Synthesis of some novel orcinol based coumarin triazole hybrids with capabilities to inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB signaling pathway

Recent Trends in the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Coumarin, Coumarin-Chalcone, and Coumarin-Triazole Molecular Hybrids

Molecular hybridization represents a new approach in drug discovery in which specific chromophores are strategically combined to create novel drugs with enhanced therapeutic effects. This innovative strategy leverages the strengths of individual chromophores to address complex biological challenges, synergize beneficial properties, optimize pharmacokinetics, and overcome limitations associated with single-agent therapies. Coumarins are documented to possess several bioactivities and have therefore been targeted for combination with other active moieties to create molecular hybrids. This review summarizes recent (2013-2023) trends in the synthesis of coumarins, as well as coumarin-chalcone and coumarin-triazole molecular hybrids. To cover the wide aspects of this area, we have included differently substituted coumarins, chalcones, 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles in this review and considered the point of fusion/attachment with coumarin to show the diversity of these hybrids. The reported syntheses mainly relied on well-established chemistry without the need for strict reaction conditions and usually produced high yields. Additionally, we discussed the bioactivities of the reported compounds, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-cholinesterase activities and commented on their IC50 where possible. Promising bioactivity results have been obtained so far. It is noted that mechanistic studies are infrequently found in the published work, which was also mentioned in this review to give the reader a better understanding. This review aims to provide valuable information to enable further developments in this field.

A minireview of 1,2,3-triazole hybrids with O-heterocycles as leads in medicinal chemistry

Over the past few decades, the dynamic progress in the synthesis and screening of heterocyclic compounds against various targets has made a significant contribution in the field of medicinal chemistry. Among the wide array of heterocyclic compounds, triazole moiety has attracted the attention of researchers owing to its vast therapeutic potential and easy preparation via copper and ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Triazole skeletons are found as major structural components in a different class of drugs possessing diverse pharmacological profiles including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-tubercular, and anti-depressant among various others. Furthermore, in the past few years, a significantly large number of triazole hybrids were synthesized with various heterocyclic moieties in order to gain the added advantage of the improved pharmacological profile, overcoming the multiple drug resistance and reduced toxicity from molecular hybridization. Among these synthesized triazole hybrids, many compounds are available commercially and used for treating different infections/disorders like tazobactam and cefatrizine as potent anti-bacterial agents while isavuconazole and ravuconazole as anti-fungal activities to name a few. In this review, we will summarize the biological activities of various 1,2,3-triazole hybrids with copious oxygen-containing heterocycles as lead compounds in medicinal chemistry. This review will be very helpful for researchers working in the field of molecular modeling, drug design and development, and medicinal chemistry.

Multifunctionality of Calebin A in inflammation, chronic diseases and cancer

Chronic diseases including cancer have high case numbers as well as mortality rates. The efficient treatment of chronic diseases is a major ongoing medical challenge worldwide, because of their complexity and many inflammatory pathways such as JNK, p38/MAPK, MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT3, PI3K and NF-κB among others being implicated in their pathogenesis. Together with the versatility of chronic disease classical mono-target therapies are often insufficient. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory as well as anti-cancer capacities of polyphenols are currently investigated to complement and improve the effect of classical anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutic agents or to overcome drug resistance of cancer cells. Currently, research on Calebin A, a polyphenolic component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), is becoming of growing interest with regard to novel treatment strategies and has already been shown health-promoting as well as anti-tumor properties, including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, in diverse cancer cells. Within this review, we describe already known anti-inflammatory activities of Calebin A via modulation of NF-κB and its associated signaling pathways, linked with TNF-α, TNF-β and COX-2 and further summarize Calebin A's tumor-inhibiting properties that are known up to date such as reduction of cancer cell viability, proliferation as well as metastasis. We also shed light on possible future prospects of Calebin A as an anti-cancer agent.

Bone anti-resorptive effects of coumarins on RANKL downstream cellular signaling: a systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Members of the botanical families Apiaceae/Umbelliferae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae/Leguminosae, and Thymelaeaceae are rich in coumarins and have traditionally been used as ethnomedicines in many regions including Europe, Asia, and South America. Coumarins are a class of secondary metabolites that are widely present in plants, fungi, and bacteria and exhibit several pharmacological, biochemical, and therapeutic effects. Recently, many plants rich in coumarins and their derivatives were found to affect bone metabolism.

OBJECTIVE

To review scientific literature describing the mechanisms of action of coumarins in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this systematic review, the PubMed, Scopus, and Periodical Capes databases and portals were searched. We included in vitro research articles published between 2010 and 2020 that evaluated coumarins using osteoclastogenic markers.

RESULTS

Coumarins have been reported to downregulate RANKL-RANK signaling and various downstream signaling pathways required for osteoclast development, such as NF-κB, MAPK, Akt, and Ca²⁺ signaling, as well as pathways downstream of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1), including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CTSK), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).

CONCLUSIONS

Coumarins primarily inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activation by modulating different intracellular signaling pathways; therefore, they could serve as potential candidates for controlled randomized clinical trials aimed at improving human bone health.

Hybrids of Coumarin Derivatives as Potent and Multifunctional Bioactive Agents: A Review

BACKGROUND

Coumarins exhibit a plethora of biological activities, e.g. antiinflammatory and anti-tumor. Molecular hybridization technique has been implemented in the design of novel coumarin hybrids with several bioactive groups in order to obtain molecules with better pharmacological activity and improved pharmacokinetic profile.

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, we tried to gather as many as possible biologically active coumarin hybrids referred in the literature till now, to delineate the structural characteristics in relation to the activities and to have a survey that might help the medicinal chemists to design new coumarin hybrids with drug-likeness and varied bioactivities.

RESULTS

The biological activities of the hybrids in most of the cases were found to be different from the biological activities presented by the parent coumarins. The results showed that the hybrid molecules are more potent compared to the standard drugs used in the evaluation experiments.

CONCLUSION

Conjugation of coumarin with varied pharmacophore groups/druglike molecules responsible for different biological activities led to many novel hybrid molecules, with a multitarget behavior and improved pharmacokinetic properties.

1,2,3-Triazole-containing hybrids as leads in medicinal chemistry: A recent overview

The 1,2,3-triazole ring is a major pharmacophore system among nitrogen-containing heterocycles. These five-membered heterocyclic motifs with three nitrogen heteroatoms can be prepared easily using 'click' chemistry with copper- or ruthenium-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Recently, the 'linker' property of 1,2,3-triazoles was demonstrated, and a novel class of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids and conjugates was synthesised and evaluated as lead compounds for diverse biological targets. These lead compounds have been demonstrated as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-leishmanial, and neuroprotective agents. The present review summarises advances in lead compounds of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids, conjugates, and their related heterocycles in medicinal chemistry published in 2018. This review will be useful to scientists in research fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.