1
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Sroor FM, Tohamy WM, Zoheir KMA, Abdelazeem NM, Mahrous KF, Ibrahim NS. Design, synthesis, in vitro anticancer, molecular docking and SAR studies of new series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. BMC Chem 2023; 17:106. [PMID: 37641068 PMCID: PMC10463376 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study involves the design and synthesis of a newly synthesized pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives to contain chlorine atoms in positions 4 and 6 and trichloromethyl group in position 2 using microwave technique as a new and robust approach for preparation of this type of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. The chemical structure of the synthesized pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 3-19 was well-characterized using spectral and elemental analyses as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All compounds were tested in vitro against seven selected human cancer cell lines, namely, MCF7, A549, HCT116, PC3, HePG2, PACA2 and BJ1 using MTT assay. It was found that compounds 14a, 16b and 18b were the most active toward MCF7 with IC50 (1.7, 5.7, and 3.4 μg/ml, respectively) relative to doxorubicin (Dox.) (26.1 μg/ml). Additionally, compound 17 exerted promising cytotoxic effects against HePG2 and PACA2 with IC50 (8.7 and 6.4 μg/ml, respectively) relative to Dox. (21.6 and 28.3 μg/ml, respectively). The molecular docking study confirmed our ELISA result which showed the promising binding affinities of compounds 14a and 17 against Bcl2 anti-apoptotic protein. At the gene expression level, P53, BAX, DR4 and DR5 were up-regulated, while Bcl2, Il-8, and CDK4 were down-regulated in 14a, 14b and 18b treated MCF7 cells. At the protein level, compound 14b increased the activity of Caspase 8 and BAX (18.263 and 14.25 pg/ml) relative to Dox. (3.99 and 4.92 pg/ml, respectively), while the activity of Bcl2 was greatly decreased in 14a treated MCF7 (2.4 pg/ml) compared with Dox. (14.37 pg/ml). Compounds 14a and 14b caused cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase in MCF7. Compounds 16b and 18b induced the apoptotic death of MCF7 cells. In addition, the percentage of fragmented DNA was increased significantly in 14a treated MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid M Sroor
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Wael M Tohamy
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Abdelazeem
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Karima F Mahrous
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nada S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Branch), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Aarhus TI, Bjørnstad F, Wolowczyk C, Larsen KU, Rognstad L, Leithaug T, Unger A, Habenberger P, Wolf A, Bjørkøy G, Pridans C, Eickhoff J, Klebl B, Hoff BH, Sundby E. Synthesis and Development of Highly Selective Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine CSF1R Inhibitors Targeting the Autoinhibited Form. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6959-6980. [PMID: 37191268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that controls the differentiation and maintenance of most tissue-resident macrophages, and the inhibition of CSF1R has been suggested as a possible therapy for a range of human disorders. Herein, we present the synthesis, development, and structure-activity relationship of a series of highly selective pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, showing subnanomolar enzymatic inhibition of this receptor and with excellent selectivity toward other kinases in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family. The crystal structure of the protein and 23 revealed that the binding conformation of the protein is DFG-out-like. The most promising compounds in this series were profiled for cellular potency and subjected to pharmacokinetic profiling and in vivo stability, indicating that this compound class could be relevant in a potential disease setting. Additionally, these compounds inhibited primarily the autoinhibited form of the receptor, contrasting the behavior of pexidartinib, which could explain the exquisite selectivity of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ihle Aarhus
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frithjof Bjørnstad
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Wolowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Line Rognstad
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Leithaug
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Habenberger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolf
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clare Pridans
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bård H Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eirik Sundby
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Halogenated Pyrrolopyrimidines with Low MIC on Staphylococcus aureus and Synergistic Effects with an Antimicrobial Peptide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11080984. [PMID: 35892374 PMCID: PMC9330635 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a world-wide rise in antibiotic resistance causing burdens to individuals and public healthcare systems. At the same time drug development is lagging behind. Therefore, finding new ways of treating bacterial infections either by identifying new agents or combinations of drugs is of utmost importance. Additionally, if combination therapy is based on agents with different modes of action, resistance is less likely to develop. The synthesis of 21 fused pyrimidines and a structure-activity relationship study identified two 6-aryl-7H-pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-amines with potent activity towards Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC-value was found to be highly dependent on a bromo or iodo substitution in the 4-benzylamine group and a hydroxyl in the meta or para position of the 6-aryl unit. The most active bromo and iodo derivatives had MIC of 8 mg/L. Interestingly, the most potent compounds experienced a four-fold lower MIC-value when they were combined with the antimicrobial peptide betatide giving MIC of 1–2 mg/L. The front runner bromo derivative also has a low activity towards 50 human kinases, including thymidylate monophosphate kinase, a putative antibacterial target.
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4
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Saigal S, Khan S, Rahman H, Shafiullah S, Khan MM. NitroketeneN,S-acetals: synergistic building blocks for the synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14477-14502. [PMID: 35519324 PMCID: PMC9064196 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel heterocyclic compounds from simple and easily accessible starting components is of significant importance in medicinal chemistry. Due to the presence of active chromophores and potent pharmacological activities, nitroketene N,S-acetals have emerged as a fascinating building block in organic synthesis. The synergistic skeleton of these acetals and the presence of electron-donating as well as electron-withdrawing groups lead to the generation of distinctive structural features and are highly useful for building diverse heterocyclic rings. This review highlights the preparation of different nitroketene N,S-acetals and their applications in the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic compounds. This review highlights the synthesis of several kinds of nitroketene N,S-acetals and their applications in the synthesis of different kinds of heterocyclic compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Saigal Saigal
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies
- Jubail Industrial College
- Jubail
- Saudi Arabia
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5
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Choudhary S, Singh A, Yadav J, Mir NA, Anthal S, Kant R, Kumar I. A simple route to tetracyclic oxazepine-fused pyrroles via metal-free [3+2] annulation between dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines and aqueous succinaldehyde. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A direct method for the synthesis of tetracyclic oxazepine-fused pyrroles has been developed through [3+2] annulation between aqueous succinaldehyde and dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Jyothi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Nisar A. Mir
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Sumati Anthal
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics & Electronics
- University of Jammu
- Jammu 180 006
- India
| | - Rajni Kant
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics & Electronics
- University of Jammu
- Jammu 180 006
- India
| | - Indresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
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6
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Pathania S, Rawal RK. Pyrrolopyrimidines: An update on recent advancements in their medicinal attributes. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:503-526. [PMID: 30114661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fused heterocycles are reported to demonstrate variety of biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory, and are thus exhaustively utilized in the field of medicinal chemistry. Pyrrolopyrimidines is one of the major classes of fused heterocycles which are extensively reported throughout the literature. Several reports suggest that pyrrolopyrimidine as fused scaffold possess more diverse and potent pharmacological profile than individual pyrrole and pyrimidine nucleus. Different pathological targets require different structural attributes reflected via varied substitutions, thus in recent years, researchers have employed various synthetic strategies to achieve desired substitutions on the pyrrolopyrimidine nucleus. In this review, authors highlight the recent advancement in this area, special focus was laid on the pharmacological profile and structure-activity relationship studies (SAR) of various synthesized pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Pathania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, 142001, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Ravindra K Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, Haryana, India.
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7
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Chaudhary A, Khurana JM, Khanna G, Saroha M. A Catalyst‐Free Domino Protocol for the Chemoselective Synthesis of Multifunctionalised Pyrroles in Aqueous MediaviaNitroketene‐N,S‐Acetal Chemistry. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chaudhary
- Department of ChemistryMaitreyi CollegeUniversity of DelhiBapu Dham Complex, Chanakyapuri New Delhi-110021
| | | | - Garima Khanna
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Delhi New Delhi-110007
| | - Mohit Saroha
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Delhi New Delhi-110007
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8
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De Coen LM, Heugebaert TSA, García D, Stevens CV. Synthetic Entries to and Biological Activity of Pyrrolopyrimidines. Chem Rev 2015; 116:80-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens M. De Coen
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. A. Heugebaert
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Ibrahim AA, El-Shehry MF, M. Hosni H, E. Amr AEG, M. Abdalla M. Antimelanomal Activities of some Newly Synthesized Pyrrolotriazolopyrimidines and Pyrrolotetrazolopyrimidines and their Derivatives. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.806.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Chen XB, Yan SJ, Su A, Liu W, Lin J. Catalyst-free three-component domino reactions for regioselective synthesis of multi-functional fused pyrroles. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Prieur V, Heindler N, Rubio-Martínez J, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. One-pot synthesis of 4-aminated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines from alkynylpyrimidines under metal-catalyst-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Khalaf A, Huggan JK, Suckling CJ, Gibson C, Stewart K, Giordani F, Barrett MP, Wong PE, Barrack KL, Hunter WN. Structure-based design and synthesis of antiparasitic pyrrolopyrimidines targeting pteridine reductase 1. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6479-94. [PMID: 25007262 PMCID: PMC4136963 DOI: 10.1021/jm500483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis remains a major unmet health need in sub-Saharan Africa. Approaches involving new molecular targets are important; pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1), an enzyme that reduces dihydrobiopterin in Trypanosoma spp., has been identified as a candidate target, and it has been shown previously that substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are inhibitors of PTR1 from Trypanosoma brucei (J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 221-229). In this study, 61 new pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines have been prepared, designed with input from new crystal structures of 23 of these compounds complexed with PTR1, and evaluated in screens for enzyme inhibitory activity against PTR1 and in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. Eight compounds were sufficiently active in both screens to take forward to in vivo evaluation. Thus, although evidence for trypanocidal activity in a stage I disease model in mice was obtained, the compounds were too toxic to mice for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedawn
I. Khalaf
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Judith K. Huggan
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Suckling
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom, (C.J.S.) E-mail: ; Tel.: +44 141 548 2271
| | - Colin
L. Gibson
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Stewart
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Giordani
- Wellcome
Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome
Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom,(M.P.B.) E-mail: ; Tel.: +44 141 330 6904
| | - Pui Ee Wong
- Wellcome
Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity
and Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Keri L. Barrack
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United
Kingdom
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United
Kingdom,(W.N.H.) E-mail: ; Tel.: +44 1382 385745
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13
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Kaspersen SJ, Han J, Nørsett KG, Rydså L, Kjøbli E, Bugge S, Bjørkøy G, Sundby E, Hoff BH. Identification of new 4-N-substituted 6-aryl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-amines as highly potent EGFR-TK inhibitors with Src-family activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 59:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Chen XB, Wang XY, Zhu DD, Yan SJ, Lin J. Three-component domino reaction synthesis of highly functionalized bicyclic pyrrole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Dodonova J, Tumkevicius S. Access to 6-arylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via a palladium-catalyzed direct C–H arylation reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07088g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A route to 6-arylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via a direct palladium-catalyzed C–H arylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dodonova
- Vilnius University
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Tumkevicius
- Vilnius University
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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