Anticonvulsant effect of fisetin by modulation of endogenous biomarkers

Fisetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorate pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral alterations in mice: Role of ROS/TNF-α-NLRP3 inflammasomes pathway

Fisetin has displayed potential as an anticonvulsant in preclinical studies yet lacks clinical validation. Challenges like low solubility and rapid metabolism may limit its efficacy. This study explores fisetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NP) to address these issues. Using a murine model of pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, we evaluated the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of fisetin NP. Pilocarpine-induced seizures and associated neurobehavioral deficits were assessed after administering subtherapeutic doses of free fisetin and fisetin NP. Changes in ROS, inflammatory cytokines, and NLRP3/IL-18 expression in different brain regions were estimated. The results demonstrate that the fisetin NP exerts protection against seizures and associated depression-like behavior and memory impairment. Furthermore, biochemical, and histological examinations supported behavioral findings suggesting attenuation of ROS/TNF-α-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway as a neuroprotective mechanism of fisetin NP. These findings highlight the improved pharmacodynamics of fisetin using fisetin NP against epilepsy, suggesting a promising therapeutic approach against epilepsy and associated behavioral deficits.

Effects of fisetin on ethanol-induced rewarding properties in mice

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive drinking of alcohol. Natural flavonoid fisetin affects a variety of transmitter systems relevant to AUD, such as aminobutyric acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and dopamine, as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.Objectives: This study investigated fisetin's impact on the motivational properties of ethanol using conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice (n = 50).Methods: Mice were conditioned with ethanol (2 g/kg, i.p.) or saline on alternating days for 8 consecutive days and were given intragastric (i.g.) fisetin (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, i.g.), 45 min before ethanol conditioning. During extinction, physiological saline was injected to the control and ethanol groups, and fisetin was administered to the fisetin groups. To evaluate the effect of fisetin on the reinstatement of ethanol-induced CPP, fisetin was given 45 min before a priming dose of ethanol (0.4 g/kg, i.p.; reinstatement test day).Results: Fisetin decreased the acquisition of ethanol-induced CPP (30 mg/kg, p < .05) and accelerated extinction (20 and 30 mg/kg, p < .05). Furthermore, fisetin attenuated reinstatement of ethanol-induced CPP (30 mg/kg, p < .05).Conclusions: Fisetin appears to diminish the rewarding properties of ethanol, as indicated by its inhibitory effect and facilitation of extinction in ethanol-induced CPP. These findings imply a potential therapeutic application of fisetin in preventing ethanol-seeking behavior, promoting extinction, and reducing the risk of relapse.

Treating Epilepsy with Natural Products: Nonsense or Possibility?

Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to uncontrollable muscle twitching, changes in sensitivity to sensory perceptions, and disorders of consciousness. Although modern medicine has effective antiepileptic drugs, the need for accessible and cost-effective medication is urgent, and products derived from plants could offer a solution. For this review, we have focused on natural compounds that have shown anticonvulsant activity in in vivo models of epilepsy at relevant doses. In some cases, the effects have been confirmed by clinical data. The results of our search are summarized in tables according to their molecular targets. We have critically evaluated the data we present, identified the most promising therapeutic candidates, and discussed these in the text. Their perspectives are supported by both pharmacokinetic properties and potential interactions. This review is intended to serve as a basis for future research into epilepsy and related disorders.

A Comprehensive Review on Anti-Inflammatory Response of Flavonoids in Experimentally-Induced Epileptic Seizures

Flavonoids, a group of natural compounds with phenolic structure, are becoming popular as alternative medicines obtained from plants. These compounds are reported to have various pharmacological properties, including attenuation of inflammatory responses in multiple health issues. Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system implicated with the activation of the inflammatory cascade in the brain. The aim of the present study was to summarize the role of various neuroinflammatory mediators in the onset and progression of epilepsy, and, thereafter, to discuss the flavonoids and their classes, including their biological properties. Further, we highlighted the modulation of anti-inflammatory responses achieved by these substances in different forms of epilepsy, as evident from preclinical studies executed on multiple epilepsy models. Overall, the review summarizes the available evidence of the anti-inflammatory potential of various flavonoids in epilepsy.

Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update

Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.

Fisetin decreases the duration of ictal-like discharges in mouse hippocampal slices

There is an increasing interest in the biological and therapeutic effects of fisetin, a natural phenolic compound. Fisetin has affinity on some neuronal targets and may have the potential to modulate neuronal activity. In this study the effects of acute application of fisetin on synchronized events were evaluated electro-physiologically. Besides, interaction of fisetin with closely related channels were investigated in silico. Acute horizontal hippocampal slices were obtained from 32- to 36-day-old C57BL/6 mice. Extracellular field potentials were recorded from CA3 region of the hippocampus. Bath application of 4 aminopyridine (4AP, 100 µM) initiated ictal- and interictal-like synchronized epileptiform discharges in the brain slices. Fifty micromolar fisetin was applied to the recording chamber during the epileptiform activity. The duration and frequencies of both ictal-like and interictal-like activities were calculated from the electrophysiological records. Molecular docking was performed to reveal interaction of fisetin on GABA-A, NMDA, AMPA receptors, and HCN2 channel, which are neuronal structures directly involved in recorded activity. Although fisetin does not affect basal neuronal activity in brain slice, it reduced the duration of ictal-like discharges significantly. Molecular docking results indicated that fisetin has no effect on GABA-A, NMDA, and AMPA receptors. However, fisetin binds to the (5JON) HCN2 channel strongly with the binding energy of -7.66 kcal/mol. Reduction on the duration of 4AP-induced ictal-like discharges can be explained as HCN channels can cause an inhibitory effect via enhancing M-type K + channels which increase K outward currents.

An update on extra-oral bitter taste receptors

Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), belonging to the subgroup of family A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are of crucial importance in the perception of bitterness. Although in the first instance, TAS2Rs were considered to be exclusively distributed in the apical microvilli of taste bud cells, numerous studies have detected these sensory receptor proteins in several extra-oral tissues, such as in pancreatic or ovarian tissues, as well as in their corresponding malignancies. Critical points of extra-oral TAS2Rs biology, such as their structure, roles, signaling transduction pathways, extensive mutational polymorphism, and molecular evolution, have been currently broadly studied. The TAS2R cascade, for instance, has been recently considered to be a pivotal modulator of a number of (patho)physiological processes, including adipogenesis or carcinogenesis. The latest advances in taste receptor biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TAS2Rs as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in various disorders. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide an update on the expression and molecular basis of TAS2Rs functions in distinct extra-oral tissues in health and disease. We shall also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel TAS2Rs targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles.

Neuroprotective Effect of Fisetin Through Suppression of IL-1R/TLR Axis and Apoptosis in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling in Mice

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder, characterized by frequent electrical activity in brain regions. Inflammation and apoptosis cascade activation are serious neurological sequelae during seizures. Fisetin (3, 3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid molecule, is considered for its effective anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of fisetin on experimental epilepsy. For acute studies, increasing current electroshock (ICES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure tests were performed to evaluate the antiseizure activity of fisetin. For the chronic study, the kindling model was established by the administration of PTZ in subconvulsive dose (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Mice were treated with fisetin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) to study its probable antiseizure mechanism. The kindled mice were evaluated for seizure scores. Their hippocampus and cortex were assessed for neuronal damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Histological alterations were observed in the hippocampus of the experimental mice. Levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assessed in the hippocampus and cortex by ELISA. The immunoreactivity and mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytochrome C, and caspase-3 were quantified by immunohistochemical analysis and real-time PCR. Phosphorylation ELISA was performed to evaluate AkT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled mice. The results showed that fisetin administration increased the seizure threshold current (STC) in the ICES test. In PTZ-induced seizures, fisetin administration increased the latency for myoclonic jerks (MJs) and generalized seizures (GSs). In the PTZ-induced kindling model, fisetin administration dose-dependently suppressed the development of kindling and the associated neuronal damage in the experimental mice. Further, fisetin administration ameliorated kindling-induced neuroinflammation as evident from decreased levels of HMGB1, TLR-4, IL-1R1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled mice. Also, the immunoreactivity and mRNA expressions of inflammatory molecules, NF-κB, and COX-2 were decreased with fisetin administration in the kindled animals. Decreased phosphorylation of the AkT/mTOR pathway was reported with fisetin administration in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled mice. The immunoreactivity and mRNA expressions of apoptotic molecules, cytochrome C, and caspase-3 were attenuated upon fisetin administration. The findings suggest that fisetin shows a neuroprotective effect by suppressing the release of inflammatory and apoptosis molecules and attenuating histological alterations during experimental epilepsy.

Potential anti-epileptic phytoconstituents: An updated review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Epilepsy is one of the most commonly occurring non-communicable neurological disorder that affects people of all age groups. Around 50 million people globally are epileptic, with 80% cases in developing countries due to lack of access to treatments determined by high cost and poor availability or it can be defined by the fraction of active epileptic patients who are not appropriately being treated. The availability of antiepileptic drugs and their adjuvant therapy in such countries is less than 50% and these are highly susceptible to drug interactions and severe adverse effects. As a result, the use of herbal medicine is increasingly becoming popular.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To provide pharmacological information on the active constituents evaluated in the preclinical study to treat epilepsy with potential to be used as an alternative therapeutic option in future. It also provides affirmation for the development of novel antiepileptic drugs derived from medicinal plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant information on the antiepileptic potential of phytoconstituents in the preclinical study (in-vitro, in-vivo) is provided based on their effect on screening parameters. Besides, relevant information on pharmacology of phytoconstituents, the traditional use of their medicinal plants related to epilepsy and status of phytoconstituents in the clinical study were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Clinicaltrial. gov, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct. Articles identified using preset searching syntax and inclusion criteria are presented.

RESULTS

More than 70% of the phytoconstituents reviewed in this paper justified the traditional use of their medicinal plant related to epilepsy by primarily acting on the GABAergic system. Amongst the phytoconstituents, only cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol have been explored for clinical application in epilepsy.

CONCLUSION

The preclinical and clinical data of the phytoconstituents to treat epilepsy and its associated comorbidities provides evidence for the discovery and development of novel antiepileptic drugs from medicinal plants. In terms of efficacy and safety, further randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to understand the complete pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic picture of phytoconstituents. Also, specific botanical source evaluation is needed.

Neuroprotective potential of fisetin in an experimental model of spinal cord injury: via modulation of NF-κB/IκBα pathway

AIM

To evaluate neuroprotective efficacy of fisetin against the experimental model of spinal cord injury (SCI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SCI was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by placing an aneurysm clip extradurally. Rats were treated either with vehicle or fisetin for 28 days after SCI.

RESULTS

Treatment with fisetin significantly attenuated SCI-induced alternations in mechano-tactile and thermal allodynia, hyperalgesia and nerve conduction velocities. SCI-induced upregulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-II, Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 mRNA expressions in the spinal cord and these were markedly reduced by fisetin. Spinal nuclear factor kappa B and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha protein levels were also significantly downregulated by fisetin. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of spinal cord suggested that fisetin significantly ameliorated histological aberrations such as neuronal degeneration, necrosis and inflammatory infiltration induced in it.

CONCLUSION

Fisetin exerts neuroprotection via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B/nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha pathway by inhibiting release of inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-II), proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins), apoptotic mediators (Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3).

Alzheimer's Disease as a Result of Stimulus Reduction in a GABA-A-Deficient Brain: A Neurocomputational Model

Several research studies point to the fact that sensory and cognitive reductions like cataracts, deafness, macular degeneration, or even lack of activity after job retirement, precede the onset of Alzheimer's disease. To simulate Alzheimer's disease earlier stages, which manifest in sensory cortices, we used a computational model of the koniocortex that is the first cortical stage processing sensory information. The architecture and physiology of the modeled koniocortex resemble those of its cerebral counterpart being capable of continuous learning. This model allows one to analyze the initial phases of Alzheimer's disease by “aging” the artificial koniocortex through synaptic pruning, by the modification of acetylcholine and GABA-A signaling, and by reducing sensory stimuli, among other processes. The computational model shows that during aging, a GABA-A deficit followed by a reduction in sensory stimuli leads to a dysregulation of neural excitability, which in the biological brain is associated with hypermetabolism, one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Phloretin Ameliorates Acetic Acid Induced Colitis Through Modulation of Immune and Inflammatory Reactions in Rats

BACKGROUND

Adverse effects associated with current therapy for Ulcerative colitis (UC) over prolonged treatment periods and the high relapse rate limit their use. Incorporating fruits as regular diet has beneficial role in the management of UC. Phloretin, a dihydrochalcone of apple is reported for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Our study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of phloretin on experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in rats.

METHODS

In vitro study was performed using Raw 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS (1μg/mL) and in in-vivo study, colitis was induced by intra rectal administration of 4% Acetic acid. Phloretin (50 mg/kg) was given orally for 3 days to Wistar rats after induction for the post-treatment group and 1 day before induction to the pre-treatment group. Macroscopical, biochemical and histopathological evaluations were performed to assess the effectiveness.

RESULTS

A concentration dependent inhibition of MPO and iNOS activity was obtained in LPS stimulated neutrophil cells. Phloretin exerted ameliorative effect in both pre and post-treatment groups by restoring plasma ALP and LDH level and reduce inflammatory markers like myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide and eosinophil peroxidase level as well as downregulates colon ICAM-1 gene in acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Antioxidative potency was confirmed by restoring tissue GSH level. Phloretin prevents mucosal damage and it was confirmed by histopathological analysis.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our findings provide evidence that phloretin might be useful as a natural therapeutic agent in the management of UC as well as may pose a promising outcome for future clinical usage.

Attenuation of reserpine-induced fibromyalgia via ROS and serotonergic pathway modulation by fisetin, a plant flavonoid polyphenol

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic complex musculoskeletal disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbance, memory defects and mood changes. Fisetin, a plant flavonoid polyphenol, has been reported to possess potent antioxidant, antinociceptive and neuroprotective activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fisetin against reserpine-induced FM (RIF) in rats. RIF was induced in male Wistar rats (180–220 gm) using reserpine (1 mg/kg; subcutaneous; once daily for 3 consecutive days) and the rats were treated with fisetin (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg) for 21 days. Various behavioral, biochemical and molecular parameters were evaluated. Administration of reserpine induced allodynia, hyperalgesia and depression, which were significantly ameliorated (P<0.05) by fisetin (10 and 25 mg/kg), as reflected by an increase in paw and tail withdrawal latency, increased paw withdrawal threshold, and decreased immobility time. Reserpine led to decreased biogenic amine levels [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA)] and increased the ratio to their metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the spinal cord, thalamus and prefrontal cortex was significantly decreased (P<0.05) by fisetin. Immunohistological analysis of brain tissue revealed that fisetin significantly inhibited (P<0.05) reserpine-induced depletion of 5-HT. It also significantly inhibited (P<0.05) elevated oxido-nitrosative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, as analyzed by flow cytometry in RIF rats. Fisetin exerts its antinociceptive and anti-depressive potential via modulation of decreased levels of biogenic amines (5-HT, NA and DA), elevated oxido-nitrosative stress and ROS to ameliorate allodynia, hyperalgesia, and depression in experimental RIF.

Neuro-pharmacological evaluation of anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity of Cocculus laurifolius leaves in wistar rats

The aim of the study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity of Cocculus laurifolius D.C leaves in albino wistar rats against strychnine induced convulsions. Initially the extract was investigated for acute oral toxicity testing in order to examine any signs of toxicity and mortality. For anticonvulsant activity, the ethanolic extract was evaluated at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. against strychnine induced convulsions model, at 1, 7, 15 and 30th day of treatment. Meanwhile, the neuroprotective effect of the extract was investigated via histopathological assessment. Cocculus laurifolius (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited anticonvulsant activity as indicated by significant delay in the onset of convulsions and time to death after strychnine induced convulsions. Similarly, significant reduction in the duration of convulsions and percentage of mortality was observed by ethanolic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) at 1, 7, 15 and 30th day of test sessions. Furthermore, Cocculus laurifolius leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) also exhibited neuroprotective effect with considerable preserved neuronal structures and significant decrease in neuronal apoptosis, in comparison with control. The results obtained from the present study indicate that ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaves possess potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect against strychnine induced convulsions. Therefore, it can be concluded that Cocculus laurifolius leaves may be a valuable in management of epilepsy, however further studies are required on large number of animals to confirm these findings.

Fisetin, a plant flavonoid ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in experimental rats: the decisive role of caspase-3, COX-II, cTn-I, iNOs and TNF-α

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anthracycline antibiotic for the management of carcinoma. However, it is associated with cardiotoxicity. Fisetin is a plant flavonoid reported to have anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic potential. To evaluate the cardioprotective potential of fisetin in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in experimental rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-treated with either fisetin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) or sitagliptin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days. Cardiac toxicity was induced in rats (except the normal group) by doxorubicin (15 mg/kg i.p.) on 8th day. Various behavioral, biochemical, molecular and histological parameters were assessed in cardiac tissue. DOX-induced alterations in electrocardiographic, hemodynamic and left ventricular function were significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by fisetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) treatment. Fisetin significantly decrease (p < 0.05) DOX-induced elevated serum CK-MB, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP levels. DOX-induced elevated cardiac oxido-nitrosative (SOD, GSH, MDA and NO) was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) by fisetin. Up-regulated cardiac caspase-3, COX-II, cTn-I, iNOs, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA, as well as protein expressions were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by fisetin treatment. It also significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated DOX-induced histopathological alterations in cardiac tissue. In conclusion, the fisetin exerts its cardioprotective potential against DOX-induced toxicity via inhibition of multiple pathways including oxidative stress (SOD, GSH, MDA and NO), inflammation (COX-II, TNF-α, and IL-1β), and apoptosis (Caspase-3). Therefore, fisetin can be considered as a potential cardioprotective agent during the management of carcinoma using doxorubicin anthracyclines.

Cardioprotective role of FA against isoproterenol induced cardiac toxicity

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. Isoproterenol challenged in a dose of 85 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) subcutaneously for two consecutive days in the experimental group resulted in acute cardiac toxicity as evidenced by changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern and marked elevation of serum cardiac enzymes viz aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) also increases inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, acute toxicity effect was exhibited by disturbance in the antioxidant system as decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) with the rise in activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). Pre-treatment with FA at the increasing dose of (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w.) orally for 28 consecutive days followed by isoproterenol injection for 2 days significantly attenuated changes in serum cardiac enzymes. Furthermore, histopathological evaluation confirmed the restoration of cellular architecture in FA pretreated rats. The cardioprotective effect of FA was comparable with standard drug treatment metoprolol. Taken together, FA demonstrated cardioprotective effect against ISO-induced cardiac toxicity by normalization of serum cardiac biomarkers, alleviating oxidative stress and augmenting endogenous antioxidant system.

Development of fisetin-loaded folate functionalized pluronic micelles for breast cancer targeting

The natural flavonoid fisetin (FS) has shown anticancer properties but its in-vivo administration remains challenging due to its poor aqueous solubility. The aim of the study was to develop FS loaded pluronic127 (PF)-folic acid (FA) conjugated micelles (FS-PF-FA) by the way of increasing solubility, bioavailability and active targetability of FS shall increase its therapeutic efficacy. FA-conjugated PF was prepared by carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry. FS-PF-FA micelles were prepared by thin-film hydration method and evaluated in comparison with free FS and FS loaded PF micelles (FS-PF). The smooth surfaces with spherical in shape of FS-PF-PF micelles displayed smaller in size (103.2 ± 6.1 nm), good encapsulation efficiency (82.50 ± 1.78%), zeta potential (-26.7 ± 0.44 mV) and sustained FS release. Bioavailability of FS from FS-PF-PF micelles was increased by 6-fold with long circulation time, slower plasma elimination and no sign of tissue toxicity as compared to free FS. Further, the FS-PF-FA micelles demonstrated active targeting effect on folate overexpressed human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The concentration of the drug needed for growth inhibition of 50% of cells in a designed time period (GI50) was 14.3 ± 1.2 µg/ml for FS while it was greatly decreased to 9.8 ± 0.78 µg/ml, i.e. a 31.46% decrease for the FS-PF. Furthermore, the GI50 value for FS-PF-FA was 4.9 ± 0.4 µg/ml, i.e. a 65.737% decrease compared to FS and 50% decrease compare to FS-PF. The results indicate that the FS-PF-FA micelles have the potential to be applied for targeting anticancer drug delivery.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Guaianolide isolated from Cyathocline purpurea: Role of COX-2 inhibition

BACKGROUND

Inflammation activated by oxidative stress can cause various diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, diabetes, etc. Plant constituents with sesquiterpene lactones possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

AIM

To determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of isolated phytoconstituent from Cyathocline purpurea Buch-Ham ex D (CP). Don in laboratory animals. Furthermore, to understand the interactions involved in the binding of this compound to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via computational docking.

METHODS

Phytoconstituent was isolated, purified and well characterized (using IR, NMR, and MS) from ethyl acetate fraction of CP methanolic extract. It was then evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl (OH) radical assays as well as in-vivo anti-inflammatory potential against carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. The molecular docking study was performed against the crystal structure of COX-2 to evaluate the binding potential of phytoconstituent towards this enzyme.

RESULTS

The isolated compound 6α-hydroxy-4 [14], 10 [15]-guainadien-8α, 12-olide (HGN) showed significant (p<0.001) antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 76μg/mL. Administration of HGN (10 and 20mg/kg) significantly (p<0.001) reduced the increased paw volume after subplantar administration of carrageenan. It also exhibits good binding affinity towards with COX-2 with a docking score of -8.98 and Glide binding energy of -36.488kcal/mol shedding light on the potential mechanism of anti-inflammatory action.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of hydroxyl group in HGN provides a credential to its in-vivo anti-inflammatory and in-vitro antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the good binding affinity of HGN for the active site of COX-2 may open novel vistas in therapeutic option with natural antioxidants like Cyathocline purpurea to treat various inflammatory disorders.

Anticonvulsant activity of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich) Engl. hydroethanolic leaf extract in mice: The role of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission and nitric oxide pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich) Engl. is a plant used for managing various diseases including central nervous system disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study explored the anticonvulsant activity of P. microcarpa hydroethanolic leaf extract (PME) as well as possible mechanism(s) of action in animal models.

METHODS

Effects of PME was assessed in electroconvulsive (the maximal electroshock and 6-Hz seizures) and chemoconvulsive (pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin-, isoniazid-, 4-aminopyridine-, and strychnine-induced seizures) models of epilepsy. In addition, effect of the extract on the nitric oxide pathway and GABA_A receptor complex was evaluated.

RESULTS

The extract (30, 100 and 300mgkg^-1, p.o.) significantly delayed the onset as well as decreased the duration and frequency of pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin- and strychnine-induced seizures. In addition, PME pre-treatment significantly improved survival in the 4-aminopyridine- and isoniazid-induced seizure tests. Furthermore, the extract protected against 6-Hz psychomotor seizures but had no effect in the maximal electroshock test. The anticonvulsant effect of PME (100mgkg^-1, p.o.) was also reversed by pre-treatment with flumazenil, L-arginine or sildenafil. However, L-NAME or methylene blue (MB) augmented its effect.

CONCLUSION

Results show that PME has anticonvulsant activity and may probably be affecting GABAergic, glycinergic, NMDA, K⁺ channels and nitric oxide-cGMP pathways to exert its effect.

Gastroprotective potential of Pentahydroxy flavone isolated from Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. leaves against acetic acid-induced ulcer in rats: The role of oxido-inflammatory and prostaglandins markers

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. (Sapotaceae) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective potential. It has been traditionally used as laxative, tonic, anti-burn, anti-earthworm, wound healing and headache.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the efficacy and possible mechanism of Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. leaves methanolic extract (MI-ALC) and its isolated chloroform fraction (D3) against experimental induced gastric ulcers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

D3 was isolated from MI-ALC, well characterized (HPTLC, FT-IR, (1)H-NMR and LC-MS) and evaluated for its gastroprotective activity by using acetic acid induced ulcer in male Wistar rats (150-200g). D3 (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for the period of 14 days. At the end of treatment, rats were sacrificed to collect the stomach sample for evaluation of antioxidant (SOD, GSH, and MDA) enzyme, oxido-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1, iNOs) and prostaglandins (COX-II) markers by using RT-PCR.

RESULTS

The structure and molecular weight (MW) of the isolated compound (D3) were confirmed by 1D and 2D spectral data and characterized as 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentahydroxy flavone with MW C15H10O7. Administration of 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentahydroxy flavone (5 and 10mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited (P<0.01 and P<0.001) acetic acid induced an alteration in the antioxidant enzyme. It also significantly and dose-dependently down-regulated gastric oxido-inflammatory and prostaglandins markers. Histopathological aberration induced in the stomach also attenuated by 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentahydroxy flavone treatment.

CONCLUSION

Finding of present investigation suggests that MI-ALC possessed potent antiulcer activity due to the presence of 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentahydroxy flavone via its oxido-inflammatory and prostaglandins modulatory potential.

Isolates of Alpinia officinarum Hance as COX-2 inhibitors: Evidence from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and molecular docking studies

BACKGROUND

Inflammation triggered by oxidative stress can cause various ailments, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, diabetes etc. In the last few years, there has been a renewed interest in studying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of plant constituents such as flavonoids and diarylheptanoids.

AIM

To evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and the total phenolic content of isolated compounds from Alpinia officinarum rhizomes. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to study the binding mode of these compounds into the active site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

METHODS

A. officinarum rhizomes were extracted by maceration, using methanol. This extract was further fractionated by partitioning with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate and these fractions on further purification resulted in isolation of five pure compounds. Characterization was carried out by using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS. They were further evaluated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Molecular docking study was performed using Glide module integrated in Schrodinger molecular modeling software.

RESULTS

The compounds were identified as 1,7-diphenylhept-4-en-3-one (1), 5-hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone (2), 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (Galangin, 3), 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (Kaempferide, 4) and 5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (5). The compound-3 and compound-5 (10mg/kg) showed significant (p<0.001) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Moreover, total phenolic content was detected as 72.96 mg and 51.18 mg gallic acid equivalent respectively. All the five isolates were found to be good binders with COX-2 (average docking score -9.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Galangin and 5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone exhibited anti-inflammatory and in-vitro antioxidant activity which may be due to presence of phenolic content in it. The molecular docking study revealed that these compounds have affinity towards COX-2 active site which can further be explored as selective COX-2 inhibitors. The results obtained in this work justify the use of A. officinarum in the treatment of inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Wound healing potential of naringin ointment formulation via regulating the expression of inflammatory, apoptotic and growth mediators in experimental rats

CONTEXT

Wound healing is a consequence of a complex process involving inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside, is associated with modulation of various oxido-inflammatory and growth factors.

AIM

The aim of this study is to evaluate the wound-healing activity of naringin ointment formulation (NOF) on experimental wound models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A soft paraffin-based cream containing 1, 2, and 4% (w/w) naringin was formulated and evaluated for physicochemical characters. Excision wounds and incisions wounds were used to study the topical effect of NOF for 20 d (once a day) on various biochemical, molecular, and histological parameters.

RESULTS

NOF (2 and 4%, w/w) treatment showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in wound area and epithelization period whereas the rate of wound contraction increased significantly (p < 0.05). The altered levels of oxido-nitrosative stress (SOD, GSH, MDA, MPO, and NO) were significantly (p < 0.05) restored by NOF. Treatment produced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in tensile strength, hydroxyproline content, and protein content. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, NF-κB, smad-7, and Bax mRNA expression were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05) by NOF, whereas polymerase gamma (pol-γ), smad-3, VEGF and TGF-β, and collagen-1 mRNA expressions were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) by NOF. Histological alterations in wound skin were also restored by NOF.

CONCLUSION

NOF exerts wound healing potential via down-regulated expression of inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α, and ILs), apoptotic (pol-γ and Bax), and up-regulated growth factor (VEGF and TGF-β) expression, thus modulating collagen-1 expression to induce angiogenesis leading to wound healing.

A pharmacological basis of herbal medicines for epilepsy

Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease, affecting about 1% of the world's population during their lifetime. Most people with epilepsy can attain a seizure-free life upon treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Unfortunately, seizures in up to 30% do not respond to treatment. It is estimated that 90% of people with epilepsy live in developing countries, and most of them receive no drug treatment for the disease. This treatment gap has motivated investigations into the effects of plants that have been used by traditional healers all over the world to treat seizures. Extracts of hundreds of plants have been shown to exhibit anticonvulsant activity in phenotypic screens performed in experimental animals. Some of those extracts appear to exhibit anticonvulsant efficacy similar to that of synthetic AEDs. Dozens of plant-derived chemical compounds have similarly been shown to act as anticonvulsants in various in vivo and in vitro assays. To a significant degree, anticonvulsant effects of plant extracts can be attributed to widely distributed flavonoids, (furano)coumarins, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. Flavonoids and coumarins have been shown to interact with the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor and various voltage-gated ion channels, which are targets of synthetic AEDs. Modulation of the activity of ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels provides an explanatory basis of the anticonvulsant effects of plant secondary metabolites. Many complex extracts and single plant-derived compounds exhibit antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing activities that may be beneficial in the treatment of epilepsy. Thus, botanicals provide a base for target-oriented antiepileptic drug discovery and development. In the future, preclinical work should focus on the characterization of the effects of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds on well-defined targets rather than on phenotypic screening using in vivo animal models of acute seizures. At the same time, available data provide ample justification for clinical studies with selected standardized botanical extracts and plant-derived compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".

Naringin ameliorates sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in rats: decisive role of KIM-1, Caspase-3, TGF-β, and TNF-α

Chronic exposure of a naturally occurring metal arsenic leads to renal and hepatic diseases. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the protective effect of naringin against arsenic-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in rats. Renal and hepatic toxicity was induced in rats by sodium arsenite (5 mg/kg, p.o.). Rats were treated orally with either vehicle or naringin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) or Coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Various biochemical, histological, and molecular biomarkers were assessed in kidney and liver. Treatment with naringin (40 and 80 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently restored (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) altered levels of kidney (serum creatinine, urine creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and creatinine clearance) and liver function test (AST and ALT) induced by sodium arsenite. Elevated levels of oxido-nitrosative stress in renal and hepatic tissue was significantly and dose-dependently decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) by naringin (40 and 80 mg/kg) treatment. It significantly and dose-dependently down-regulated (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) renal KIM-1, Caspase-3, TGF-β, and TNF-α mRNA expression. Histopathological alteration induced in kidney and liver by sodium arsenite was reduced by naringin (40 and 80 mg/kg) treatment. In conclusion, naringin treatment ameliorates arsenic-induced renal and hepatic damage in rats due its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties via down-regulation of elevated oxido-nitrosative stress, KIM-1, Caspase-3, TGF-β, and TNF-α levels.

Artemisia pallens alleviates acetaminophen induced toxicity via modulation of endogenous biomarkers

CONTEXT

Acetaminophen (APAP) leads to severe hepatic and renal necrosis and thus causes significant clinical problems. Artemisia pallens Walls ex D.C. (Asteraceae) possesses various pharmacological properties such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to evaluate the protective effects of Artemisia pallens methanol extract (APME) in APAP-induced hepatic and nephro-toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The methanolic extract of aerial parts of Artemisia pallens (APME) was prepared. Toxicity was induced in male Wistar rats (180-220 g) by administration of APAP (700 mg/kg, p.o., 14 d). APME (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to rats 2 h before APAP oral administration. Various biochemical and molecular parameters along with histopathological aberration were studied in the kidney and liver of rats.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with APME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) decreased aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine as compared with APAP-treated rat. Decreased level of serum albumin, serum uric acid, and HDL were significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) restored by APME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) pre-treatment. Administration of APME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) reduced the elevated level of cholesterol, LDL, LDH, triglyceride, and VLDL. It also significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) restored the altered level of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)). The increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in hepatic as well as renal tissue was significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) decreased by APME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) administration. Histological alternation induced by APAP in liver and kidney was also reduced by the APME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) pre-treatment.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the methanol extract of Artemisia pallens alleviates APAP induced in rats toxicity through its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions.

Polymeric micelles encapsulating fisetin improve the therapeutic effect in colon cancer

The natural flavonoid fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone) was discovered to possess antitumor activity, revealing its potential value in future chemotherapy. However, its poor water solubility makes it difficult for intravenous administration. In this study, the monomethyl poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) copolymer was applied to prepare nanoassemblies of fisetin by a self-assembly procedure. The prepared fisetin micelles gained a mean particle size of 22 ± 3 nm, polydisperse index of 0.163 ± 0.032, drug loading of 9.88 ± 0.14%, and encapsulation efficiency of 98.53 ± 0.02%. Compared with free fisetin, fisetin micelles demonstrated a sustained and prolonged in vitro release behavior, as well as enhanced cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and fisetin-induced apoptosis in CT26 cells. As for in vivo studies, fisetin micelles were more competent for suppressing tumor growth and prolonging survival time than free fisetin in the subcutaneous CT26 tumor model. Furthermore, histological analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay, immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67, and microvessel density detection were conducted, demonstrating that fisetin micelles gained increased tumor apoptosis induction, proliferation suppression, and antiangiogenesis activities. In conclusion, we have successfully produced a MPEG-PCL-based nanocarrier encapsulating fisetin with enhanced antitumor activity.

Hesperidin, a flavanoglycone attenuates experimental diabetic neuropathy via modulation of cellular and biochemical marker to improve nerve functions

AIM

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus and clinically can be characterized by an elevated nociceptive response with electrophysiological conduction abnormalities. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of hesperidin against STZ induced diabetic neuropathic pain in laboratory rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DN was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/kg, p.o.). Rats were divided into various groups, namely, STZ control (vehicle), hesperidin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.), insulin (10 IU/kg, s.c.), and combination of hesperidin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) with insulin (10 IU/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. Various behavioral (allodynia and hyperalgesia), biochemical parameters [oxido-nitosative stress, Na-K-ATPase, aldose reductase (AR)], and molecular changes (TNF-α and IL-1β) along with hemodynamic changes were determined.

RESULTS

Rats treated with hesperidin (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) hyperglycemia and its metabolic abnormalities induced by intraperitoneal administration of STZ. The decreased nociceptive threshold, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), serum insulin as well as Na-K-ATPase activity were significantly increase (p < 0.05) by hesperidin (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment. It significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) elevated glycated hemoglobin, AR activity, oxido-nitrosative stress, neural calcium, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) levels. Histological aberration induced after STZ administration was restored by administration of hesperidin (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.)

CONCLUSION

In combination with insulin, hesperidin not only attenuated the diabetic condition but also reversed neuropathic pain via control over hyperglycemia as well as hyperlipidemia to down-regulate generation of free radical, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as elevation in membrane bound enzyme.

Oral dose of citrus peel extracts promotes wound repair in diabetic rats

Diabetic patients wound healing is slower than the healthy individuals. Three citrus peel extracts; Lemon (Citrus limon), Grapes fruits (Citrus paradise) and Orange (Citrus sinensis) promote wound healing in experimental animals. This study investigated the effect of oral treatment with citrus peel extracts on wound repair of the skin of diabetic rats. The extracts were estimated for vitamin C and total carotenoid contents prior to animal study. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 75 mg kg(-1) b.wt.). One week after diabetes induction, full thickness excision wounds were made in hyperglycemic rats and were divided groups, each containing 6 rats. The different test group animals were treated with different citrus peel extract orally at the dose of 400 mg kg(-1) body weight daily for 12 days. The blood glucose, body weight and rate of wound closure of each rat were measured every 3rd day during the experimental period. At the end of experiment, granular tissues of wounds were removed and estimated for hydroxylproline and total protein content. The results showed significant reduction in blood glucose and time to wound closure. Tissue growth and collagen synthesis were significantly higher as determined by total protein and hydroxyl proline content. From our experimental data, we propose that oral administration of citrus peel extracts has a therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes.