In vivo evaluation and atom-based 3D-QSAR studies on saponins from shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge as anti-AD agents

A review on triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bung

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, also known as Tu-Mu-Gua and Wen-Dan-Ge-Zi, has several applications. Clinical data and experimental studies have shown anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge that inhibits prostate hyperplasia, lowers blood pressure and lipid level, and treats enuresis and urinary incontinence. It also has neuroprotective effects and can treat Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome. The research on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge has been increasing. Triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins are the main constituents in Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge and exhibit biological activities. In this review, we summarized the research progress on triterpenoids and their glycosides in Xanthoceras sorbifolia, including the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and biogenic pathways of triterpenoid mother nucleus. The results would provide a reference for further research and development of triterpenoids and their glycosides in Xanthoceras sorbifolia.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge: A Review on Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge (Sapindaceae) is a native Chinese plant with promising applications as a biofuel feedstock and a source of novel drugs. Historical records and documents from different periods have mentioned the use of X. sorbifolium and its botanical constituents in treating diseases, highlighting its central role in Chinese and Mongolian traditional medicinal therapies. Phytochemical research has focused on the husks, leaves, trunks, and branches of this herb. A total of 278 chemical compounds have been isolated and divided into 8 categories: triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, phenols, fatty acids, alkaloids, and quinones. Modern pharmacological studies on X. sorbifolium have demonstrated positive effects on learning and memory, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidative properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the available research on X. sorbifolium, focusing on the relationship between chemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects. We also assess the potential for therapeutic and other applications of this plant in support of further research and development of X. sorbifolium.

Natural therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases from the shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

Neuroinflammation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, manifested by the microglial-released over-production of nitric oxide (NO). However, so far there is no effective strategy regarding curing or preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Triterpene saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium were proved to be capable of eliciting a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, a systematic chemical study on the 70% ethanol extract of X. sorbifolium was conducted, leading to the identification of 22 compounds, including four previously undescribed triterpenes saponins and 14 known ones, along with four alkaloids. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectral methods. The in vivo anti-AD effects of 1-18 were predicted with a field-based 3D-QSAR model and anti-neuroinflammatory activities were assayed in BV-2 cells by assessing LPS-induced NO production and examine levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 to support the predicted results. As a result, compounds 14, 16, 19, and 20 could have therapeutic potentials for neurodegenerative diseases due to their potent anti-neuroinflammatory activities.