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Kiriyanthan RM, Radha A, Pandikumar P, Azhahianambi P, Madan N, Ignacimuthu S. Growth inhibitory effect of selected quinones from Indian medicinal plants against Theileria annulata. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108622. [PMID: 37758051 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropical Bovine Theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata, poses a significant threat to cattle populations. Currently, Buparvaquone is the sole effective naphthoquinone drug commercially available for its treatment. In our research, we delved into the potential of naturally occurring quinones as alternative treatments. We isolated two quinones, emodin and chrysophanol, from Rheum emodi Wall, and two more, embelin and lawsone, from Embelia ribes Burm.f. and Lawsonia inermis L. respectively. We assessed the anti-Theileria efficacy of these quinones in vitro using MTT and flow cytometric assays on T. annulata-infected bovine lymphocytes. Additionally, we evaluated their safety on uninfected bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and Vero cells. Emodin emerged as a promising candidate, exhibiting an IC50 value of 4 μM, surpassing that of buparvaquone. Emodin also displayed relatively low LD50 values of 1.74 mM against uninfected PBMC and 0.87 mM against Vero cells, suggesting potential safety. Remarkably, emodin demonstrated a high cell absorption rate of 71.32%. While emodin's efficacy and bioavailability are encouraging, further research is imperative to validate its safety and effectiveness for treating Tropical Bovine Theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mary Kiriyanthan
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Bharathi Women's College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600108, India
| | - A Radha
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Bharathi Women's College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600108, India.
| | - Perumal Pandikumar
- Xavier Research Foundation, St Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, 627 002, India
| | - Palavesam Azhahianambi
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - N Madan
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India
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2
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Kumar DA, Karjee P, Prasad MR, Punniyamurthy T, Trivedi V. Plasmodium falciparum FIKK 9.1 kinase modeling to screen and identify potent antimalarial agents from chemical library. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:277. [PMID: 37476548 PMCID: PMC10354315 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium FIKK kinases are diverged from human kinases structurally. They harbour conserved ATP-binding domains that are non-homologous to other existing kinases. FIKK9.1 kinase is considered as an essential protein for parasite survival. It is localized in major organelles present in parasite and trafficked throughout the infected RBC. It is speculated that FIKK9.1 may phosphorylate several substrates in the parasite's proteome and contribute to parasite survival. Therefore, FIKK9.1 is an attractive target that may lead to a novel class of antimalarials. To identify specific FIKK9.1 kinase inhibitors, we virtually screened organic structural scaffolds from a library of 623 entries. The top hits were identified based on conformations and molecular interactions with the ATP biophore. The hits were also validated under in vitro conditions. In this study, we identified seven top hit organic compounds that may arrest the growth of parasites by inhibiting FIKK9.1 kinase. Evaluation of top hit compounds in antimalarial activity assay identifies that the highly substituted 1,3-selenazolidin-2-imine 1 and thiophene 2 are inhibiting parasite growth with an IC50 of 3.2 ± 0.27 μg/ml and 3.13 ± 0.16 μg/ml, respectively. These functionalized heterocyclic compounds 1 and 2 kills the malaria parasite with an IC50 of 2.68 ± 0.02 μg/ml and 3.08 ± 0.14 μg/ml, respectively. Isothermal titration calorimetry analysis indicate that ATP is binding to the FIKK9.1 kinase. The dissociation constant (Kd) is measured to be 27.8 ± 2.07 μM with a stoichiometry of n = 1. The heterocyclic scaffolds 1 and 2 were abolishing the binding of ATP into the binding pocket. They in-turn reduce the ability of FIKK9.1 kinase to phosphorylate its substrate. Our study found that compounds 1 and 2 are potent inhibitor of FIKK9.1 kinase and the inhibition of FIKK9.1 kinase using small molecules disturbs the parasite life cycle and leads to the death of parasites. This provides new insight in development of novel antimalarials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03677-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Anil Kumar
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
| | - Pallab Karjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
| | - M. Rajendra Prasad
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
| | | | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
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Mustière R, Vanelle P, Primas N. Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors Targeting Malaria: Recent Developments. Molecules 2020; 25:E5949. [PMID: 33334080 PMCID: PMC7765515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in reducing malaria cases and ensuing deaths is threatened by factors like mutations that induce resistance to artemisinin derivatives. Multiple drugs are currently in clinical trials for malaria treatment, including some with novel mechanisms of action. One of these, MMV390048, is a plasmodial kinase inhibitor. This review lists the recently developed molecules which target plasmodial kinases. A systematic review of the literature was performed using CAPLUS and MEDLINE databases from 2005 to 2020. It covers a total of 60 articles and describes about one hundred compounds targeting 22 plasmodial kinases. This work highlights the strong potential of compounds targeting plasmodial kinases for future drug therapies. However, the majority of the Plasmodium kinome remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France;
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France;
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Moolman C, van der Sluis R, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. An Update on Development of Small-Molecule Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:E5182. [PMID: 33171706 PMCID: PMC7664427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control relies heavily on the small number of existing antimalarial drugs. However, recurring antimalarial drug resistance necessitates the continual generation of new antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action. In order to shift the focus from only controlling this disease towards elimination and eradication, next-generation antimalarial agents need to address the gaps in the malaria drug arsenal. This includes developing drugs for chemoprotection, treating severe malaria and blocking transmission. Plasmodial kinases are promising targets for next-generation antimalarial drug development as they mediate critical cellular processes and some are active across multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle. This review gives an update on the progress made thus far with regards to plasmodial kinase small-molecule inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantalle Moolman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Lesetja J. Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.M.); (R.M.B.)
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Davies H, Belda H, Broncel M, Ye X, Bisson C, Introini V, Dorin-Semblat D, Semblat JP, Tibúrcio M, Gamain B, Kaforou M, Treeck M. An exported kinase family mediates species-specific erythrocyte remodelling and virulence in human malaria. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:848-863. [PMID: 32284562 PMCID: PMC7116245 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The most severe form of human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Its virulence is closely linked to the increase in rigidity of infected erythrocytes and their adhesion to endothelial receptors, obstructing blood flow to vital organs. Unlike other human-infecting Plasmodium species, P. falciparum exports a family of 18 FIKK serine/threonine kinases into the host cell, suggesting that phosphorylation may modulate erythrocyte modifications. We reveal substantial species-specific phosphorylation of erythrocyte proteins by P. falciparum but not by Plasmodium knowlesi, which does not export FIKK kinases. By conditionally deleting all FIKK kinases combined with large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomics we identified unique phosphorylation fingerprints for each kinase, including phosphosites on parasite virulence factors and host erythrocyte proteins. Despite their non-overlapping target sites, a network analysis revealed that some FIKKs may act in the same pathways. Only the deletion of the non-exported kinase FIKK8 resulted in reduced parasite growth, suggesting the exported FIKKs may instead support functions important for survival in the host. We show that one kinase, FIKK4.1, mediates both rigidification of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and trafficking of the adhesin and key virulence factor PfEMP1 to the host cell surface. This establishes the FIKK family as important drivers of parasite evolution and malaria pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd Davies
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hugo Belda
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Xingda Ye
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudine Bisson
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Viola Introini
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominique Dorin-Semblat
- Université de Paris, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, UMR_S1134, BIGR, INSERM, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Semblat
- Université de Paris, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, UMR_S1134, BIGR, INSERM, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Marta Tibúrcio
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Benoit Gamain
- Université de Paris, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, UMR_S1134, BIGR, INSERM, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Evidence That the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rubiadin-1-methyl Ether Has an Immunomodulatory Context. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6474168. [PMID: 31780865 PMCID: PMC6874871 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6474168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of the latest therapeutic developments, no effective treatments for handling critical conditions such as acute lung injuries have yet been found. Such conditions, which may result from lung infections, sepsis, multiple trauma, or shock, represent a significant challenge in intensive care medicine. Seeking ways to better deal with this challenge, the scientific community has recently devoted much attention to small molecules derived from natural products with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Aims In this context, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of Rubiadin-1-methyl ether isolated from Pentas schimperi, using an in vitro model of RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by LPS and an in vivo model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by LPS. Methods The macrophages were pretreated with the compound and induced by LPS (1 μg/mL). After 24 h, using the supernatant, we evaluated the cytotoxicity, NOx, and IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, as well as the effect of the compound on macrophage apoptosis. Next, the compound was administered in mice with acute lung injury (ALI) induced by LPS (5 mg/kg), and the pro- and anti-inflammatory parameters were analyzed after 12 h using the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results Rubiadin-1-methyl ether was able to inhibit the pro-inflammatory parameters studied in the in vitro assays (NOx, IL-6, and IL-1β) and, at the same time, increased the macrophage apoptosis rate. In the in vivo experiments, this compound was capable of decreasing leukocyte infiltration; fluid leakage; NOx; IL-6, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels; and MPO activity. In addition, Rubiadin-1-methyl ether increased the IL-10 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Conclusions These findings support the evidence that Rubiadin-1-methyl ether has important anti-inflammatory activity, with evidence of an immunomodulatory effect.
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Osman CP, Ismail NH. Antiplasmodial Anthraquinones from Medicinal Plants: The Chemistry and Possible Mode of Actions. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria killed nearly half a million people in 2015, and 70% of this victims were young children. Malarial chemotherapy makes use of several drugs, each with its own pharmacological limitations, and with parasite resistance being the most challenging. People of low income nations often rely on traditional medicine as a treatment due to limited access to modern healthcare services. Despite uncertainties present in the outcome of traditional medicine, ethnomedicine approach has yielded important lead candidates. The investigation of medicinal plants utilized in the malaria endemic region yielded many antiplasmodial compounds with anthraquinone moiety. This paper describes natural anthraquinones extracted from medicinal plants utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. In addition, the insight on structure-activity relationship and their mode of actions are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Puteh Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur Rahman Institute of Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur Rahman Institute of Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cabrera DG, Horatscheck A, Wilson CR, Basarab G, Eyermann CJ, Chibale K. Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors: License to Cure? J Med Chem 2018; 61:8061-8077. [PMID: 29771541 PMCID: PMC6166223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Advances
in the genetics, function, and stage-specificity of Plasmodium kinases has driven robust efforts to identify
targets for the design of antimalarial therapies. Reverse genomics
following phenotypic screening against Plasmodia or
related parasites has uncovered vulnerable kinase targets including
PI4K, PKG, and GSK-3, an approach bolstered by access to human disease-directed
kinase libraries. Alternatively, screening compound libraries against Plasmodium kinases has successfully led to inhibitors with
antiplasmodial activity. As with other therapeutic areas, optimizing
compound ADMET and PK properties in parallel with target inhibitory
potency and whole cell activity becomes paramount toward advancing
compounds as clinical candidates. These and other considerations will
be discussed in the context of progress achieved toward deriving important,
novel mode-of-action kinase-inhibiting antimalarial medicines.
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