothermal heating in response to the NIR irradiation, triggering drug release from TSLPs. In vitro experiments showed that the microrobots effectively infiltrated tumors in 3D breast cancer tumor spheroids, particularly in the presence of the magnetic field, and effectively induced tumor cell death, further enhanced by the NIR laser irradiation. In vivo experiments confirmed that the application of the magnetic field and NIR laser could markedly inhibit the growth of tumors with a subtherapeutic dose of DOX and a single injection of the microrobots. In summary, the study proposes a strategy for the effective anticancer treatment using the developed microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Du Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Min
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Ho Yong Kim
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Jiwon Han
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - You Hee Choi
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Chang-Sei Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
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Zhang K, Guo Q, Zhao Q, Wang F, Wang H, Zhi J, Shan C. Photosensitizer Functionalized Nanodiamonds for Raman Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4308-4315. [PMID: 33780627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One novel nanoplatform with multiple functions including Raman imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) capacities was constructed through modifying nanodiamonds (NDs) with photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6). The NDs-Ce6 nanoparticles show enhanced singlet oxygen generation efficiency relative to free Ce6. Cytotoxicity tests indicate that NDs-Ce6 have negligible influence toward HeLa cells vitality under dark condition but enhanced photodynamic ablation upon 660 nm laser irradiation in comparison with free Ce6. In addition, the NDs-Ce6 could be used as Raman imaging probes toward HeLa cells. These results demonstrate that the NDs-Ce6 multifunctional nanoplatform have attractive features using for Raman imaging and PDT. Additionally, a new idea could be provided for designing the multifunctional platform from the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuikui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Futao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinfang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Yan C, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Recent progress on molecularly near-infrared fluorescent probes for chemotherapy and phototherapy. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zhou B, Guo Z, Lin Z, Jiang BP, Shen XC. Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials for Smart Tumor-Specific Phototherapeutics. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:919-931. [PMID: 33345434 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy, a type of photoresponsive regulation of biological activities, together with additional stimuli-responsive features, offers significant potential for enhancing the precision and efficacy of cancer treatments. To achieve tumor-specific therapeutics, numerous studies have focused on the development of smart phototherapeutic nanomaterials (PNMs) that can respond to endogenous pathological characteristics (e. g., mild acidity, the overproduction of glutathione, the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide, the overexpression of specific surface receptors, etc.) present in the tumor and/or exogenous stimuli. Such responsiveness can effectively improve the physicochemical properties, cellular uptake, tumor-targeting performance, and pharmacokinetic profile of PNMs. Herein, we will systematically discuss recent advances in this field. Moreover, potential challenges and future directions in the development of stimuli-responsive PNMs are also presented to support the development of this emerging cutting-edge research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Bang-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Can Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Ma T, Zhu D, Liu T, Lv F. Tumor targeted combination therapy mediated by functional macrophages under fluorescence imaging guidance. J Control Release 2020; 328:127-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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