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Toxic Injury to Muscle Tissue of Rats Following Acute Oximes Exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1457. [PMID: 30728420 PMCID: PMC6365527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic application of newly developed oximes is limited due to their adverse effects on different tissues. Within this article, it has been investigated which morphological changes could be observed in Wistar rats after the treatment with increasing doses of selected acetyl cholinesterase reactivators - asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, and K075. Subsequently, heart, diaphragm and musculus popliteus were obtained for pathohistological and semiquantitative analysis 24 hrs and 7 days after im administration of a single dose of 0.1 LD50, 0.5 LD50, and 1.0 LD50 of each oxime. Different muscle damage score was based on an estimation scale from 0 (no damage) to 5 (strong damage). In rats treated with 0.1 LD50 of each oxime, muscle fibres did not show any change. The intensive degeneration was found in all muscles after treatment with 0.5 LD50 of asoxime and obidoxime, respectively. Acute toxic muscle injury was developed within 7 days following treatment with 0.5 LD50 and 1.0 LD50 of each oxime, with the highest values in K048 and K075 group (P < 0.001 vs. control and asoxime), respectively. The early muscle alterations observed in our study seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of the oxime-induced toxic muscle injury, which probably manifests as necrosis and/or inflammation.
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Kristofikova Z, Ricny J, Soukup O, Korabecny J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ripova D. Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase Derived from 7-Methoxytacrine and Their Effects on the Choline Transporter CHT1. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 43:45-58. [PMID: 27988521 DOI: 10.1159/000453256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in Alzheimer disease therapy. However, tacrine and its derivatives have severe side effects. Derivatives of the tacrine analogue 7-methoxytacrine (MEOTA) are less toxic. METHODS We evaluated new derivatives of 7-MEOTA (2 homodimers linked by 2 C4-C5 chains and 5 N-alkylated C4-C8 side chain derivatives) in vitro, using the rat hippocampal choline transporter CHT1. RESULTS Some derivatives were effective inhibitors of rat acetylcholinesterase and comparable with 7-MEOTA. All derivatives were able to inhibit CHT1, probably via quaternary ammonium, and this interaction could be involved in the enhancement of their detrimental side effects and/or in the attenuation of their promising effects. Under conditions of disrupted lipid rafts, the unfavorable effects of some derivatives were weakened. Only tacrine was probably able to stereospecifically interact with the naturally occurring amyloid-β isoform and to simultaneously stimulate CHT1. Some derivatives, when coincubated with amyloid β, did not influence CHT1. All derivatives also increased the fluidity of the cortical membranes. CONCLUSION The N-alkylated derivative of 7-MEOTA bearing from C4 side chains appears to be the most promising compound and should be evaluated in future in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Kristofikova
- Alzheimer Disease Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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Janockova J, Zilecka E, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Soukup O, Kuca K, Kozurkova M. Assessment of DNA-binding affinity of cholinesterase reactivators and electrophoretic determination of their effect on topoisomerase I and II activity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2910-20. [PMID: 27412811 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00332j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the biochemical properties and biological activity of a series of cholinesterase reactivators (symmetrical bisquaternary xylene-linked compounds, K106-K114) with ctDNA. The interaction of the studied derivatives with ctDNA was investigated using UV-Vis, fluorescence, CD and LD spectrometry, and electrophoretic and viscometric methods. The binding constants K were estimated to be in the range 1.05 × 10(5)-5.14 × 10(6) M(-1) and the percentage of hypochromism was found to be 10.64-19.28% (from UV-Vis titration). The used methods indicate that the studied samples are groove binders. Electrophoretic methods proved that the studied compounds clearly influence calf thymus Topo I (at 5 μM concentration, except for compounds K107, K111 and K114 which were effective at higher concentrations) and human Topo II (K110 partially inhibited Topo II effects even at 5 μM concentration) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Janockova
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic. and Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - E Zilecka
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - V Brabec
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - O Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozurkova
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic. and Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Giacoppo JOS, C C França T, Kuča K, da Cunha EFF, Abagyan R, Mancini DT, Ramalho TC. Molecular modeling and in vitro reactivation study between the oxime BI-6 and acetylcholinesterase inhibited by different nerve agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:2048-58. [PMID: 25407587 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.989408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphates acting as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and, consequently, the termination of the transmission of nerve impulses. The inhibition of AChE by an organophosphate can be reversed by a nucleophilic agent able to dephosphorylate a serine residue in the active site of AChE. In this sense, the oximes are compounds capable of removing the nerve agent and reactivate the enzyme. Here, we have applied a methodology involving theoretical docking and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics, using the softwares Molegro(®) and Spartan(®), to evaluate the kinetic constants of reactivation and the interactions of the oxime BI-6 with AChE inhibited by different organophosphorus compounds in comparison to in vitro data. Results confirm that this method is suitable for the prediction of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of oximes, which may be useful in the design and selection of new and more effective oximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O S Giacoppo
- a Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department , Federal University of Lavras , Lavras , MG , Brazil
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Soukup O, Jun D, Tobin G, Kuca K. The summary on non-reactivation cholinergic properties of oxime reactivators: the interaction with muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Arch Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23179755 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus inhibitors (OP) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) represent a group of highly toxic compounds. The treatment of OP intoxication is, however, insufficiently ensured. Currently, two main categories of drugs-anticholinergics and oxime reactivators- are employed as antidotes. Oximes have been reported to act at several levels of the cholinergic transmission, and among the non-reactivation effects, the interaction with cholinergic receptors stands out. This review addresses issues correlated with non-reactivating effects of oxime reactivators with a special focus on the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, but involvement of other cholinergic structures such as AChE and choline uptake carriers are discussed too. It can be concluded that the oxime reactivators show a variation in their antagonistic effect on the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which is likely to be of significance in the treatment of OP poisoning. In vitro data reported oximes to exert higher efficacy on the muscarinic M2 subtype than on the AChE. However, this effect seemed to be subtype specific since the antagonistic M3 effect was lower. Also, and importantly, the antimuscarinic effect was larger than that on nicotinic receptors. Even though atropine showed a much higher muscarinic antagonism, it is supposed that non-reactivation properties of oxime reactivators play a significant role in the treatment of OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Soukup O, Kristofikova Z, Jun D, Tambor V, Ripova D, Kuca K. The interaction of standard oxime reactivators with hemicholinium-3 sensitive choline carriers. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:315-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Šepsová V, Žďárová Karasová J, Zemek F, Bennion BJ, Kuča K. OXIMES AS INHIBITORS OF ACETYLHOLINESTERASE - A STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (SAR) STUDY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2011.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Soukup O, Kumar UK, Proska J, Bratova L, Adem A, Jun D, Fusek J, Kuca K, Tobin G. The effect of oxime reactivators on muscarinic receptors: functional and binding examinations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:364-370. [PMID: 21787706 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The antidotal treatment of organophosphorus poisoning is still a problematic issue since no versatile antidote has been developed yet. In our study, we focused on an interesting property, which does not relate to the reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of some oximes, but refers to their anti-muscarinic effects which may contribute considerably to their treatment efficacy. One standard reactivator (HI-6) and two new compounds (K027 and K203) have been investigated for their antimuscarinic properties. Anti-muscarinic effects were studies by means of an in vitro stimulated atrium preparation (functional test), the [(3)H]-QNB binding assay and G-protein coupled receptor assay (GPCR, beta-Arrestin Assay). Based on the functional data HI-6 demonstrates the highest anti-muscarinic effect. However, only when comparing [(3)H]-QNB binding results and GPCR data, K203 shows a very promising compound with regard to anti-muscarinic potency. The therapeutic impact of these findings has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Soukup
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic.
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Fišar Z, Hroudová J, Korábečný J, Musílek K, Kuča K. In vitro effects of acetylcholinesterase reactivators on monoamine oxidase activity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 201:176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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