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Cho H, Huh KM, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kwon YJ, Kang HC. Selective delivery of imaging probes and therapeutics to the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus: Current strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115386. [PMID: 38971180 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
To maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unwanted effects, the interest in drug targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (GA) has been recently growing because two organelles are distributing hubs of cellular building/signaling components (e.g., proteins, lipids, Ca2+) to other organelles and the plasma membrane. Their structural or functional damages induce organelle stress (i.e., ER or GA stress), and their aggravation is strongly related to diseases (e.g., cancers, liver diseases, brain diseases). Many efforts have been developed to image (patho)physiological functions (e.g., oxidative stress, protein/lipid-related processing) and characteristics (e.g., pH, temperature, biothiols, reactive oxygen species) in the target organelles and to deliver drugs for organelle disruption using organelle-targeting moieties. Therefore, this review will overview the structure, (patho)physiological functions/characteristics, and related diseases of the organelles of interest. Future direction on ER or GA targeting will be discussed by understanding current strategies and investigations on targeting, imaging/sensing, and therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Departments of Polymer Science and Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Cho H, Huh KM, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kang HC. Beyond Nanoparticle-Based Intracellular Drug Delivery: Cytosol/Organelle-Targeted Drug Release and Therapeutic Synergism. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300590. [PMID: 38488862 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems are conceived to solve poor water-solubility and chemical/physical instability, and their purpose expanded to target specific sites for maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing unwanted events of payloads. Targeted sites are also narrowed from organs/tissues and cells to cytosol/organelles. Beyond specific site targeting, the particular release of payloads at the target sites is growing in importance. This review overviews various issues and their general strategies during multiple steps, from the preparation of drug-loaded NPs to their drug release at the target cytosol/organelles. In particular, this review focuses on current strategies for "first" delivery and "later" release of drugs to the cytosol or organelles of interest using specific stimuli in the target sites. Recognizing or distinguishing the presence/absence of stimuli or their differences in concentration/level/activity in one place from those in another is applied to stimuli-triggered release via bond cleavage or nanostructural transition. In addition, future directions on understanding the intracellular balance of stimuli and their counter-stimuli are demonstrated to synergize the therapeutic effects of payloads released from stimuli-sensitive NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control·Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
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Bera S, Bej R, Kanjilal P, Sinha S, Ghosh S. Bioreducible Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymer-Drug Conjugate for Intracellular Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:480-488. [PMID: 38514383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports synthesis of a bioreducible hyperbranched (HB) polymer by A2+B3 approach from commercially available dithiothreitol (DTT) (A2) and an easily accessible trifunctional monomer (B3) containing three reactive pyridyl-disulfide groups. Highly efficient thiol-activated disulfide exchange reaction leads to the formation of the HB polymer (Mw = 21000; Đ = 2.3) with bioreducible disulfide linkages in the backbone and two different functional groups, namely, hydroxyl and pyridyl-disulfide in the core and periphery, respectively, of the HB-polymer. Postpolymerization functionalization of the hydroxyl-groups with camptothecin (CPT), a topoisomerase inhibitor and known anticancer drug, followed by replacing the terminal pyridyl-disulfide groups with oligo-oxyethylene-thiol resulted in easy access to an amphiphilic HB polydisulfide-CPT conjugate (P1) with a very high drug loading content of ∼40%. P1 aggregated in water (above ∼10 μg/mL) producing drug-loaded nanoparticles (Dh ∼ 135 nm), which showed highly efficient glutathione (GSH)-triggered release of the active CPT. Mass spectrometry analysis of the GSH-treated P1 showed the presence of the active CPT drug as well as a cyclic monothiocarbonate product, which underpins the cascade-degradation mechanism involving GSH-triggered cleavage of the labile disulfide linkage, followed by intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the in situ generated thiol to the neighboring carbonate linkage, resulting in release of the active CPT drug. The P1 nanoparticle showed excellent cellular uptake as tested by confocal fluorescence microscopy in HeLa cells by predominantly endocytosis mechanism, resulting in highly efficient cell killing (IC50 ∼ 0.6 μg/mL) as evident from the results of the MTT assay, as well as the apoptosis assay. Comparative studies with an analogous linear polymer-CPT conjugate showed much superior intracellular drug delivery potency of the hyperbranched polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Bera
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Raju Bej
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pintu Kanjilal
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Satyaki Sinha
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
- Technical Research Center (TRC),Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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Lu S, Hao D, Xiang X, Pei Q, Xie Z. Carboxylated paclitaxel prodrug nanofibers for enhanced chemotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 355:528-537. [PMID: 36787820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The facile availability of nanoformulations with enhanced antitumor performance remains a big challenge. Herein, we synthesize paclitaxel prodrugs with amphiphilic structures and robust assembling ability. Carboxylated paclitaxel prodrugs (PSCB) containing disulfide bonds prefer to form exquisite nanofibers, while phenylcarbinol end capped paclitaxel prodrugs (PSP) assemble into spherical nanoparticles. The transformation of morphology from nanofibers to nanorods can be realized via tuning the content of paclitaxel. Hydrophilic domains of PSCB nanofibers accelerate the cleavage of disulfide bond for rapid drug release in tumor cells, thus exhibiting the enhanced cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. This study provides a crucial insight into the functional design of hydrophobic drugs to improve chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Dengyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Qing Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China.
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Gong L, Wang C, Xu P, Gong J, Zhu C, Di S, Li Y, Mu Y, Han H, Zhang Q, Lin Z. Polymeric Nanoreactors with Chemically Tunable Redox Responsivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40266-40275. [PMID: 35983858 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioresponsive nanomaterials are increasingly important in a variety of applications such as disease imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. However, it remains a big challenge to manipulate response efficacy of such materials for performance optimization in a highly complex milieu in vivo. Here, we developed chemically adjustable nanoreactors (CANs) with the structure of polymeric cores and albumin shells to achieve tunable redox responsivity. In vitro characterization demonstrates stable, spherical nanoparticles of the CANs with a particle size of about 50 nm. The fluorescence activation ratios of the CANs are determined by various albumin modification densities on the shell. Meanwhile, the response sensitivity of the CANs to GSH levels (0.6-4 mM) can be tuned by acid-base properties of polymeric blocks in the core. This unique tunable redox responsivity enables the CANs suitable for probe optimization in cancer imaging both in vivo and at histological levels. Overall, this study offers a new design strategy for manipulation on performance of core/shell nanoreactors or bioresponsive nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Gong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Shandong New Drug Loading & Release Technology and Preparation Engineering Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chuanda Zhu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shiming Di
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yanglonghao Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongxu Mu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Han
- Institute of Medical Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment and Technique, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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Foglizzo V, Marchiò S. Nanoparticles as Physically- and Biochemically-Tuned Drug Formulations for Cancers Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102473. [PMID: 35626078 PMCID: PMC9139219 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Conventional antitumor drugs have limitations, including poor water solubility and lack of targeting capability, with consequent non-specific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic index. Nanotechnology promises to overcome these drawbacks by exploiting the physical properties of diverse nanocarriers that can be linked to moieties with binding selectivity for cancer cells. The use of nanoparticles as therapeutic formulations allows a targeted delivery and a slow, controlled release of the drug(s), making them tunable modules for applications in precision medicine. In addition, nanoparticles are also being developed as cancer vaccines, offering an opportunity to increase both cellular and humoral immunity, thus providing a new weapon to beat cancer. Abstract Malignant tumors originate from a combination of genetic alterations, which induce activation of oncogenes and inactivation of oncosuppressor genes, ultimately resulting in uncontrolled growth and neoplastic transformation. Chemotherapy prevents the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells, but it also affects the entire cellular network in the human body with heavy side effects. For this reason, the ultimate aim of cancer therapy remains to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing their normal counterparts. Nanoparticle formulations have the potential to achieve this aim by providing optimized drug delivery to a pathological site with minimal accumulation in healthy tissues. In this review, we will first describe the characteristics of recently developed nanoparticles and how their physical properties and targeting functionalization are exploited depending on their therapeutic payload, route of delivery, and tumor type. Second, we will analyze how nanoparticles can overcome multidrug resistance based on their ability to combine different therapies and targeting moieties within a single formulation. Finally, we will discuss how the implementation of these strategies has led to the generation of nanoparticle-based cancer vaccines as cutting-edge instruments for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Foglizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01199333239
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