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Aljamal D, Iyengar PS, Nguyen TT. Translational Challenges in Drug Therapy and Delivery Systems for Treating Chronic Lower Extremity Wounds. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:750. [PMID: 38931872 PMCID: PMC11207742 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite several promising preclinical studies performed over the past two decades, there remains a paucity of market-approved drugs to treat chronic lower extremity wounds in humans. This translational gap challenges our understanding of human chronic lower extremity wounds and the design of wound treatments. Current targeted drug treatments and delivery systems for lower extremity wounds rely heavily on preclinical animal models meant to mimic human chronic wounds. However, there are several key differences between animal preclinical wound models and the human chronic wound microenvironment, which can impact the design of targeted drug treatments and delivery systems. To explore these differences, this review delves into recent new drug technologies and delivery systems designed to address the chronic wound microenvironment. It also highlights preclinical models used to test drug treatments specific for the wound microenvironments of lower extremity diabetic, venous, ischemic, and burn wounds. We further discuss key differences between preclinical wound models and human chronic wounds that may impact successful translational drug treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Aljamal
- Chan School of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; (D.A.); (P.S.I.)
| | - Priya S. Iyengar
- Chan School of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; (D.A.); (P.S.I.)
| | - Tammy T. Nguyen
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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2
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Qureshi S, Alavi SE, Mohammed Y. Microsponges: Development, Characterization, and Key Physicochemical Properties. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024. [PMID: 38661260 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsponges are promising drug delivery carriers with versatile characteristics and controlled release properties for the delivery of a wide range of drugs. The microsponges will provide an optimized therapeutic effect, when delivered at the site of action without rupturing, then releasing the cargo at the predetermined time and area. The ability of the microsponges to effectively deliver the drug in a controlled manner depends on the material composition. This comprehensive review entails knowledge on the design parameters of an optimized microsponge drug delivery system and the controlled release properties of microsponges that reduces the side effects of drugs. Furthermore, the review delves into the fabrication techniques of microsponges, the mechanism of drug release from the microsponges, and the regulatory requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the successful marketing of microsponge formulation. The review also examines the patented formulations of microsponges. The prospects of these sophisticated drug delivery systems for improved clinical outcomes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Qureshi
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Elizalde-Cárdenas A, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Rodríguez-Martínez A, Leyva-Gómez G, Ríos-Castañeda C, González-Torres M. Advances in chitosan and chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications in tissue engineering: An updated review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129999. [PMID: 38331080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, chitosan (CS) has received much attention as a functional biopolymer for various applications, especially in the biomedical field. It is a natural polysaccharide created by the chemical deacetylation of chitin (CT) that is nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. This natural polymer is difficult to process; however, chemical modification of the CS backbone allows improved use of functional derivatives. CS and its derivatives are used to prepare hydrogels, membranes, scaffolds, fibers, foams, and sponges, primarily for regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering (TE), currently one of the fastest-growing fields in the life sciences, primarily aims to restore or replace lost or damaged organs and tissues using supports that, combined with cells and biomolecules, generate new tissue. In this sense, the growing interest in the application of biomaterials based on CS and some of its derivatives is justifiable. This review aims to summarize the most important recent advances in developing biomaterials based on CS and its derivatives and to study their synthesis, characterization, and applications in the biomedical field, especially in the TE area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Elizalde-Cárdenas
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Martínez
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos-Castañeda
- Dirección de investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico.
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Zhao L, Chen J, Bai B, Song G, Zhang J, Yu H, Huang S, Wang Z, Lu G. Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1333986. [PMID: 38293666 PMCID: PMC10825035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1333986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery is widely used in various diseases because of the advantages of not passing through the gastrointestinal tract, avoiding gastrointestinal irritation and hepatic first-pass effect, and reaching the lesion directly to reduce unnecessary adverse reactions. The skin helps the organism to defend itself against a huge majority of external aggressions and is one of the most important lines of defense of the body. However, the skin's strong barrier ability is also a huge obstacle to the effectiveness of topical medications. Allowing the bioactive, composition in a drug to pass through the stratum corneum barrier as needed to reach the target site is the most essential need for the bioactive, composition to exert its therapeutic effect. The state of the skin barrier, the choice of delivery system for the bioactive, composition, and individualized disease detection and dosing planning influence the effectiveness of topical medications. Nowadays, enhancing transdermal absorption of topically applied drugs is the hottest research area. However, enhancing transdermal absorption of drugs is not the first choice to improve the effectiveness of all drugs. Excessive transdermal absorption enhances topical drug accumulation at non-target sites and the occurrence of adverse reactions. This paper introduces topical drug delivery strategies to improve drug effectiveness from three perspectives: skin barrier, drug delivery system and individualized drug delivery, describes the current status and shortcomings of topical drug research, and provides new directions and ideas for topical drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Maia LS, de Bomfim ASC, de Oliveira DM, Pinhati FR, da Conceição MOT, Barud HS, Medeiros SA, Rosa DS, Mulinari DR. Tuning of renewable sponge‐like polyurethane physical‐chemical and morphological properties using the pullulan as a reactive filler. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lana S. Maia
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Anne Shayene C. de Bomfim
- Department of Materials and Technology School of Engineering and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel M. de Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Technology School of Engineering and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Pinhati
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Hernane S. Barud
- Department of Biotechnology Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, University of Araraquara (UNIARA) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Simone A. Medeiros
- Chemical Engineering Department Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Derval S. Rosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Daniella R. Mulinari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Li J, Sun X, Dai J, Yang J, Li L, Zhang Z, Guo J, Bai S, Zheng Y, Shi X. Biomimetic multifunctional hybrid sponge via enzymatic cross-linking to accelerate infected burn wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:90-102. [PMID: 36509201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preparing sponge dressings with stable wet adhesion remains difficult in wound repair, especially in burn wounds with bleeding and large amounts of exudate. In this work, a multifunctional hybrid sponge dressing (DHGT+PHMB+TiO2NPs) with good wet adhesion was developed by combining biomimetic and enzymatic cross-linking reactions. The sponge dressing matrix (DHGT) was prepared by tyrosinase-catalyzed cross-linking of dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (DOPA-HA) and gelatin. The multifunctional hybrid sponge dressing was obtained by loading polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) onto the DHGT matrix. The newly developed sponge dressing exhibited high mechanical properties, good wet adhesion, antibacterial activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, biocompatibility, and excellent hemostasis ability. In vivo studies showed that the multifunctional hybrid sponge dressing could significantly accelerate the healing of infected full-thickness burn wounds by inhibiting bacterial growth, accelerating skin tissue reepithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis, as well as regulating the expression of inflammatory factors and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiajia Dai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, 10 No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Liang Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zibo Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiadong Guo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shumeng Bai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, 10 No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xianai Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, 10 No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Wang M, Gu Z, Li B, Zhang J, Yang L, Zheng X, Pan F, He J. Bioactive Nanocomposite Microsponges for Effective Reconstruction of Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects in Rat Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6593-6606. [PMID: 36594040 PMCID: PMC9805339 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s389194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Micro-sized sponge particulates have attracted extensive attention because of their potential to overcome the intrinsic limitations of conventional monolithic scaffolds in tissue engineering. Bioactive nanocomposite microsponges are regarded as potential bone substitute materials for bone regeneration. Methods Based on a combination of microfluidic emulsion with further freezing and in situ thawing, chitosan (CS)-hydroxyapatite (HAP) microsponges were prepared and characterized in terms of their morphology and elemental distribution using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray detector. The swelling ratio, porosity, degradability, antibacterial activity, and bioactivity were detected and analyzed. The biological functions of the CS-HAP microsponges were examined to assess the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of in vitro co-cultured rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). Furthermore, the CS-HAP microsponges were used as cell-free scaffolds and implanted into calvarial defects in a rat model to evaluate the in vivo osteogenesis. Results The CS-HAP microsponges have a porous structure with high porosity (~76%), good swelling capacity (~1900%), and shape-memory properties. The results of in vitro experiments show that the CS-HAP microsponges achieve good bioactivity and promote osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Furthermore, the CS-HAP microsponges significantly promote bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects. Conclusion The bioactive CS-HAP microsponges have the potential to be used as bone substitute materials for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China,Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheyuan Gu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei Li
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianyu Zheng
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiacai He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China,Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jiacai He; Faming Pan, Email ;
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Cano-Vicent A, Hashimoto R, Takayama K, Serrano-Aroca Á. Biocompatible Films of Calcium Alginate Inactivate Enveloped Viruses Such as SARS-CoV-2. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071483. [PMID: 35406356 PMCID: PMC9002394 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic is urgently demanding the development of alternative materials capable of inactivating the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Calcium alginate is a crosslinked hydrophilic biopolymer with an immense range of biomedical applications due to its excellent chemical, physical, and biological properties. In this study, the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of calcium alginate in the form of films were studied. The results showed that these films, prepared by solvent casting and subsequent crosslinking with calcium cations, are biocompatible in human keratinocytes and are capable of inactivating enveloped viruses such as bacteriophage phi 6 with a 1.43-log reduction (94.92% viral inactivation) and SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with a 1.64-log reduction (96.94% viral inactivation) in virus titers. The antiviral activity of these calcium alginate films can be attributed to its compacted negative charges that may bind to viral envelopes inactivating membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cano-Vicent
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (Á.S.-A.)
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (Á.S.-A.)
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Nejati L, Maram NS, Ahmady AZ. Preparation of Gentamicin Sulfate Nanoparticles using Eudragit RS-100 and Evaluation of Their Physicochemical Properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x21500496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Improving permeability and absorption of drugs are critical research challenges in pharmaceutical science. Gentamicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is very active against gram-negative bacteria; however, it has very poor bioavailability. This study aimed to prepare gentamicin nanoparticles with the intention of increased bioavailability. Accordingly, Eudragit RS-100 nanoparticles loaded with gentamicin sulfate were prepared by the double emulsification and solvent evaporation method, a proper technique for encapsulating hydrophilic molecules. Nanoparticles’ suspensions with polymer to drug ratios of 1:1 ([Formula: see text] and 2:1 ([Formula: see text]) were prepared, lyophilized and evaluated for their production yield, physicochemical properties and morphology. The mean particle size was 195.67[Formula: see text]nm and 228[Formula: see text]nm for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. The formulations’ loading efficiencies were relatively high (85.73 for [Formula: see text] and 85.20 for [Formula: see text]). The nanoparticles’ surface charge (+40.5[Formula: see text]mV) was sufficient to inhibit their aggregation and facilitate the nanoparticles’ absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that drug and polymer stabilized each other by physical interactions between their functional groups. Both formulations presented an initial burst drug release of nearly 20% after 30[Formula: see text]min in phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4). After 24[Formula: see text]h, [Formula: see text] did not release the drug completely, while [Formula: see text] released the whole drug. Overall, nanoparticles with proper characteristics were obtained. This study puts forward the necessity of conducting further research in order to explore the intestinal absorption of these nanoparticles and the possibility of being utilized for oral administration of gentamicin sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Nejati
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nader Shakiba Maram
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amanollah Zarei Ahmady
- Marine Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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