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Li B, Shao H, Gao L, Li H, Sheng H, Zhu L. Nano-drug co-delivery system of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment: a review. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2130-2161. [PMID: 35815678 PMCID: PMC9275501 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2094498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs have been used for a long time in the treatment of cancer, but serious side effects are caused by the inability of the drug to be solely delivered to the tumor when treating cancer with chemotherapy. Natural products have attracted more and more attention due to the antitumor effect in multiple ways, abundant resources and less side effects. Therefore, the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs may be an effective antitumor strategy, which can inhibit the growth of tumor and multidrug resistance, reduce side effects of chemotherapy drugs. Nano-drug co-delivery system (NDCDS) can play an important role in the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research status and application prospect of nano-delivery strategies for the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs, aiming to provide a basis for the development of anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huili Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huagang Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Triple negative breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical challenges and nano-formulation approaches. J Control Release 2021; 337:27-58. [PMID: 34273417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are amongst the most aggressive forms of solid tumors. TNBC is highlighted by absence of genetic components of progesterone receptor, HER2/neu and estrogen receptor in breast cancer. NSCLC is characterized by integration of malignant carcinoma into respiratory system. Both cancers are associated with poor median and overall survival rates with low progression free survival with high incidences of relapse. These cancers are characterized by tumor heterogeneity, genetic mutations, generation of cancer-stem cells, immune-resistance and chemoresistance. Further, these neoplasms have been reported for tumor cross-talk into second primary cancers for each other. Current chemotherapeutic regimens include usage of multiple agents in tandem to affect tumor cells through multiple mechanisms with various such combinations being clinically tested. However, lack of controlled delivery and effective temporospatial presence of chemotherapeutics has resulted in suboptimal therapeutic response. Consequently, passive targeted albumin bound paclitaxel and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin have been clinically used and tested with newer drugs for improved therapeutic efficacy in these cancers. Active targeting of nanocarriers against surface overexpressed proteins in both neoplasms have been explored. However, use of single agent nanoparticulate formulations against both cancers have failed to elicit desired outcomes. This review aims to identify clinical unmet need in these cancers while establishing a correlation with tested nano-formulation approaches and issues with preclinical to clinical translation. Lipid and polymer-based drug-drug and drug-gene combinatorial nanocarriers delivering multiple chemotherapeutics simultaneously to desired site of action have been detailed. Finally, emerging opportunities such as pharmacological targets (immune check point and epigentic modulators) as well as gene-based modulation (siRNA/CRISPR/Cas9) and the nano-formulation challenges for effective treatment of both cancers have been explored.
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Malik P, Hoidal JR, Mukherjee TK. Recent Advances in Curcumin Treated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers: An Impetus of Pleiotropic Traits and Nanocarrier Aided Delive ry. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3061-3106. [PMID: 32838707 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200824110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterized by the abysmal 18% five year survival chances, non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) claim more than half of their sufferers within the first year of being diagnosed. Advances in biomedical engineering and molecular characterization have reduced the NSCLC diagnosis via timid screening of altered gene expressions and impaired cellular responses. While targeted chemotherapy remains a major option for NSCLCs complications, delayed diagnosis, and concurrent multi-drug resistance remain potent hurdles in regaining normalcy, ultimately resulting in relapse. Curcumin administration presents a benign resolve herein, via simultaneous interception of distinctly expressed pathological markers through its pleiotropic attributes and enhanced tumor cell internalization of chemotherapeutic drugs. Studies on NSCLC cell lines and related xenograft models have revealed a consistent decline in tumor progression owing to enhanced chemotherapeutics cellular internalization via co-delivery with curcumin. This presents an optimum readiness for screening the corresponding effectiveness in clinical subjects. Curcumin is delivered to NSCLC cells either (i) alone, (ii) in stoichiometrically optimal combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, (iii) through nanocarriers, and (iv) nanocarrier co-delivered curcumin and chemotherapeutic drugs. Nanocarriers protect the encapsulated drug from accidental and non-specific spillage. A unanimous trait of all nanocarriers is their moderate drug-interactions, whereby native structural expressions are not tampered. With such insights, this article focuses on the implicit NSCLC curative mechanisms viz-a-viz, free curcumin, nanocarrier delivered curcumin, curcumin + chemotherapeutic drug and nanocarrier assisted curcumin + chemotherapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Malik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - John R Hoidal
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Tapan K Mukherjee
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Geskovski N, Matevska-Geshkovska N, Dimchevska Sazdovska S, Glavas Dodov M, Mladenovska K, Goracinova K. The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:375-401. [PMID: 33981532 PMCID: PMC8093552 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as a novel cancer treatment and diagnostic modality, whose design constantly evolves towards increasing the safety and efficacy of the chemotherapeutic and diagnostic protocols. Molecular diagnostics, which create a great amount of data related to the unique molecular signatures of each tumor subtype, have emerged as an important tool for detailed profiling of tumors. They provide an opportunity to develop targeting agents for early detection and diagnosis, and to select the most effective combinatorial treatment options. Alongside, the design of the nanoscale carriers needs to cope with novel trends of molecular screening. Also, multiple targeting ligands needed for robust and specific interactions with the targeted cell populations have to be introduced, which should result in substantial improvements in safety and efficacy of the cancer treatment. This article will focus on novel design strategies for nanoscale drug delivery systems, based on the unique molecular signatures of myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors, and the impact of novel discoveries in molecular tumor profiles on future chemotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biomolecular Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Marija Glavas Dodov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Kristina Mladenovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Goracinova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Rawal S, Bora V, Patel B, Patel M. Surface-engineered nanostructured lipid carrier systems for synergistic combination oncotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:2030-2051. [PMID: 33215254 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-aided combination chemotherapy offers several advantages like ratiometric drug delivery, dose reduction, multi-targeted therapy, synergism, and overcoming multi-drug resistance. The current research was instigated to facilitate targeted and ratiometric co-delivery of docetaxel (DT) and curcumin (CR) through the development of folate (FA)-appended nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), i.e., FA-DTCR-NLCs to lung cancer cells. The FA-DTCR-NLCs were formulated by employing a scaleable and solvent-free high-pressure homogenization approach. The FA-DTCR-NLCs were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo characteristics using suitable analytical and statistical techniques. The FA-DTCR-NLCs demonstrated physicochemical properties and particokinetics suitable for targeted, ratiometric co-delivery of the anticancer agents. This was further affirmed by significantly better in vivo relative bioavailability of DT (24.85 fold) with FA-DTCR-NLCs as compared with Taxotere® (p < 0.05) and cell line studies. A significant tumor regression was observed from the results of tumor staging in a murine model of lung carcinoma (p < 0.05). Immunostaining of the tumor sections with tumor differentiation biomarkers suggested considerably higher apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic potential of FA-DTCR-NLCs compared with Taxotere®. In vivo toxicity assessment of the FA-DTCR-NLCs demonstrated a noteworthy reduction in DT associated side effects. The in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical findings prove the therapeutic and safety pre-eminence of FA-DTCR-NLCs for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, Chharodi, India
| | - Vivek Bora
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, Chharodi, India
| | - Bhoomika Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, Chharodi, India
| | - Mayur Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, Chharodi, India.
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Li L, He S, Yu L, Elshazly EH, Wang H, Chen K, Zhang S, Ke L, Gong R. Codelivery of DOX and siRNA by folate-biotin-quaternized starch nanoparticles for promoting synergistic suppression of human lung cancer cells. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:499-508. [PMID: 31033359 PMCID: PMC6493220 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1606363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the self-assembled folate-biotin-quaternized starch nanoparticles (FBqS NPs) were used as carrier system of doxorubicin (DOX) and siRNAIGF1R for the codelivery of both into human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549 cells) in vitro. The cytotoxicity, targeted ligand competition, cell proliferation inhibition, cellular uptake, endocytosis mechanism and target protein suppression of drug-loaded FBqS NPs were evaluated in detail. Compared with several other drug formulations under same condition, siRNAIGF1R/DOX/FBqS NPs exhibited the greatest cytotoxicity to A549 cells and the cytotoxicity was competitively inhibited by free folate in dose-dependent manner. The A549 cells treated by siRNAIGF1R/DOX/FBqS NPs showed the lowest cell proliferation capacity. The energy-dependent clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis might be the primary cellular uptake mechanism of drug-loaded FBqS NPs. The expression of IGF1R protein in A549 cells treated by siRNAIGF1R/FBqS NPs declined dramatically. So the FBqS NPs were expected as the co-carrier system of chemotherapeutants and siRNAs for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangping Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
- Department of Physical Education, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Suoju He
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Lizhen Yu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Ezzat H Elshazly
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Kuanmin Chen
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Lixia Ke
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
| | - Renmin Gong
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P R China
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Kashyap D, Tuli HS, Yerer MB, Sharma A, Sak K, Srivastava S, Pandey A, Garg VK, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Natural product-based nanoformulations for cancer therapy: Opportunities and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:5-23. [PMID: 31421264 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of natural product-based nanoformulations for the treatment of different human diseases, such as cancer, is an emerging field. The conventional cancer therapeutic modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy has limited achievements. A larger number of drawbacks are associated with these therapies, including damage to proliferating healthy tissues, structural deformities, systemic toxicity, long-term side effects, resistance to the drug by tumor cells, and psychological problems. The advent of nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics is recent; however, it has progressed and transformed the field of cancer treatment at a rapid rate. Nanotherapeutics have promisingly overcome the limitations of conventional drug delivery system, i.e., low aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, multidrug resistance, and non-specificity. Specifically, natural product-based nanoformulations are being intentionally studied in different model systems. Where it is found that these nanoformulations has more proximity and reduced side effects. The nanoparticles can specifically target tumor cells, enhancing the specificity and efficacy of cancer therapeutic modalities which in turn improves patient response and survival. The integration of phytotherapy and nanotechnology in the clinical setting may improve pharmacological response and better clinical outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, Punjab, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala - 133 207, Haryana, India.
| | - Mukerrem Betul Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Erciyes, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Career Point University, Tikker-Kharwarian, Hamirpur - 176 041, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Saumya Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad - 211 004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad - 211 004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh - 160 031, Punjab, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Song W, Liu M, Wu J, Zhai H, Chen Y, Peng Z. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Triptolide: A Potential Antitumor Drug. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:147-154. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180816141506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:Triptolide, a bioactive component in Tripterygium wilfordii extracts, possess strong antiproliferative activity on all 60-National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer cell lines. However, the widespread use of triptolide in the clinical practice is greatly limited for its multi-organ toxicity and narrow therapeutic window. All the toxic characteristics of triptolide are associated with the pharmacokinetics especially its distribution and accumulation in the target organ.Methods:The literature review was done using PubMed search, SciFinder and Google Scholar databases with specific keywords such as triptolide, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interaction, transporters, metabolism, modification to collect the related full-length articles and abstracts from 2000 to 2018.Results:Oral triptolide is rapidly and highly absorbed. Grapefruit juice affects oral absorption, increasing the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) by 153 % and the maximum concentration (Cmax) by 141 %. The AUC and the Cmax are not dose proportional. Triptolide distributes into the liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney. Biotransformation of triptolide in rats includes hydroxylation, sulfate, glucuronide, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Glutathione (GSH) conjugation and combinations of these pathways. Less than 4 % of triptolide was recovered from the feces, bile and urine within 24 h. After repeating dosage, triptolide was eliminated quickly without accumulation in vivo. As a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, triptolide could have clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with those proteins substrates/inhibitors.Conclusion:The findings of this review confirm the importance of pharmacokinetic character for understanding the pharmacology and toxicology of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Meilin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Junjun Wu
- Lab of Structure Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Lab of Structure Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Alhajj N, Chee CF, Wong TW, Rahman NA, Abu Kasim NH, Colombo P. Lung cancer: active therapeutic targeting and inhalational nanoproduct design. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1223-1247. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1547280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Alhajj
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Chin Fei Chee
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Wellness Research Cluster, Institute of Research Management & Monitoring, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Darwish S, Mozaffari S, Parang K, Tiwari R. Cyclic peptide conjugate of curcumin and doxorubicin as an anticancer agent. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Folate receptor-targeted multimodal polymersomes for delivery of quantum dots and doxorubicin to breast adenocarcinoma: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2016; 500:162-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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