Lipid reducing activity of novel cholic acid (CA) analogs: Design, synthesis and preliminary mechanism study

Novel Derivatives of Deoxycholic Acid Bearing Linear Aliphatic Diamine and Aminoalcohol Moieties and their Cyclic Analogs at the C3 Position: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Antitumor Potential

A series of novel deoxycholic acid (DCA) derivatives containing aliphatic diamine and aminoalcohol or morpholine moieties at the C3 position were synthesized by 3,26-epoxide ring-opening reactions. These compounds were investigated for their cytotoxicity in four human tumor cell lines and murine macrophages and for inhibitory activity against macrophage-mediated NO synthesis in vitro. Obtained data revealed that: (i) all amine-containing substituents significantly increased the cytotoxicity of the novel compounds (IC₅₀^2–10 = 1.0–36.0 μM) in comparison with DCA (IC₅₀^DCA ≥ 82.9 μM); (ii) aminoalcohol moieties were more preferable than diamine moieties due to the fact they imparted better selectivity for tumor cells of the novel derivatives; (iii) the susceptibility of tested cell lines to derivatives diminished in the following order: HuTu-80 (duodenal carcinoma) ≈ HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma) > KB-3-1 (cervical carcinoma) > RAW264.7 (macrophages) > A549 (lung carcinoma); (iv) compounds 8 and 9, bearing aminoethanol and aminopropanol moieties, respectively, exhibited high cytotoxic selectivity indexes (SI^HuTu-80 = 7.9 and 8.3, respectively) and good drug-likeness parameters; (v) the novel compounds do not display anti-NO activity. Mechanistic study revealed that compound 9 induces ROS-dependent cell death by activation of intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis and cytodestructive autophagy in HuTu-80 cells and vitamin D receptor can be considered as its primary target.