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Chang JS, Chen CY, Tikhomirov AS, Islam A, Liang RH, Weng CW, Wu WH, Shchekotikhin AE, Chueh PJ. Bis(chloroacetamidino)-Derived Heteroarene-Fused Anthraquinones Bind to and Cause Proteasomal Degradation of tNOX, Leading to c-Flip Downregulation and Apoptosis in Oral Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194719. [PMID: 36230644 PMCID: PMC9562014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New-generation anthraquinone derivatives attached with different heterocycles and bearing chloroacetamidines in the side chains have been synthesized to reduce side effects and drug resistance. In this study, we identified the cellular target of the studied compounds through ligand binding assays and in silico simulations. Our results illustrate that the studied compounds bound to and targeted the tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) in oral cancer cells. tNOX is a growth-related protein and is found to be expressed in cancer cells but not in non-transformed cells, and its knockdown by RNA interference in tumor cells overturns cancer phenotypes, supporting its role in cellular growth. We also identified that tNOX bound to the studied compounds and underwent degradation, which was correlated with apoptosis induction in oral cancer cells. Abstract Anthraquinone-based intercalating compounds, namely doxorubicin and mitoxantrone, have been used clinically based on their capacity to bind DNA and induce DNA damage. However, their applications have been limited by side effects and drug resistance. New-generation anthraquinone derivatives fused with different heterocycles have been chemically synthesized and screened for higher anticancer potency. Among the compounds reported in our previous study, 4,11-bis(2-(2-chloroacetamidine)ethylamino)anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione dihydrochloride (designated 2c) was found to be apoptotic, but the direct cellular target responsible for the cytotoxicity remained unknown. Here, we report the synthesis and anticancer properties of two other derivatives, 4,11-bis(2-(2-chloroacetamidine)ethylamino)naphtho[2,3-f]indole-5,10-dione dihydrochloride (2a) and 4,11-bis(2-(2-chloroacetamidine)ethylamino)-2-methylanthra[2,3-b]furan-5,10-dione dihydrochloride (2b). We sought to identify and validate the protein target(s) of these derivatives in oral cancer cells, using molecular docking simulations and cellular thermal shift assays (CETSA). Our CETSA results illustrate that these derivatives targeted the tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX, ENOX2), and their direct binding downregulated tNOX in p53-functional SAS and p53-mutated HSC-3 cells. Interestingly, the compounds targeted and downregulated tNOX to reduce SIRT1 deacetylase activity and increase Ku70 acetylation, which triggers c-Flip ubiquitination and induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells. Together, our data highlight the potential value of these heteroarene-fused anthraquinones in managing cancer by targeting tNOX and augmenting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng Shiun Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 41265, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | | | - Atikul Islam
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Hao Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hou Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Andrey E. Shchekotikhin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.E.S.); (P.J.C.); Tel.: +7-499-246-0228 (A.E.S.); +886-4-22840896 (P.J.C.)
| | - Pin Ju Chueh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.E.S.); (P.J.C.); Tel.: +7-499-246-0228 (A.E.S.); +886-4-22840896 (P.J.C.)
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Lu B, Wang L, Ran X, Tang H, Cao D. Recent Advances in Fluorescent Methods for Polyamine Detection and the Polyamine Suppressing Strategy in Tumor Treatment. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080633. [PMID: 36005029 PMCID: PMC9405807 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic aliphatic polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) are responsible for numerous cell functions, including cell proliferation, the stabilization of nucleic acid conformations, cell division, homeostasis, gene expression, and protein synthesis in living organisms. The change of polyamine concentrations in the urine or blood is usually related to the presence of malignant tumors and is regarded as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, the detection of polyamine levels in physiological fluids can provide valuable information in terms of cancer diagnosis and in monitoring therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in fluorescent methods for polyamine detection (supramolecular fluorescent sensing systems, fluorescent probes based on the chromophore reaction, fluorescent small molecules, and fluorescent nanoparticles). In addition, tumor polyamine-suppressing strategies (such as polyamine conjugate, polyamine analogs, combinations that target multiple components, spermine-responsive supramolecular chemotherapy, a combination of polyamine consumption and photodynamic therapy, etc.) are highlighted. We hope that this review promotes the development of more efficient polyamine detection methods and provides a comprehensive understanding of polyamine-based tumor suppressor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xueguang Ran
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Derong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Wang X, Cheng Y, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Wang W. Structures and electron affinity energies of polycyclic quinones. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10107. [PMID: 35991986 PMCID: PMC9389180 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, quinoid structures, semiquinone radical structures, and electron affinity energies (EAEs) of many polycyclic quinones containing heteroatoms (O, B, and F) or heterocycles (pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrazine) were calculated. Quinones with unstable quinoid structures and stable semiquinone radical structures had high EAEs. The main factors of quinoid structural instability were spatial repulsion and antiaromaticity, and the stability factors of the semiquinone radical structure comprised inductive effects, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and orbital interactions. Compound 11 had both the antiaromaticity of the quinoid structure and the orbital interactions of the semiquinone radical structure, thus having the highest EAE. The crystal structure of compound 8 was obtained, and it confirmed the reliability of the calculated results of this work. The relationship between electron affinity energy and many factors is revealed. The close relationship between the electronic structure and the spatial structure is revealed. Various interactions such as orbital, electrostatic, and spatial repulsion are exhibited.
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Interceptor potential of C 60 fullerene aqueous solution: a comparative analysis using the example of the antitumor antibiotic mitoxantrone. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:297-307. [PMID: 35307756 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of intermolecular interactions in aqueous solution between the antitumor antibiotic mitoxantrone and C60 fullerene in comparison with interactions between the antibiotic and well-known aromatic molecules such as caffeine and flavin mononucleotide, commonly referred to as interceptor molecules. For these purposes, we obtained equilibrium hetero-association constants of these interactions using a UV/Vis titration experiment. Special attention was paid to the interaction of C60 fullerene with mitoxantrone, which has been quantified for the first time. Based on the theory of interceptor-protector action and using a set of measured equilibrium constants we managed to estimate the relative biological effect of these mixtures in a model living system, taking human buccal epithelium cells as an example. We demonstrated that C60 fullerene is able to restore the functional activity of the buccal epithelium cell nucleus after exposure to mitoxantrone, which makes it possible to use C60 fullerene as regulator of medico-biological activity of the antibiotic.
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Li ZY, Xu GS, Song YL, Li X. Structural optimizations and bioevaluation of N-substituted acridone derivatives as strong topoisomerase II inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105543. [PMID: 34929515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, an array of N-substituted acridone derivatives have been reported as potent topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors, and preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) outcomes revealed that the linker between 1-NH and N-methyl piperazine motif of the tricyclic acridone scaffold significantly affected their anti-proliferative potencies. To further explore the SARs of acridone-derived topo II inhibitors, a wider range of novel acridone derivatives were herein synthesized via two rounds of structural optimizations on two validated hits, E17 and E24. Initially, the linker length was optimized, and then influences of N-methyl piperazinyl moiety and disposition of three N atoms on the bioactivity were investigated. As a result, a newly developed topo II inhibitor 6 h was found to be more potent than E17 and E24, thereby serving as a tool compound for the follow-up mechanistic study. Compound 6 h functioned as a strong topo IIα/β inhibitor, caused obvious DNA damage, and induced apoptosis by triggering the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Further molecular docking and MD study illustrated the favorable interactions of 6 h with both topo IIα and topo IIβ subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Guang-Sen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yu-Liang Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xun Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China.
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Li ZY, Xu GS, Li X. A Unique Topoisomerase II Inhibitor with Dose-Affected Anticancer Mechanisms and Less Cardiotoxicity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113138. [PMID: 34831359 PMCID: PMC8621772 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II DNA topoisomerase (topo II) is an essential nuclear enzyme and a well-validated anticancer drug target. Previously, we have carried out several rounds of structural optimizations on our in-house topo II inhibitor E17, which was shown to have superior anticancer activity and less risk of multidrug resistance (MDR). Among the newly developed acridone derivatives, 6h displayed significant anticancer efficacy with unique mechanisms of action. At low concentrations, it arrested cancer cell cycles and triggered cell apoptosis, which is similar to the action of the well-known topo II inhibitor VP16. By contrast, 6h showed significant and long-term anti-proliferative activity at relatively high concentrations, with negligible influence on apoptosis. In addition, 6h exhibited no serious cardiotoxicity compared to doxorubicin (DOXO), a widely used topo II-targeting antineoplastic drug in clinic, but with damaging myocardial side effects. Collectively, our present work has supported the therapeutic value of 6h as a promising chemotherapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (G.-S.X.)
| | - Guang-Sen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (G.-S.X.)
| | - Xun Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China
- Correspondence:
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Yang Z, Zhao L, Wang X, He Z, Wang Y. Ratiometric Delivery of Mitoxantrone and Berberine Co-encapsulated Liposomes to Improve Antitumor Efficiency and Decrease Cardiac Toxicity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:46. [PMID: 33442785 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is one of the most common clinical practices in the treatment of malignancies. Synergistic effects, however, are produced only when optimal ratios of combined drugs were delivered to tumor cells. Thus, carriers co-encapsulating of multiple drugs are widely utilized for coordinated delivery. Herein, co-encapsulated pegylated liposomal formulation of mitoxantrone (MIT) and berberine (BER) at an optimal ratio has been developed (MBL) with high encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading in order to achieve the purpose of ratiometric loading and delivery. MBL can not only extend blood circulation but also enhance tumor accumulation for both MIT and BER. More importantly, MBL can maintain the originally desired drug ratio in tumors within 48 h of intravenous injection for synergistic therapy. Compared with the liposomal formulation of MIT-treated group (ML), the progression of tumor growth was inhibited significantly in murine 4T1 breast tumor model after the treatment of MBL, as well as a lower cardiac toxicity. In addition, MBL evidently prolonged the survival of mice with L1210 ascitic tumor model. In summary, such a strategy of co-encapsulated liposomes could improve the clinical applications against multiple cancers.
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Chen JN, Wu XK, Lu CH, Li X. Structure-activity relationship of novel acridone derivatives as antiproliferative agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 29:115868. [PMID: 33191085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors, our recently identified acridone derivative E17 exerted strong cytotoxic activity by inhibiting topo II without causing topo II degradation and DNA damage, which promoted us to explore more analogues of E17 by expanding its chemical diversification and enrich the structure-activity relationship (SAR) outcomes of acridone-oriented chemotypes. To achieve this goal, 42 novel acridone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative efficacies. SAR investigations revealed that orientation and spatial topology of R3 substituents make greater contributions to the bioactivity, exemplified by compounds E24, E25 and E27, which has provided valuable information for guiding further development of acridone derivatives as promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xing-Kang Wu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250002, PR China
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