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Yi X, Tran E, Odiba JO, Qin CX, Ritchie RH, Baell JB. The formyl peptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2 as targets for inflammatory disorders: recent advances in the development of small-molecule agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:115989. [PMID: 38199163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) comprise a class of chemoattractant pattern recognition receptors, for which several physiological functions like host-defences, as well as the regulation of inflammatory responses, have been ascribed. With accumulating evidence that agonism of FPR1/FPR2 can confer pro-resolution of inflammation, increased attention from academia and industry has led to the discovery of new and interesting small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonists. Focused attention on the development of appropriate physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles is yielding synthesis of new compounds with promising in vivo readouts. This review presents an overview of small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonist medicinal chemistry developed over the past 20 years, with a particular emphasis on interrogation in the increasingly sophisticated bioassays which have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Yi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Tran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jephthah O Odiba
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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Ferrara V, Toti A, Lucarini E, Parisio C, Micheli L, Ciampi C, Margiotta F, Crocetti L, Vergelli C, Giovannoni MP, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C. Protective and Pain-Killer Effects of AMC3, a Novel N-Formyl Peptide Receptors (FPRs) Modulator, in Experimental Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1207. [PMID: 37371936 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic joint pain, swelling, and movement impairment, resulting from prolonged inflammation-induced cartilage and bone degradation. The pathogenesis of RA, which is still unclear, makes diagnosis and treatment difficult and calls for new therapeutic strategies to cure the disease. Recent research has identified FPRs as a promising druggable target, with AMC3, a novel agonist, showing preclinical efficacy in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, AMC3 (1-30 µM) exhibited significant antioxidant effects in IL-1β (10 ng/mL)-treated chondrocytes for 24 h. AMC3 displayed a protective effect by downregulating the mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory and pro-algic genes (iNOS, COX-2, and VEGF-A), while upregulating genes essential for structural integrity (MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and COLIAI). In vivo, AMC3 (10 mg kg-1) prevented hypersensitivity and restored postural balance in CFA-injected rats after 14 days. AMC3 attenuated joint alterations, reduced joint inflammatory infiltrate, pannus formation, and cartilage erosion. Chronic AMC3 administration reduced transcriptional changes of genes causing excitotoxicity and pain (EAATs and CCL2) and prevented morphological changes in astrocytes, including cell body hypertrophy, processes length, and thickness, caused by CFA in the spinal cord. This study demonstrates the usefulness of AMC3 and establishes the groundwork for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ferrara
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Margiotta
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia Crocetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Vergelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Ling SA, Mao BP, Lu JQ, Li SH, Liao X, Liu HW. The activation of FPR3/PKA/Rap1/ERK1/2 and FPR3/p-IκB/NF-κB axis in fibroblasts promote capsular contracture after rhinoplasty. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:101999. [PMID: 36527787 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsular contracture may occur after rhinoplasty due to rejection of silicone implants by the immune system. Our previous high-throughput sequencing of RNA in nasal capsular contracture tissue revealed that FPR3 was significantly increased in grade IV capsular contracture tissue, compared with grade II. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the effect and specific mechanism of FPR3 on capsular formation and contracture following rhinoplasty. METHODS Using the GeneMANIA Database, the genes involved with FPR3 expression were searched, and the Gene Ontology analysis was performed to annotate the biological functions of the aforementioned genes. The mRNA and protein expressions of related genes in fibroblasts and capsular contracture tissues were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. CCK-8 was used to determine the viability of cells. The migration capacity of fibroblasts was assessed using a wound healing assay. ELISA was used to detect levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. RESULTS After rhinoplasty, the expression of FPR3 in the capsular tissue increased in proportion to the degree of contracture. By activating the PKA/Rap1/ERK1/2 axis, overexpression of FPR3 can significantly increase the cell viability of fibroblasts and promote their transformation into myofibroblasts. Moreover, FPR3 phosphorylates IκB to decrease NF-κB inhibition, thereby promoting the synthesis and release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. CONCLUSION FPR3 is a crucial molecule that causes capsular development and contracture following rhinoplasty. In the future, local suppression of FPR3 may be an effective treatment for relieving capsular contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-An Ling
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Bei-Ping Mao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Jin-Qiang Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
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Yang Y, Zhao J, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Han M, Liu H. WKYMVm Works by Targeting Immune Cells. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:45-55. [PMID: 36636250 PMCID: PMC9831254 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s390394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WKYMVm (Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met) is a synthetic hexapeptide identified as a potent agonist of FPRs. FPRs are widely expressed on the cell membrane of immune cells. Therefore, WKYMVm participates in the regulation of immune cells by activating FPRs, and plays a therapeutic role in infections, tumors, autoimmune diseases and so on. WKYMVm can promote the chemotactic migration, increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and monocytes. WKYMVm also regulates the number and polarization of macrophages, affects the maturation of DCs and the differentiation of T cells, and promotes the activation and chemotaxis of NK cells. These functions make WKYMVm a candidate drug for immunotherapy. In this paper, we summarize the regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of WKYMVm on six immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, DCs, T cells and NK cells) to increase comprehensive understanding and promote further research on WKYMVm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, 100000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunmeng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hui Liu; Mei Han, Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou Region, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Formyl peptide receptor 2 as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:19-31. [PMID: 35840658 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health burden whose existing treatment is largely dependent on anti-inflammatory agents. Despite showing some therapeutic actions, their clinical efficacy and adverse events are unacceptable. Resolution as an active and orchestrated phase of inflammation involves improper inflammatory response with three key triggers, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), neutrophils and phagocyte efferocytosis. The formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) is a human G protein-coupled receptor capable of binding SPMs and participates in the resolution process. This receptor has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases and its association with mouse model of IBD was established in some resolution-related studies. Here, we give an overview of three reported FPR2/ALX agonists highlighting their respective roles in pro-resolving strategies.
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Pyridazinones and Structurally Related Derivatives with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123749. [PMID: 35744876 PMCID: PMC9229294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation contributes to a number of diseases; therefore, control of the inflammatory response is an important therapeutic goal. In an effort to identify novel anti-inflammatory compounds, we screened a library of pyridazinones and structurally related derivatives that were used previously to identify N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) agonists. Screening of the compounds for their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity in human THP1-Blue monocytic cells identified 48 compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, 34 compounds were FPR agonists, whereas 14 inhibitors of LPS-induced NF-κB activity were not FPR agonists, indicating that they inhibited different signaling pathways. Further analysis of the most potent inhibitors showed that they also inhibited LPS-induced production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by human MonoMac-6 monocytic cells, again verifying their anti-inflammatory properties. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) classification models based on atom pair descriptors and physicochemical ADME parameters were developed to achieve better insight into the relationships between chemical structures of the compounds and their biological activities, and we found that there was little correlation between FPR agonist activity and inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activity. Indeed, Cmpd43, a well-known pyrazolone-based FPR agonist, as well as FPR1 and FPR2 peptide agonists had no effect on the LPS-induced NF-κB activity in THP1-Blue cells. Thus, some FPR agonists reported to have anti-inflammatory activity may actually mediate their effects through FPR-independent pathways, as it is suggested by our results with this series of compounds. This could explain how treatment with some agonists known to be inflammatory (i.e., FPR1 agonists) could result in anti-inflammatory effects. Further research is clearly needed to define the molecular targets of pyridazinones and structurally related compounds with anti-inflammatory activity and to define their relationships (if any) to FPR signaling events.
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Lin S, Liu C, Zhao X, Han X, Li X, Ye Y, Li Z. Recent Advances of Pyridinone in Medicinal Chemistry. Front Chem 2022; 10:869860. [PMID: 35402370 PMCID: PMC8984125 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.869860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridinones have been adopted as an important block in medicinal chemistry that could serve as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. With the help of feasible synthesis routes via established condensation reactions, the physicochemical properties of such a scaffold could be manipulated by adjustment of polarity, lipophilicity, and hydrogen bonding, and eventually lead to its wide application in fragment-based drug design, biomolecular mimetics, and kinase hinge-binding motifs. In addition, most pyridinone derivatives exhibit various biological activities ranging from antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant to cardiotonic effects. This review focuses on recent contributions of pyridinone cores to medicinal chemistry, and addresses the structural features and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of each drug-like molecule. These advancements contribute to an in-depth understanding of the potential of this biologically enriched scaffold and expedite the development of its new applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shibo Lin,
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuanhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqin Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheyu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Micheli L, Parisio C, Lucarini E, Carrino D, Ciampi C, Toti A, Ferrara V, Pacini A, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Restorative and pain-relieving effects of fibroin in preclinical models of tendinopathy. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 148:112693. [PMID: 35149388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The term tendinopathy indicates a wide spectrum of conditions characterized by alterations in tendon tissue homeostatic response and damage to the extracellular matrix. The current pharmacological approach involves the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids often with unsatisfactory results, making essential the identification of new treatments. In this study, the pro-regenerative and protective effects of an aqueous fibroin solution (0.5-500 μg/mL) against glucose oxidase (GOx)-induced damage in rat tenocytes were investigated. Then, fibroin anti-hyperalgesic and protective actions were evaluated in two models of tendinopathy induced in rats by collagenase or carrageenan injection, respectively. In vitro, 5-10 μg/mL fibroin per se increased cell viability and reverted the morphological alterations caused by GOx (0.1 U/mL). Fibroin 10 μg/mL evoked proliferative signaling upregulating the expression of decorin, scleraxin, tenomodulin (p < 0.001), FGF-2, and tenascin-C (p < 0.01) genes. Fibroin enhanced the basal FGF-2 and MMP-9 protein concentrations and prevented their GOx-mediated decrease. Furthermore, fibroin positively modulated the production of collagen type I. In vivo, the peri-tendinous injection of fibroin (5 mg) reduced the development of spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity (p < 0.01) induced by the intra-tendinous injection of collagenase; the efficacy was comparable to that of triamcinolone. The pain-relieving action of fibroin (peri-tendinous) was confirmed in the model of tendinopathy induced by carrageenan (intra-tendinous) where this fibrous protein was also able to improve tendon matrix organization, normalizing the orientation of collagen fibers. In conclusion, the use of fibroin in tendinopathies is suggested taking advantage of its excellent mechanical properties, pain-relieving effects, and ability to promote tissue regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Donatello Carrino
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Valentina Ferrara
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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Filina Y, Gabdoulkhakova A, Rizvanov A, Safronova V. MAP kinases in regulation of NOX activity stimulated through two types of formyl peptide receptors in murine bone marrow granulocytes. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110205. [PMID: 34826588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The functional activity of the phagocytes, as well as the development and resolution of the inflammation, is determined by formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) signaling. There is a growing data on the signaling pathways from two major types of formylpeptide receptors, FPR1 and FPR2, which could be activated by different sets of ligands to provide certain defense functions. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the membrane enzyme NADPH oxidase is the most important among them. One of the most studied and significant mechanism for the regulation of activity of NADPH oxidase is phosphorylation by a variety of kinases, including MAP kinases. The question arose whether the role of MAPKs differ in the activation of NADPH oxidase through FPR1 and FPR2. We have studied Fpr1- and Fpr2-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK kinases and their role in the activation of the respiratory burst in isolated mice bone marrow granulocytes. Data has shown distinct patterns of MAP kinase activity for Fpr1 and Fpr2: JNK was involved in both Fpr1 and Fpr2 mediated activation of ROS production, while p38 MAPK and ERK were involved in Fpr1 induced ROS generation only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Filina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Aida Gabdoulkhakova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan State Medical Academy, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
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Vartak T, Godson C, Brennan E. Therapeutic potential of pro-resolving mediators in diabetic kidney disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113965. [PMID: 34508793 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal microvascular disease associated with diabetes [Diabetic kidney disease - DKD] is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. In DKD, glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, endothelial dysfunction, podocyte cell loss and renal tubule injury contribute to progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Chronic inflammation is recognized as a major pathogenic mechanism for DKD, with resident and circulating immune cells interacting with local kidney cell populations to provoke an inflammatory response. The onset of inflammation is driven by the release of well described proinflammatory mediators, and this is typically followed by a resolution phase. Inflammation resolution is achieved through the bioactions of endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). As our understanding of SPMs advances 'resolution pharmacology' based approaches using these molecules are being explored in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Vartak
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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11
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Pyridinone Derivatives as Interesting Formyl Peptide Receptor (FPR) Agonists for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216583. [PMID: 34770992 PMCID: PMC8587000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation, cartilage damage and bone destruction. Although the pharmacological treatment of RA has evolved over the last few years, the new drugs have serious side effects and are very expensive. Thus, the research has been directed in recent years towards new possible targets. Among these targets, N-formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are of particular interest. Recently, the mixed FPR1/FPR2 agonist Cpd43, the FPR2 agonist AT-01-KG, and the pyridine derivative AMC3 have been shown to be effective in RA animal models. As an extension of this research, we report here a new series of pyridinone derivatives containing the (substituted)phenyl acetamide chain, which was found to be essential for activity, but with different substitutions at position 5 of the scaffold. The biological results were also supported by molecular modeling studies and additional pharmacological tests on AMC3 have been performed in a rat model of RA, by repeating the treatments of the animals with 10 mg/kg/day of compound by 1 week.
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12
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Vergelli C, Khlebnikov AI, Crocetti L, Guerrini G, Cantini N, Kirpotina LN, Schepetkin IA, Cilibrizzi A, Quinn MT, Rossi P, Paoli P, Giovannoni MP. Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular modeling, and structural analysis of new pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives as N-formyl peptide receptors agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:582-603. [PMID: 34148303 PMCID: PMC8446315 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N‐formyl peptide receptors (FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3) play key roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes, and recently, it was demonstrated that FPR1 and FPR2 have a dual role in the progression/suppression of some cancers. Therefore, FPRs represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of both cancer and inflammatory diseases. Previously, we identified selective or mixed FPR agonists with pyridazinone or pyridinone scaffolds showing a common 4‐(bromophenyl)acetamide fragment, which was essential for activity. We report here new pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives as restricted analogues of the above 6‐membered compounds, all exhibiting the same 4‐bromophenylacetamide side chain. Most new products had low or absent FPR agonist activity, suggesting that the pyrazole nucleus was not appropriate for FPR agonists. This hypothesis was confirmed by molecular modeling studies, which highlighted that the five‐membered scaffold was responsible for a worse arrangement of the molecules in the receptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vergelli
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Crocetti
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guerrini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Niccolò Cantini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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13
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Mormile I, Rossi FW, Prevete N, Granata F, Pucino V, de Paulis A. The N-Formyl Peptide Receptors and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Dangerous Liaison or Confusing Relationship? Front Immunol 2021; 12:685214. [PMID: 34220836 PMCID: PMC8253054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a progressive symmetric inflammation of the joints resulting in bone erosion and cartilage destruction with a progressive loss of function and joint deformity. An increased number of findings support the role of innate immunity in RA: many innate immune mechanisms are responsible for producing several cytokines and chemokines involved in RA pathogenesis, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in modulating the activity of the innate arm of the immune response. We focused our attention over the years on the expression and functions of a specific class of PRR, namely formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which exert a key function in both sustaining and resolving the inflammatory response, depending on the context and/or the agonist. We performed a broad review of the data available in the literature on the role of FPRs and their ligands in RA. Furthermore, we queried a publicly available database collecting data from 90 RA patients with different clinic features to evaluate the possible association between FPRs and clinic-pathologic parameters of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Maciuszek M, Ortega-Gomez A, Maas SL, Perretti M, Merritt A, Soehnlein O, Chapman TM. Synthesis and evaluation of novel cyclopentane urea FPR2 agonists and their potential application in the treatment of cardiovascular inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113194. [PMID: 33548634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of natural specialized pro-resolving mediators and their corresponding receptors, such as formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), indicated that resolution of inflammation (RoI) is an active process which could be harnessed for innovative approaches to tame pathologies with underlying chronic inflammation. In this work, homology modelling, molecular docking and pharmacophore studies were deployed to assist the rationalization of the structure-activity relationships of known FPR2 agonists. The developed pharmacophore hypothesis was then used in parallel with the homology model for the design of novel ligand structures and in virtual screening. In the first round of optimization compound 8, with a cyclopentane core, was chosen as the most promising agonist (β-arrestin recruitment EC50 = 20 nM and calcium mobilization EC50 = 740 nM). In a human neutrophil static adhesion assay, compound 8 decreased the number of adherent neutrophils in a concentration dependent manner. Further investigation led to the more rigid cycloleucines (compound 22 and 24) with improved ADME profiles and maintaining FPR2 activity. Overall, we identified novel cyclopentane urea FPR2 agonists with promising ADMET profiles and the ability to suppress the inflammatory process by inhibiting the neutrophil adhesion cascade, which indicates their anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Maciuszek
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK; The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gomez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanne L Maas
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy M Chapman
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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15
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Recent advances in the design and development of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) agonists as pro-resolving agents with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113167. [PMID: 33486199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions the initiation, duration and amplitude of inflammatory responses are tightly regulated to ensure the restoration of homeostasis. The resolution of inflammation in these circumstances is dictated by responses to endogenously generated mediators. Mimicry of such mediators underpins the principle of promoting the resolution of inflammation in treating inflammatory pathologies. The formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) is a G-protein coupled receptor known to play a crucial role in maintaining host defence and orchestrating the inflammatory process. FPR2/ALX can be activated by a wide range of distinct agonists, including lipids, proteins, peptides, and an array of synthetic small molecule agonists. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress made in the development of FPR2/ALX agonists which promote resolution and tissue regeneration.
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16
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Li C, Zheng Z. Identification of Novel Targets of Knee Osteoarthritis Shared by Cartilage and Synovial Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176033. [PMID: 32842604 PMCID: PMC7504179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is the leading cause of disability among adults, while osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis that results in cartilage loss. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the protective hyaline cartilage should not be the sole focus of OA treatment. Particularly, synovium also plays essential roles in OA’s initiation and progression and warrants serious consideration when battling against OA. Thus, biomarkers with similar OA-responsive expressions in cartilage and synovium should be the potential targets for OA treatment. On the other hand, molecules with a distinguished response during OA in cartilage and synovium should be ruled out as OA therapeutic(s) to avoid controversial effects in different tissues. Here, to pave the path for developing a new generation of OA therapeutics, two published transcriptome datasets of knee articular cartilage and synovium were analyzed in-depth. Genes with statistically significantly different expression in OA and healthy cartilage were compared with those in the synovium. Thirty-five genes with similar OA-responsive expression in both tissues were identified while recognizing three genes with opposite OA-responsive alteration trends in cartilage and synovium. These genes were clustered based on the currently available knowledge, and the potential impacts of these clusters in OA were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(310)-206-5646
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