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Rayginia TP, Keerthana CK, Shifana SC, Pellissery MJ, Abhishek A, Anto RJ. Phytochemicals as Potential Lead Molecules against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:5199-5221. [PMID: 38213177 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673275501231213063902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of liver cancer, accounting for 85-90% of liver cancer cases and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The major risk factors for HCC include hepatitis C and B viral infections, along with chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, fibrosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis associated with metabolic syndrome. Despite the advancements in modern medicine, there is a continuous rise in the annual global incidence rate of HCC, and it is estimated to reach >1 million cases by 2025. Emerging research in phytomedicine and chemotherapy has established the anti-cancer potential of phytochemicals, owing to their diverse biological activities. In this review, we report the major phytochemicals that have been explored in combating hepatocellular carcinoma and possess great potential to be used as an alternative or in conjunction with the existing HCC treatment modalities. An overview of the pre-clinical observations, mechanism of action and molecular targets of some of these phytochemicals is also incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tennyson Prakash Rayginia
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Chenicheri Kizhakkeveettil Keerthana
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | | | - Maria Joy Pellissery
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Ajmani Abhishek
- Molecular Bioassay Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
- Molecular Bioassay Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India
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Ashour AA, El-Kamel AH, Mehanna RA, Mourad G, Heikal L. Luteolin-loaded exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a promising therapy for liver fibrosis. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3270-3280. [PMID: 36330597 PMCID: PMC9639476 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2142700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a global life-threatening disorder with no approved treatment. It leads to serious hepatic complications when progressive, such as cirrhosis and carcinoma. Luteolin (LUT) is a plant flavonoid possessing a promising therapeutic potential in various liver diseases particularly, liver fibrosis. It was reported to have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also suppresses the proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and induces their apoptosis. However, its poor aqueous solubility and exposure to metabolism hinder its clinical use. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, have recently emerged as natural biocompatible drug delivery vehicles permitting efficient drug delivery. Accordingly, the present study aimed for the first time to investigate the potential of bone marrow MSCs-derived exosomes to improve LUTs antifibrotic effectiveness. LUT-loaded exosomes (LUT-Ex) were successfully developed, optimized and subjected to both in vitro and in vivo characterization. The elaborated LUT-Ex presented good colloidal properties (size; 150 nm, PDI; 0.3 and ζ-potential; −28 mV), typical vesicular shape, reasonable drug entrapment efficiency (40%) with sustained drug release over 72 h. Additionally, the cellular uptake study of coumarin-6-loaded exosomes in HEP-G2 revealed a significant enhancement in their uptake by 78.4% versus free coumarin-6 solution (p ≤ 0.001). Following a single intraperitoneal injection, LUT-Ex revealed a superior antifibrotic activity compared with either LUT-suspension or blank exosomes as evidenced by the results of biochemical and histopathological evaluation. In conclusion, the elaborated LUT-Ex could be addressed as a promising nanocarrier for effective treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A. Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal H. El-Kamel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Radwa A. Mehanna
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mourad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamia A. Heikal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Oyenihi OR, Oyenihi AB, Alabi TD, Tade OG, Adeyanju AA, Oguntibeju OO. Reactive oxygen species: Key players in the anticancer effects of apigenin? J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14060. [PMID: 34997605 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exhibit a double-edged sword in cancer-hence their modulation has been an attractive strategy in cancer prevention and therapy. The abundance of scientific information on the pro-oxidant effects of apigenin in cancer cells suggests the crucial role of ROS in its mechanisms of action. Although apigenin is known to enhance the cellular ROS levels to cytotoxic degrees in cancer cells in vitro, it remains to be determined if these pro-oxidant effects prevail or are relevant in experimental tumor models and clinical trials. Here, we critically examine the pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of apigenin in cancer to provide insightful perspectives on the association between its ROS-modulating action and anticancer potential. We also discussed these effects in a cell/tissue type-specific context to highlight the factors influencing the switch between antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects. Finally, we raised some questions that need addressing for the potential translation of these studies into clinical applications. Further research into this duality in oxidant actions of apigenin, especially in vivo, may enable better exploitation of its anticancer potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Apigenin is a naturally occurring compound found in chamomile flowers, parsley, celery, peppermint, and citrus fruits. Many human trials of dietary interventions with apigenin-containing herbs and flavonoid mixture on oxidative stress markers, for instance, point to their antioxidant effects and health benefits in many diseases. Preclinical studies suggest that apigenin alone or its combination with chemotherapeutics has a strong anti-neoplastic effect and can induce ROS-mediated cytotoxicity at concentrations in the micromolar (μM) range, which may not be feasible with dietary interventions. Enhancing the in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of apigenin may be indispensable for its potential cancer-specific pro-oxidant therapy and may provide relevant information for clinical studies of apigenin either as a single agent or an adjuvant to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolola R Oyenihi
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji B Oyenihi
- Functional Foods Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Toyin D Alabi
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Oluwatosin G Tade
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne A Adeyanju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi O Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
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Paving Luteolin Therapeutic Potentialities and Agro-Food-Pharma Applications: Emphasis on In Vivo Pharmacological Effects and Bioavailability Traits. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1987588. [PMID: 34594472 PMCID: PMC8478534 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1987588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin is a naturally occurring secondary metabolite belonging to the class of flavones. As many other natural flavonoids, it is often found in combination with glycosides in many fruits, vegetables, and plants, contributing to their biological and pharmacological value. Many preclinical studies report that luteolin present excellent antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and as a consequence, various clinical trials have been designed to investigate the therapeutic potential of luteolin in humans. However, luteolin has a very limited bioavailability, which consequently affects its biological properties and efficacy. Several drug delivery strategies have been developed to raise its bioavailability, with nanoformulations and lipid carriers, such as liposomes, being the most intensively explored. Pharmacological potential of luteolin in various disorders has also been underlined, but to some of them, the exact mechanism is still poorly understood. Given the great potential of this natural antioxidant in health, this review is aimed at providing an extensive overview on the in vivo pharmacological action of luteolin and at stressing the main features related to its bioavailability, absorption, and metabolism, while essential steps determine its absolute health benefits and safety profiles. In addition, despite the scarcity of studies on luteolin bioavailability, the different drug delivery formulations developed to increase its bioavailability are also listed here.
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Almulla AYH, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK, Dasdelen D. Learning, Neurogenesis, and Effects of Flavonoids on Learning. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:355-364. [PMID: 34238155 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210707120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory are two of our mind's most magical abilities. Different brain regions have roles in processing and storing different types of memories. The hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for receiving information and storing it in the neocortex. One of the most impressive characteristics of the hippocampus is its capacity for neurogenesis, which is a process in which new neurons are produced and then transformed into mature neurons and finally integrated into neural circuits. The neurogenesis process in the hippocampus, an example of neuroplasticity in the adult brain, is believed to aid hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. New neurons are constantly produced in the hippocampus and integrated into the pre-existing neuronal network; this allows old memories already stored in the neocortex to be removed from the hippocampus and replaced with new ones. Factors affecting neurogenesis in the hippocampus may also affect hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. The flavonoids can particularly exert powerful actions in mammalian cognition and improve hippocampal-dependent learning and memory by positively affecting hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Selcuk University, Medical School Department of Physiology, 42075, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Dervis Dasdelen
- Selcuk University, Medical School Department of Physiology, 42075, Konya, Turkey
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Hong YH, Song C, Shin KK, Choi E, Hwang SH, Jang YJ, Taamalli A, Yum J, Kim JH, Kim E, Cho JY. Tunisian Olea europaea L. leaf extract suppresses Freund's complete adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113602. [PMID: 33246116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Olea europaea L. (olive) is traditionally used as a folk remedy and functional food in Europe and Mediterranean countries to treat inflammatory diseases. O. europaea contains phenolic compounds and have been reported to prevent cartilage degradation. However, the function and mechanism of O. europaea in rheumatoid arthritis are not known. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to examine anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Tunisian O. europaea L. leaf ethanol extract (Oe-EE). MATERIALS AND METHODS To do this, we employed an in vitro macrophage-like cell line and an in vivo Freund's complete adjuvant (AIA)-induced arthritis model. Levels of inflammatory genes and mediators were determined from in vivo samples. RESULTS The Oe-EE clearly reduced the production of the lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in RAW264.7 cells. The results of HPLC showed that Oe-EE contained many active compounds such as oleuropein and flavonoids. In AIA-treated rats, swelling of paws, pain, and cartilage degeneration were alleviated by oral Oe-EE administration. Correlating with in vitro data, PGE2 production was significantly reduced in paw samples. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of Oe-EE was dissected, and Oe-EE regulated the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-6, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and MMPs and inflammatory signaling activation. CONCLUSION Consequently, Oe-EE possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects and is a potential effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chaoran Song
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kon Kuk Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunju Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Amani Taamalli
- Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology-Technopole of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jinwhoa Yum
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Lu HE, Chen Y, Sun XB, Tong B, Fan XH. Effects of luteolin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
These studies are the first to show that luteolin can inhibit diabetes-induced retinal abnormalities that are postulated in the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-e Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The People’s Hospital of Binzhou City
- Binzhou 256610
- China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The People’s Hospital of Binzhou City
- Binzhou 256610
- China
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The People’s Hospital of Binzhou City
- Binzhou 256610
- China
| | - Bin Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The People’s Hospital of Binzhou City
- Binzhou 256610
- China
| | - Xiao-Hui Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The People’s Hospital of Binzhou City
- Binzhou 256610
- China
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El-Bassossy HM, Abo-Warda SM, Fahmy A. Chrysin and luteolin alleviate vascular complications associated with insulin resistance mainly through PPAR-γ activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:1153-67. [PMID: 25169908 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chrysin and luteolin are two flavonoids with Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) stimulating activity. Here, we investigated the protective effect of chrysin and luteolin from vascular complications associated with insulin resistance (IR). IR was induced in rats by drinking fructose for 12 weeks while chrysin and luteolin were given for 6 weeks with or without PPAR-γ antagonist, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). Then, blood pressure (BP) was recorded and serum levels of glucose, insulin, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and lipids were measured. Concentration response curves for phenylephrine (PE), KCl, and acetylcholine (ACh) were obtained in thoracic aorta rings. Aortic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) generation were also studied. Chrysin and luteolin significantly alleviated systolic BP elevations caused by IR, while the co-administration of BADGE prevented chrysin alleviation. Although, neither chrysin nor luteolin affected ACh impaired vasodilatation, they both alleviated exaggerated vasoconstrictions to PE and KCl in IR animals. In addition, incubation of the aorta from IR animals with chrysin or luteolin prevented exaggerated vasoconstrictions to PE and KCl. On the other hand, co-administration of BADGE or co-incubation with GW9662, the selective PPAR-γ antagonist, prevented chrysin alleviation. Both chrysin and luteolin inhibited the developed hyperinsulinemia and increases in serum AGEs, lipids while, BADGE reduced the effect of chrysin on hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia. Chrysin and luteolin markedly inhibited elevated NO and ROS in IR aortae while BADGE did not change their effect on NO and ROS. In conclusion, chrysin and luteolin alleviate vascular complications associated with IR mainly through PPAR-γ dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Chibli LA, Rodrigues KCM, Gasparetto CM, Pinto NCC, Fabri RL, Scio E, Alves MS, Del-Vechio-Vieira G, Sousa OV. Anti-inflammatory effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken ethanol extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:330-338. [PMID: 24727190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae), popularly known in Brazil as "folha-da-fortuna", is a plant species used in folk medicine for the external and internal treatment of inflammation, infection, wound, burn, boil, ulcers and gastritis, and several other diseases. The present study aimed to perform the chemical characterization and the evaluation of the topical anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves (EEBP) in acute and chronic mice ear edema models induced by different irritant agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The EEBP chemical characterization was performed by HPLC-UV DAD. Ear edema on Swiss mice was induced by the topical application of Croton oil (single and multiple applications), arachidonic acid, phenol, capsaicin and ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP). The topical anti-inflammatory effect of EEBP was evaluated by measuring the ear weight (acute inflammation models) and thickness (chronic inflammation model). Histopathological analyses of ear tissue samples sensitized with Croton oil (single and multiple applications) were also performed. RESULTS The flavonoids rutin, quercetin, luteolin and luteolin7-O-β-d-glucoside were detected in EEBP. Topical application of EEBP significantly (P<0.001) inhibited the ear edema induced by Croton oil single application (inhibition of 57%), arachidonic acid (inhibition of 67%), phenol (inhibition of 80%), capsaicin (inhibition of 72%), EPP (inhibition of 75%) and Croton oil multiple application (55% after 9 days). Histopathological analyses confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory effect of EEBP since it was observed reduction of edema, epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cells infiltration and vasodilation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that EEBP is effective as a topical anti-inflammatory agent in acute and chronic inflammatory processes possibly due to inhibition of arachidonic acid pathway, which justify the traditional use of Bryophyllum pinnatum as a remedy for skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Chibli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kamilla C M Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Carolina M Gasparetto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nícolas C C Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo L Fabri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Elita Scio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria S Alves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Glauciemar Del-Vechio-Vieira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Orlando V Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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