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Bivacqua R, Barreca M, Spanò V, Raimondi MV, Romeo I, Alcaro S, Andrei G, Barraja P, Montalbano A. Insight into non-nucleoside triazole-based systems as viral polymerases inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115136. [PMID: 36708678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have been recognized as the etiological agents responsible for many pathological conditions ranging from asymptomatic infections to serious diseases, even leading to death. For this reason, many efforts have been made to identify selective viral targets with the aim of developing efficient therapeutic strategies, devoid of drug-resistance issues. Considering their crucial role in the viral life cycle, polymerases are very attractive targets. Among the classes of compounds explored as viral polymerases inhibitors, here we present an overview of non-nucleoside triazole-based compounds identified in the last fifteen years. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the different chemical entities are described in order to highlight the key chemical features required for the development of effective antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bivacqua
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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Felicetti T, Pismataro MC, Cecchetti V, Tabarrini O, Massari S. Triazolopyrimidine Nuclei: Privileged Scaffolds for Developing Antiviral Agents with a Proper Pharmacokinetic Profile. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1379-1407. [PMID: 34042030 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are a continuing threat to global health. The lack or limited therapeutic armamentarium against some viral infections and increasing drug resistance issues make the search for new antiviral agents urgent. In recent years, a growing literature highlighted the use of triazolopyrimidine (TZP) heterocycles in the development of antiviral agents, with numerous compounds that showed potent antiviral activities against different RNA and DNA viruses. TZP core represents a privileged scaffold for achieving biologically active molecules, thanks to: i) the synthetic feasibility that allows to variously functionalize TZPs in the different positions of the nucleus, ii) the ability of TZP core to establish multiple interactions with the molecular target, and iii) its favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In the present review, after mentioning selected examples of TZP-based compounds with varied biological activities, we will focus on those antivirals that appeared in the literature in the last 10 years. Approaches used for their identification, the hit-to-lead studies, and the emerged structure-activity relationship will be described. A mention of the synthetic methodologies to prepare TZP nuclei will also be given. In addition, their mechanism of action, the binding mode within the biological target, and pharmacokinetic properties will be analyzed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of compounds based on the TZP scaffold, which is increasingly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. El‐Sebaey
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls) Al-Azhar University Youssef Abbas street, Nasr City Cairo Egypt
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Pinheiro S, Pinheiro EMC, Muri EMF, Pessôa JC, Cadorini MA, Greco SJ. Biological activities of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and analogs. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chkirate K, Fettach S, El Hafi M, Karrouchi K, Elotmani B, Mague JT, Radi S, Faouzi MEA, Adarsh NN, Essassi EM, Garcia Y. Solvent induced supramolecular polymorphism in Cu(II) coordination complex built from 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine: Crystal structures and anti-oxidant activity. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111092. [PMID: 32461023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two Cu(II) coordination complexes, C1 and C2 of the formula [Cu(4)2(H2O)2], have been prepared by reaction between CuCl2·2H2O and 7-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-5-methyl-1,2,4[1,5-a]pyrimidine (L) in a 1:2 M:L molar ratio. The L molecule decomposes during the reaction process into 7-carboxy-5-methyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (4) through an intermediate, ethyl 2,2-dihydroxy-2-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)acetate (5), which has been isolated and its crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction. The X-ray analysis of the single crystals of [Cu(4)2(H2O)2] obtained from the slow evaporation of EtOH and MeOH, separately, revealed the formation of "solvent induced" polymorphs C1 and C2, respectively. The primary supramolecular synthon for C1 and C2 are six membered ring, and square shaped hydrogen bonded architecture, respectively. The self-assembly of such synthons resulted in a two dimensional hydrogen bonded sheet supported by OH⋯O interactions. In addition, the antioxidant properties of the ligands and its complexes were evaluated in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl acid, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid radical scavenging methods and ferric reducing antioxidant power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Chkirate
- LCOH, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, BP1014, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Saad Fettach
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacokinetic Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Hafi
- LCOH, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, BP1014, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Khalid Karrouchi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Bouchaib Elotmani
- LCOH, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, BP1014, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Joel T Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Smaail Radi
- LCAE, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed I, BP 524, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - My El Abbes Faouzi
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacokinetic Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco
| | - N N Adarsh
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- LCOH, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, BP1014, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Yann Garcia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Bayazeed AA, Alnoman RB. Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Ring Systems Included Triazolo[1,5- a]Pyrimidine as Antioxidant Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1750042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abrar A. Bayazeed
- Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rua B. Alnoman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu Branch, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
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Fischer G. Recent advances in 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Du H, Fan Z, Yang L, Bao X. Synthesis of novel quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives containing the 7-oxo-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine moiety as effective agricultural bactericides against the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mol Divers 2017; 22:1-10. [PMID: 28879615 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel quinazolin-4-one derivatives (7a-7n) bearing the 7-oxo-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine moiety were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition activities against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi in vitro. All of the target compounds were fully characterized through [Formula: see text] NMR, [Formula: see text] NMR, HRMS and IR spectra. Among these compounds, the structure of compound 7e was unambiguously confirmed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The turbidimetric assays indicated that compounds 7b, 7d, 7g, 7k and 7n exhibited much more potent inhibition activities against the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), relative to control Bismerthiazol. Moreover, antibacterial activities of compounds 7j, 7k and 7n against the pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) were comparable to that of control Bismerthiazol. As for the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), only compounds 7g and 7i demonstrated inhibition activities similar to control Thiadiazole-copper. Moreover, this class of compounds did not display inhibition activity against three fungi tested. The above findings indicated that quinazolin-4-one derivatives containing the 7-oxo-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine moiety have a potential as promising candidates for the development of new and more efficient agricultural bactericides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhijiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Synthesis, molecular docking, and biological activity of polyfluoroalkyl dihydroazolo[5,1- c ][1,2,4]triazines as selective carboxylesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3997-4007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Łakomska I, Babinska M, Wojtczak A, Kozakiewicz A, Sitkowski J, Jarzęcki AA. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the complexation of 5-methyl-7-isobutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine with platinum(ii) ions. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorido platinum(ii) complexes with 5-methyl-7-isobutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (ibmtp) were synthesized and characterized by various tools: IR, 1H, 13C, 15N, 195Pt NMR and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Łakomska
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Magdalena Babinska
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Department of Crystallochemistry and Biocrystallography
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Department of Crystallochemistry and Biocrystallography
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Institutes of Medicines
- 00-725 Warszawa
- Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
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Łakomska I, Babinska M, Wojtczak A, Sitkowski J. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of three types of platinum(II) complexes containing 5,7-diethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Application of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5 -a ]pyrimidines for the design of coordination compounds with interesting structures and new biological properties. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kukhanova MK, Korovina AN, Kochetkov SN. Human herpes simplex virus: Life cycle and development of inhibitors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1635-52. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shchegol’kov EV, Khudina OG, Ivanova AE, Burgart YV, Sadchikova EV, Kravchenko MA, Saloutin VI. Synthesis and Tuberculostatic Activity of Some 1,2,4-Triazines. Pharm Chem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-014-1115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogues based on 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ones by one-step Vorbrüggen glycosylation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ulomskiy EN, Medvedeva NR, Shchepochkin AV, Eltsov OS, Rusinov VL, Chupakhin ON, Deeva EG, Kiselev OI. Fluorinated [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines*. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-011-0887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Prokhorov AM, Kozhevnikov DN. Triazines, Tetrazines, and Fused Ring Polyaza Systems. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096805-6.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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