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Kapri A, Gupta N, Nain S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Xanthines: A Short Review. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:8239931. [PMID: 36398136 PMCID: PMC9666039 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8239931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically potential moiety that manifests immense biological activities. Owing to this much diversity in the biological field, this scaffold has fascinated the attention of many researchers around the globe to scrutinize its basic structure chemically as well as biologically. In recent years, xanthine derivatives have been used therapeutically in different pathological conditions due to their presence in day-to-day life. Herein, we review the recent progress in the synthesis of xanthine and its derivatives. Some of the widely used synthetic strategies such as (a) Traube's synthesis, (b) one-pot synthesis, (c) xanthine-anneleated synthesis, and (d) miscellaneous synthesis were compiled in this review paper. The results obtained from this review paper highlight the significance of various xanthine derivatives as possible leads to the development of new drugs. The data compiled in this review paper could help the medicinal chemist in designing new active compounds from the modification of the already existing compounds in the search for novel drug leads. This report concludes that the various synthetic procedures exemplified in this review paper may serve as a support system for the designing of new molecules with a xanthine scaffold. Thus, we hope that this molecule may serve as the prototype in order to find out more active xanthine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Kapri
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Agilent Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 181/46, Industrial Area, Phase-1, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumitra Nain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Yadav K, Yadav D, Bhandari DD, Yadav R. Identification of 1,3‐(Dimethyl / Propyl)‐8‐Susbtituted (Cinnamic acid/Furan) Xanthine Derivatives with Anti‐bronchospasmodic Activity Using
in silico
and
in vivo
Techniques. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Life Sciences Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022 India
| | - Divya Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Life Sciences Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022 India
| | - Divya Dhawal Bhandari
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences Chandigarh University Gharuan (Mohali) 140413 India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Allied Sciences Amity University Haryana 122413 India
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Constantin SM, Buron F, Routier S, Vasincu IM, Apotrosoaei M, Lupașcu F, Confederat L, Tuchilus C, Constantin MT, Sava A, Profire L. Formulation and Characterization of New Polymeric Systems Based on Chitosan and Xanthine Derivatives with Thiazolidin-4-One Scaffold. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040558. [PMID: 30781782 PMCID: PMC6416560 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past many research studies have focused on the thiazolidine-4-one scaffold, due to the important biological effects associated with its heterocycle. This scaffold is present in the structure of many synthetic compounds, which showed significant biological effects such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic effects. It was also identified in natural compounds, such as actithiazic acid, isolated from Streptomyces strains. Starting from this scaffold new xanthine derivatives have been synthetized and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal effects. The antibacterial action was investigated against Gram positive (Staphyloccoccus aureus ATCC 25923, Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) bacterial strains. The antifungal potential was investigated against Candida spp. (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida glabrata ATCC MYA 2950, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019). In order to improve the antimicrobial activity, the most active xanthine derivatives with thiazolidine-4-one scaffold (XTDs: 6c, 6e, 6f, 6k) were included in a chitosan based polymeric matrix (CS). The developed polymeric systems (CS-XTDs) were characterized in terms of morphological (aspect, particle size), physic-chemical properties (swelling degree), antibacterial and antifungal activities, toxicity, and biological functions (bioactive compounds loading, entrapment efficiency). The presence of xanthine-thiazolidine-4-one derivatives into the chitosan matrix was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The size of developed polymeric systems, CS-XTDs, ranged between 614 µm and 855 µm, in a dry state. The XTDs were encapsulated into the chitosan matrix with very good loading efficiency, the highest entrapment efficiency being recorded for CS-6k, which ranged between 87.86 ± 1.25% and 93.91 ± 1.41%, depending of the concentration of 6k. The CS-XTDs systems showed an improved antimicrobial effect with respect to the corresponding XTDs. Good results were obtained for CS-6f, for which the effects on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (21.2 ± 0.43 mm) and Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 (25.1 ± 0.28 mm) were comparable with those of ciprofloxacin (25.1 ± 0.08 mm/25.0 ± 0.1 mm), which were used as the control. The CS-6f showed a notable antifungal effect, especially on Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (18.4 ± 0.42 mm), the effect being comparable to those of nystatin (20.1 ± 0.09 mm), used as the control. Based on the obtained results these polymeric systems, consisting of thiazolidine-4-one derivatives loaded with chitosan microparticles, could have important applications in the food field as multifunctional (antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant) packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Madalina Constantin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Frederic Buron
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Univ Orleans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067 Orléans, France.
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Univ Orleans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067 Orléans, France.
| | - Ioana Mirela Vasincu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Maria Apotrosoaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Florentina Lupașcu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Luminița Confederat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Cristina Tuchilus
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | | | - Alexandru Sava
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Lenuţa Profire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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Yousaf M, Zahoor AF, Faiz S, Javed S, Irfan M. Recent Synthetic Approaches Towards Biologically Potent Derivatives/Analogues of Theophylline. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yousaf
- Department of Chemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Faiz
- Department of Chemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biochemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
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