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Yi X, Wang Z, Hu X, Yu A. Affinity probes based on small-molecule inhibitors for tumor imaging. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1028493. [PMID: 36387103 PMCID: PMC9647038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1028493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for molecular imaging of target areas, including optical imaging, radionuclide imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging technologies, are helpful for the early diagnosis and precise treatment of cancers. In addition to cancer management, small-molecule inhibitors are also used for developing cancer target probes since they act as the tight-binding ligands of overexpressed proteins in cancer cells. This review aims to summarize the structural designs of affinity probes based on small-molecule inhibitors from the aspects of the inhibitor, linker, dye and radionuclide, and discusses the influence of the modification of these structures on affinity and pharmacokinetics. We also present examples of inhibitor affinity probes in clinical applications, and these summaries will provide insights for future research and clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiang Hu
- *Correspondence: Aixi Yu, ; Xiang Hu,
| | - Aixi Yu
- *Correspondence: Aixi Yu, ; Xiang Hu,
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Chen X, Xu J, Wang X, Long G, You Q, Guo X. Targeting WD Repeat-Containing Protein 5 (WDR5): A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10537-10556. [PMID: 34283608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) is a member of the WD40 protein family, and it is widely involved in various biological activities and not limited to epigenetic regulation in vivo. WDR5 is also involved in the initiation and development of many diseases and plays a key role in these diseases. Since WDR5 was discovered, it has been suggested as a potential disease treatment target, and a large number of inhibitors targeting WDR5 have been discovered. In this review, we discussed the development of inhibitors targeting WDR5 over the years, and the biological mechanisms of these inhibitors based on previous mechanistic studies were explored. Finally, we describe the development potential of inhibitors targeting WDR5 and prospects for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xianghan Wang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guanlu Long
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoke Guo
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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3
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Li X, Song Y. Structure, function and inhibition of critical protein-protein interactions involving mixed lineage leukemia 1 and its fusion oncoproteins. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:56. [PMID: 33823889 PMCID: PMC8022399 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1, also known as MLL or KMT2A) is an important transcription factor and histone-H3 lysine-4 (H3K4) methyltransferase. It is a master regulator for transcription of important genes (e.g., Hox genes) for embryonic development and hematopoiesis. However, it is largely dispensable in matured cells. Dysregulation of MLL1 leads to overexpression of certain Hox genes and eventually leukemia initiation. Chromosome translocations involving MLL1 cause ~ 75% of acute leukemia in infants and 5–10% in children and adults with a poor prognosis. Targeted therapeutics against oncogenic fusion MLL1 (onco-MLL1) are therefore needed. Onco-MLL1 consists of the N-terminal DNA-interacting domains of MLL1 fused with one of > 70 fusion partners, among which transcription cofactors AF4, AF9 and its paralog ENL, and ELL are the most frequent. Wild-type (WT)- and onco-MLL1 involve numerous protein–protein interactions (PPI), which play critical roles in regulating gene expression in normal physiology and leukemia. Moreover, WT-MLL1 has been found to be essential for MLL1-rearranged (MLL1-r) leukemia. Rigorous studies of such PPIs have been performed and much progress has been achieved in understanding their structures, structure–function relationships and the mechanisms for activating gene transcription as well as leukemic transformation. Inhibition of several critical PPIs by peptides, peptidomimetic or small-molecule compounds has been explored as a therapeutic approach for MLL1-r leukemia. This review summarizes the biological functions, biochemistry, structure and inhibition of the critical PPIs involving MLL1 and its fusion partner proteins. In addition, challenges and perspectives of drug discovery targeting these PPIs for the treatment of MLL1-r leukemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Ye X, Chen G, Jin J, Zhang B, Wang Y, Cai Z, Ye F. The Development of Inhibitors Targeting the Mixed Lineage Leukemia 1 (MLL1)-WD Repeat Domain 5 Protein (WDR5) Protein- Protein Interaction. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5530-5542. [PMID: 31132972 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190528080514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mixed Lineage Leukemia 1 (MLL1), an important member of Histone Methyltransferases (HMT) family, is capable of catalyzing mono-, di-, and trimethylation of Histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4). The optimal catalytic activity of MLL1 requires the formation of a core complex consisting of MLL1, WDR5, RbBP5, and ASH2L. The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) between WDR5 and MLL1 plays an important role in abnormal gene expression during tumorigenesis, and disturbing this interaction may have a potential for the treatment of leukemia harboring MLL1 fusion proteins. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in the development of inhibitors targeting MLL1- WDR5 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jia Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binzhong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yinda Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhenhai Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Ye F, Huang J, Wang H, Luo C, Zhao K. Targeting epigenetic machinery: Emerging novel allosteric inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107406. [PMID: 31521697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics has emerged as an extremely exciting fast-growing area of biomedical research in post genome era. Epigenetic dysfunction is tightly related with various diseases such as cancer and aging related degeneration, potentiating epigenetics modulators as important therapeutics targets. Indeed, inhibitors of histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase have been approved for treating blood tumor malignancies, whereas inhibitors of histone methyltransferase and histone acetyl-lysine recognizer bromodomain are in clinical stage. However, it remains a great challenge to discover potent and selective inhibitors by targeting catalytic site, as the same subfamily of epigenetic enzymes often share high sequence identity and very conserved catalytic core pocket. It is well known that epigenetic modifications are usually carried out by multi-protein complexes, and activation of catalytic subunit is often tightly regulated by other interactive protein component, especially in disease conditions. Therefore, it is not unusual that epigenetic complex machinery may exhibit allosteric regulation site induced by protein-protein interactions. Targeting allosteric site emerges as a compelling alternative strategy to develop epigenetic drugs with enhanced druggability and pharmacological profiles. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of allosteric inhibitors for epigenetic complexes through targeting protein-protein interactions. We also summarized the status of clinical applications of those inhibitors. Finally, we provide perspectives of future novel allosteric epigenetic machinery modulators emerging from otherwise undruggable single protein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Cheng Luo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Dong Qing Road, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Kehao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Jiang X, Yu J, Zhou Z, Kongsted J, Song Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Molecular design opportunities presented by solvent‐exposed regions of target proteins. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2194-2238. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical PharmacyQilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
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Lambert M, Jambon S, Depauw S, David-Cordonnier MH. Targeting Transcription Factors for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061479. [PMID: 29921764 PMCID: PMC6100431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are involved in a large number of human diseases such as cancers for which they account for about 20% of all oncogenes identified so far. For long time, with the exception of ligand-inducible nuclear receptors, transcription factors were considered as “undruggable” targets. Advances knowledge of these transcription factors, in terms of structure, function (expression, degradation, interaction with co-factors and other proteins) and the dynamics of their mode of binding to DNA has changed this postulate and paved the way for new therapies targeted against transcription factors. Here, we discuss various ways to target transcription factors in cancer models: by modulating their expression or degradation, by blocking protein/protein interactions, by targeting the transcription factor itself to prevent its DNA binding either through a binding pocket or at the DNA-interacting site, some of these inhibitors being currently used or evaluated for cancer treatment. Such different targeting of transcription factors by small molecules is facilitated by modern chemistry developing a wide variety of original molecules designed to specifically abort transcription factor and by an increased knowledge of their pathological implication through the use of new technologies in order to make it possible to improve therapeutic control of transcription factor oncogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lambert
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Samy Jambon
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Sabine Depauw
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier
- INSERM UMR-S1172-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Lille University and Hospital Center (CHU-Lille), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
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Moonlighting with WDR5: A Cellular Multitasker. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7020021. [PMID: 29385767 PMCID: PMC5852437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
WDR5 is a highly conserved WD40 repeat-containing protein that is essential for proper regulation of multiple cellular processes. WDR5 is best characterized as a core scaffolding component of histone methyltransferase complexes, but emerging evidence demonstrates that it does much more, ranging from expanded functions in the nucleus through to controlling the integrity of cell division. The purpose of this review is to describe the current molecular understandings of WDR5, discuss how it participates in diverse cellular processes, and highlight drug discovery efforts around WDR5 that may form the basis of new anti-cancer therapies.
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