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Alrushaid N, Khan FA, Al-Suhaimi E, Elaissari A. Progress and Perspectives in Colon Cancer Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatments. Diseases 2023; 11:148. [PMID: 37987259 PMCID: PMC10660546 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, colon cancer is the third most frequent malignancy and the second most common cause of death. Although it can strike anybody at any age, colon cancer mostly affects the elderly. Small, non-cancerous cell clusters inside the colon, commonly known as polyps, are typically where colon cancer growth starts. But over time, if left untreated, these benign polyps may develop into malignant tissues and develop into colon cancer. For the diagnosis of colon cancer, with routine inspection of the colon region for polyps, several techniques, including colonoscopy and cancer scanning, are used. In the case identifying the polyps in the colon area, efforts are being taken to surgically remove the polyps as quickly as possible before they become malignant. If the polyps become malignant, then colon cancer treatment strategies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, are applied to the patients. Despite the recent improvements in diagnosis and prognosis, the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a challenging task. The objective of this review was to discuss how CRC is initiated, and its various developmental stages, pathophysiology, and risk factors, and also to explore the current state of colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as recent advancements in the field, such as new screening methods and targeted therapies. We examined the limitations of current methods and discussed the ongoing need for research and development in this area. While this topic may be serious and complex, we hope to engage and inform our audience on this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Alrushaid
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69100 Villeurbanne, France;
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ebtesam Al-Suhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Institute of Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69100 Villeurbanne, France;
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Cáceres B, Ramirez A, Carrillo E, Jimenez G, Griñán-Lisón C, López-Ruiz E, Jiménez-Martínez Y, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Deciphering the Mechanism of Action Involved in Enhanced Suicide Gene Colon Cancer Cell Killer Effect Mediated by Gef and Apoptin. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020264. [PMID: 30813432 PMCID: PMC6406936 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great advances in cancer treatment, colorectal cancer has emerged as the second highest cause of death from cancer worldwide. For this type of tumor, the use of suicide gene therapy could represent a novel therapy. We recently demonstrated that co-expression of gef and apoptin dramatically inhibits proliferation of the DLD-1 colon cell line. In the present manuscript, we try to establish the mechanism underlying the enhanced induction of apoptosis by triggering both gef and apoptin expression in colon tumor cells. Scanning microscopy reveals that simultaneous expression of gef and apoptin induces the apparition of many "pores" in the cytoplasmic membrane not detected in control cell lines. The formation of pores induced by the gef gene and accentuated by apoptin results in cell death by necrosis. Moreover, we observed the presence of apoptotic cells. Performing protein expression analysis using western blot, we revealed an activation of mitochondrial apoptosis (increased expression of Pp53, cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase 9) and also the involvement of the extrinsic pathway through caspase 8activation. In conclusion, in this manuscript we demonstrate for the first time that the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and pore formation is also involved in the cell death caused by the co-expression of the gef and apoptin genes. Our results suggest that co-expression of gef and apoptin genes induces an increase in post-apoptotic necrotic cell death and could be a valuable tool in the design of new antitumor strategies focused on the enhancement of the immune response against cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Cáceres
- Motril Health Center, Hospital Santa Ana, Motril, 18600 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ramirez
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Esmeralda Carrillo
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Gema Jimenez
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Elena López-Ruiz
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Yaiza Jiménez-Martínez
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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Ramírez A, Conejo-García A, Griñán-Lisón C, López-Cara LC, Jiménez G, Campos JM, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Enhancement of Tumor Cell Death by Combining gef Gene Mediated Therapy and New 1,4-Benzoxazepin-2,6-Dichloropurine Derivatives in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:798. [PMID: 30093861 PMCID: PMC6070671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment modalities are urgently needed to better manage advanced breast cancer. Combination therapies are usually more effective than monotherapy. In this context, the use of cyclic and acyclic O,N-acetals derivative compounds in combination with the suicide gef gene shown a potent anti-tumor activity and represent a new generation of anticancer agents. Here, we evaluate the use of the gef gene to promote and increase the anti-tumor effect of cyclic and acyclic O,N-acetals purine derivatives and elucidate their mechanisms of action. Among all compounds tested, those with a nitro group and a cyclic pattern structures (FC-30b2, FC-29c, and bozepinib) are the most benefited from the gef gene effect. These compounds, in combination with gef gene, were able to abolish tumor cell proliferation with a minimal dose leading to more effective and less toxic chemotherapy. The effect of this combined therapy is triggered by apoptosis induction which can be found deregulated in the later stage of breast cancer. Moreover, the combined therapy leads to an increase of cell post-apoptotic secondary necrosis that is able to promote the immunogenicity of cancer cells leading to a successful treatment. This data suggests that this novel combination therapy represents a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ramírez
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada, SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Conejo-García
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada, SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" - Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luisa C López-Cara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gema Jiménez
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada, SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" - Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquín M Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada, SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" - Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada, SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" - Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Navarro SA, Carrillo E, Griñán-Lisón C, Martín A, Perán M, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Cancer suicide gene therapy: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1095-104. [PMID: 27424657 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1211640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is considered the second leading cause of death worldwide despite the progress made in early detection and advances in classical therapies. Advancing in the fight against cancer requires the development of novel strategies, and the suicide gene transfer to tumor cells is providing new possibilities for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, authors present an overview of suicide gene systems and the latest innovations done to enhance cancer suicide gene therapy strategies by i) improving vectors for targeted gene delivery using tissue specific promoter and receptors; ii) modification of the tropism; and iii) combining suicide genes and/or classical therapies for cancer. Finally, the authors highlight the main challenges to be addressed in the future. EXPERT OPINION Even if many efforts are needed for suicide gene therapy to be a real alternative for cancer treatment, we believe that the significant progress made in the knowledge of cancer biology and characterization of cancer stem cells accompanied by the development of novel targeted vectors will enhance the effectiveness of this type of therapeutic strategy. Moreover, combined with current treatments, suicide gene therapy will improve the clinical outcome of patients with cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Abenhamar Navarro
- a Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Esmeralda Carrillo
- a Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA) , University Hospitals of Granada-Univesity of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- a Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Ana Martín
- a Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Macarena Perán
- d Department of Health Sciences , University of Jaén , Jaén , Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- a Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA) , University Hospitals of Granada-Univesity of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- a Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA) , University Hospitals of Granada-Univesity of Granada , Granada , Spain
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Ge ZH, Wang ZX, Yu TL, Yang N, Sun Y, Hao CL, Sun LX. Morphine improved the antitumor effects on MCF-7 cells in combination with 5-Fluorouracil. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 68:299-305. [PMID: 24210071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most frequently used opioid in cancer pain management is morphine which remains a cornerstone for the management of cancer pain, due to the largest experience existing among physicians and widely availability in a variety of formulation. Considering that analgesics on cancer pain is often under the condition of chemotherapy and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used today as a potent drug for the treatment of advanced cancers, whether analgesics such as morphine, interferes the chemotherapy such as 5-FU, arose as a considerable problem. METHODS In this study, the MCF-7 breast cancer cells were used to determine the antitumor effects of the 5-FU in combination with morphine. The cell proliferation was determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the apoptosis was determined by the Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. The immunocytochemistry and western blot was used to determine the Bcl-2 and Bax expression. RESULTS It was shown that in MCF-7 cells, the proliferation was inhibited, the apoptosis was promoted, the Bcl-2 expression was suppressed and the Bax expression was promoted by both 5-FU alone and morphine alone, while the superior effects were achieved in combination with the two drugs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the morphine may have the beneficial effects on the antitumor chemotherapy with 5-FU, in stead of interferential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Ge
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xue Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China
| | - Tie-Li Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China
| | - Chang-Lai Hao
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China.
| | - Li-Xin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Hebei province, 067000 Chengde, PR China.
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KONG H, TAO L, QI K, WANG Y, LI Q, DU J, HUANG Z. Thymidine kinase/ganciclovir and cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine suicide gene therapy-induced cell apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1209-14. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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