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Fluoroquinolones Hybrid Molecules as Promising Antibacterial Agents in the Fight against Antibacterial Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081749. [PMID: 36015376 PMCID: PMC9414178 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance has motivated researchers to discover new antibacterial agents. Nowadays, fluoroquinolones keep their status as one of the essential classes of antibacterial agents. The new generations of fluoroquinolones are valuable therapeutic tools with a spectrum of activity, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. This review article surveys the design of fluoroquinolone hybrids with other antibacterial agents or active compounds and underlines the new hybrids' antibacterial properties. Antibiotic fluoroquinolone hybrids have several advantages over combined antibiotic therapy. Thus, some challenges related to joining two different molecules are under study. Structurally, the obtained hybrids may contain a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, an essential element for their pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action. The design of hybrids seems to provide promising antibacterial agents helpful in the fight against more virulent and resistant strains. These hybrid structures have proven superior antibacterial activity and less susceptibility to bacterial resistance than the component molecules. In addition, fluoroquinolone hybrids have demonstrated other biological effects such as anti-HIV, antifungal, antiplasmodic/antimalarial, and antitumor activity. Many fluoroquinolone hybrids are in various phases of clinical trials, raising hopes that new antibacterial agents will be approved shortly.
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Mohammed HH, Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Abbas SH, Abdelhafez ESM. Current Trends and Future Directions of Fluoroquinolones. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3132-3149. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180214122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones represent an interesting synthetic class of antimicrobial agents with broad spectrum and potent activity. Since the discovery of nalidixic acid, the prototype of quinolones, several structural modifications to the quinolone nucleus have been carried out for improvement of potency, spectrum of activity, and to understand their structure activity relationship (SAR). The C-7 substituent was reported to have a major impact on the activity. Accordingly, Substitution at C-7 or its N-4-piperazinyl moiety was found to affect potency, bioavailability, and physicochemical properties. Also, it can increase the affinity towards mammalian topoisomerases that may shift quinolones from antibacterial to anticancer candidates. Moreover, the presence of DNA topoisomerases in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells makes them excellent targets for chemotherapeutic intervention in antibacterial and anticancer therapies. Based on this concept, several fluoroquionolones derivatives have been synthesized and biologically evaluated as antibacterial, antituberculosis, antiproliferative, antiviral and antifungal agents. This review is an attempt to focus on the therapeutic prospects of fluoroquinolones with an updated account on their atypical applications such as antitubercular and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada H.H. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | | | - Samar H. Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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Mohammed HH, Abdelhafez ESM, Abbas SH, Moustafa GA, Hauk G, Berger JM, Mitarai S, Arai M, Abd El-Baky RM, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of new N-4-piperazinyl ciprofloxacin-triazole hybrids with potential antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Design, synthesis and molecular modeling studies on novel moxifloxacin derivatives as potential antibacterial and antituberculosis agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Krishnasamy SK, Namasivayam V, Mathew S, Eakambaram RS, Ibrahim IA, Natarajan A, Palaniappan S. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Some Hybridized Pyrazolone Pharmacophore Analogs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 349:383-97. [PMID: 27135906 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven hybridized pyrazolone analogs were designed, docked, synthesized in two series and evaluated for their in vitro antimycobacterial properties. In the first series, four Schiff base derivatives, 6b, 7b, 7h, and 7i, show good antitubercular activity with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values in the range of 32.56-42.55 µM. In the second series, two compounds, 8b and 8c, possessed significant antitubercular activity with MIC <0.37 and <0.44 μM, respectively; they were even more potent than the standards pyrazinamide (12.99 μM), ciprofloxacin (4.82 μM), and streptomycin (5.36 μM), with a selectivity index of >630. Compounds 8b and 8c showed shikimate kinase inhibition activity at 5.84 and 6.93 µM, respectively. The activity and docking results lead to the conclusion that the compounds without double bond in the imine side chain and hydrophobic clashes at the pyrazolone end are necessary for good accommodation in the binding pocket and for imparting flexibility. All the compounds were also tested for antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and antifungal) and show highly significant activities against all the microorganisms tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sincy Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kovai Estate, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ragavendran S Eakambaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kovai Estate, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ibrahim A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kovai Estate, Coimbatore, India
| | - Adhirajan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kovai Estate, Coimbatore, India
| | - Senthilkumar Palaniappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kovai Estate, Coimbatore, India
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Hricovíni M, Dvoranová D, Barbieriková Z, Jantová S, Bella M, Šoral M, Brezová V. 6-Nitroquinolones in dimethylsulfoxide: Spectroscopic characterization and photoactivation of molecular oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Akhtar R, Yousaf M, Naqvi SAR, Irfan M, Zahoor AF, Hussain AI, Chatha SAS. Synthesis of ciprofloxacin-based compounds: A review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1234622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Akhtar
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Design, synthesis and biological activity evaluation of novel pefloxacin derivatives as potential antibacterial agents. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Abhale YK, Sasane AV, Chavan AP, Deshmukh KK, Kotapalli SS, Ummanni R, Sayyad SF, Mhaske PC. Synthesis and biological screening of 2'-aryl/benzyl-2-aryl-4-methyl-4',5-bithiazolyls as possible anti-tubercular and antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 94:340-7. [PMID: 25778990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2'-aryl/benzyl-2-aryl-4-methyl-4',5-bithiazolyl derivatives, 25-64 were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC(2) 155 strain and antimicrobial activities against four pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. Among them, compounds 40, 49, 50, and 54 exhibited moderate to good inhibition on the growth of the bacteria Mycobacterium smegmatis at the concentration of 30 μM. Compounds 26, 40, 44, 54 and 56 exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activity. Compound 5-(2'-(4-fluorobenzyl)thiazol-4'-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-thiazole (54) exhibited both antitubercular as well as antimicrobial activity against all tested strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita K Abhale
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce and B. N. S. Science College, College Road, District Ahmednagar, Sangamner 422 605, India
| | - Amit V Sasane
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College, Tilak Road, 411 030 Pune, India
| | - Abhijit P Chavan
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College, Tilak Road, 411 030 Pune, India
| | - Keshav K Deshmukh
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce and B. N. S. Science College, College Road, District Ahmednagar, Sangamner 422 605, India
| | - Sudha Sravanti Kotapalli
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ramesh Ummanni
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sadikali F Sayyad
- Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Amrutnagar, P. O. Sangamner (S.K.), Tal. Dist. Ahmednagar, 422 608 Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravin C Mhaske
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College, Tilak Road, 411 030 Pune, India.
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Design, synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted pyrrolyl-N-acetic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Singh S, Kaur G, Mangla V, Gupta MK. Quinoline and quinolones: promising scaffolds for future antimycobacterial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:492-504. [PMID: 25032745 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.930454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major health concern worldwide. The increasing incidences of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) necessitate the development of new anti-TB drugs acting via novel mode of action. The search of newer drugs for TB led to the identification of several quinoline-based antimycobacterial agents against both the drug-sensitive and MDR-TB. These agents have been designed by substituting quinoline scaffold with diverse chemical functionalities as well as by modifying quinoline/quinolone-based antibacterial drugs. Several of quinoline/quinolone derivatives displayed excellent antimycobacterial activity and were found free of cytotoxicity. This review highlights the critical aspects of design and structure-activity relationship of quinoline- and quinolone-based antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Molecular Modeling and Pharmacoinformatics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga, Punjab , India
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12
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Staško A, Milata V, Barbieriková Z, Brezová V. Oxidation of quinolones with peracids (an in situ EPR study). MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:22-26. [PMID: 24194257 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
4-Oxoquinoline derivatives (quinolones) represent heterocyclic compounds with a variety of biological activities, along with interesting chemical reactivity. The quinolone derivatives possessing secondary amino hydrogen at the nitrogen of the enaminone system are oxidized with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid to nitroxide radicals in the primary step while maintaining their 4-pyridone ring. Otherwise, N-methyl substituted quinolones also form nitroxide radicals coupled with the opening of the 4-pyridone ring in a gradual oxidation of the methyl group via the nitrone-nitroxide spin-adduct cycle. This was confirmed in an analogous oxidation using N,N-dimethylaniline as a model compound. N-Ethyl quinolones in contrast to its N-methyl analog form only one nitroxide radical without a further degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Staško
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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13
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Rachakonda V, Alla M, Kotipalli SS, Ummani R. Design, diversity-oriented synthesis and structure activity relationship studies of quinolinyl heterocycles as antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:536-47. [PMID: 24189497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study reports design and diversity oriented synthesis of novel bis heterocycles with a common 2-methyl, C-4 unsubstituted quinoline moiety as the central key heterocycle. Employing reagent based skeletal diversity approach; a facile synthesis of bis heterocycles with different heterocyclic rings at C-3 position of the quinoline moiety has been accomplished. A broad range of heterocyclic frameworks thus obtained were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activity. The active scaffolds were further explored by a parallel library generation in order to establish SAR. Further, low cytotoxicity against A549 cell line enhances the potential of the synthesized molecules as promising antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesham Rachakonda
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India
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14
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Spectroscopic characterization and photoinduced processes of 4-oxoquinoline derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Recent advances in the design and synthesis of heterocycles as anti-tubercular agents. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1469-500. [PMID: 21426140 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, effective tuberculosis (TB) treatment is difficult, making many antibiotics ineffective and hindering the entry of drugs. With approximately 33% of infection, TB is still the second most deadly infectious disease worldwide. The reasons for this are drug-resistant TB (multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant), persistent infection (latent TB) and synergism of TB with HIV; furthermore no new chemical entity has emerged in last 40 years. New data available from the recently sequenced genome of the mycobacterium and the application of methods of modern drug design promise much for the fight against this disease. In this review, we present an introduction to TB, followed by an overview of new heterocyclic anti-tubercular moieties published during the last decade.
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Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel substituted aryl and thiophenyl tethered dihydro-6H-quinolin-5-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1214-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Jantová S, Koňariková K, Letašiová S, Paulovičová E, Milata V, Brezová V. Photochemical and phototoxic properties of ethyl 1,4-dihydro-8-nitro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylate, a new quinoline derivative. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 102:77-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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