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Kuo SL, Su CH, Lai KH, Chang YC, You JS, Peng HH, Chen CH, Lin CC, Chen PJ, Hwan TL. Guizhi Fuling Wan ameliorates concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice. Biomed J 2024:100731. [PMID: 38677491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated hepatic disease associated with intense complications. AIH is more common in females and needs effective drugs to treat. Guizhi Fuling Wan (GZFLW) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula used to treat various gynecologic diseases. In this study, we aim to extend the new use of GZFLW for AIH. METHODS The tandem MS-based analysis was used to identify secondary metabolites in GZFLW. Therapeutic effects of GZFLW were tested in a concanavalin A (Con A)-induced AIH model in mice. Ethnopharmacological mechanisms underlying the antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory protective effects were determined. RESULTS Oral administration of GZFLW attenuates AIH in a Con A-induced hepatotoxic model in vivo. The tandem MS-based analysis identified 15 secondary metabolites in GZFLW. The Con A-induced AIH syndromes, including hepatic apoptosis, inflammation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, function failure, and mortality, were significantly alleviated by GZFLW in mice. Mechanistically, GZFLW restrained the caspase-dependent apoptosis, restored the antioxidant system, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the livers of Con A-treated mice. Besides, GZFLW repressed the Con A-induced hepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells, splenic T cell activation, and splenomegaly in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the applicable potential of GZFLW in treating AIH. It prompts further investigation of GZFLW as a treatment option for AIH and possibly other hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Li Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Han Su
- Department of Food Science, College of Human Ecology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan.
| | - Kuei-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333324, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Sheng You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan 333008, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Division of Chinese Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan; Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824410, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807378, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824410, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824410, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333324, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan.
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Helixor-M Suppresses Immunostimulatory Activity through TLR4-Dependent NF-κB Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020595. [PMID: 36836952 PMCID: PMC9966133 DOI: 10.3390/life13020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation causes a protective immune response, which can be observed by examining the inflammatory responses of macrophages. Macrophages release various immunostimulatory factors when destroying external pathogens. We induced lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line, to determine whether Helixor-M can cause immuno-suppression. Helixor-M is known to have anticancer and immune effects. However, an indicator that regulates immunity has not been clearly confirmed. To this end, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted to confirm Helixor-M was not cytotoxic. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, immunofluorescence assay confirmed the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65, a representative inflammatory pathway. Helixor-M was found to be non-cytotoxic, induce the NF-κB pathway, and reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). We found Helixor-M affected the PI3K/AKT/JNK pathway. Therefore, we confirmed Helixor-M acts as an anti-inflammatory agent through NF-κB, TLR4 and PI3K inhibition and that it could be an effective immunosuppressive drug.
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Liu J, Ma Z, Li H, Li X. Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:95-107. [PMID: 35263512 PMCID: PMC9043711 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease occurring in individuals of all ages with a higher incidence in females and characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH pathogenesis remains obscure and still needs in‐depth study, which is likely associated with genetic susceptibility and the loss of immune homeostasis. Steroids alone and in combination with other immunosuppressant agents are the primary choices of AIH treatment in the clinic, whereas, in some cases, severe adverse effects and disease relapse may occur. Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AIH has proven its merits over many years and is well tolerated. To better understand the pathogenesis of AIH and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies, several animal models have been generated to recapitulate the immune microenvironment of patients with AIH. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the study of animal models for AIH and their application in pharmacological research of Chinese medicine‐based therapies and also discuss current limitations. This review aims to provide novel insights into the discovery of Chinese medicine‐originated therapies for AIH using cutting‐edge animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Han Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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Ko HM, Lee SH, Jee W, Jung JH, Kim KI, Jung HJ, Jang HJ. Gancaonin N from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Attenuates the Inflammatory Response by Downregulating the NF-κB/MAPK Pathway on an Acute Pneumonia In Vitro Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071028. [PMID: 34371720 PMCID: PMC8309055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pneumonia is an inflammatory disease caused by several pathogens, with symptoms such as fever and chest pain, to which children are particularly vulnerable. Gancaonin N is a prenylated isoflavone of Glycyrrhiza uralensis that has been used in the treatment of various diseases in oriental medicine. There are little data on the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Gancaonin N, and its effects and mechanisms on acute pneumonia are unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted as a preliminary analysis of the anti-inflammatory effect of Gancaonin N in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, and to identify its preventive effect on the lung inflammatory response and the molecular mechanisms underlying it. In this study, Gancaonin N inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and significantly reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins at non-cytotoxic concentrations. In addition, in LPS-induced A549 cells, Gancaonin N significantly reduced the expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Moreover, Gancaonin N reduced MAPK signaling pathway phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Therefore, Gancaonin N relieved the inflammatory response by inactivating the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways; thus, it is a potential natural anti-inflammatory agent that can be used in the treatment of acute pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Ko
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.M.K.); (S.-H.L.); (W.J.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.M.K.); (S.-H.L.); (W.J.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Wona Jee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.M.K.); (S.-H.L.); (W.J.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.M.K.); (S.-H.L.); (W.J.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kwan-Il Kim
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jung
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.J.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.M.K.); (S.-H.L.); (W.J.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.J.); (H.-J.J.)
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Gao M, Li X, He L, Yang J, Ye X, Xiao F, Wei H. Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Mitigates Liver Injury Via Inhibiting Proliferation Of NKT Cells And Promoting Proliferation Of Tregs. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3579-3589. [PMID: 31802846 PMCID: PMC6801630 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) is a replacement for glycyrrhizic acid, which is used as a hepatic protector in clinical practice for most liver diseases. The potential role of immune response during autoimmune hepatitis—induced by concanavalin A (Con A)—remains to be elucidated. Methods C57BL/6J mice were treated with two different doses of DG (75 and 200 mg/kg) 2 hrs before administering Con A. The mice were sacrificed after administering Con A for 0, 6, and 24 hrs. Liver damage grade and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin levels were evaluated. The expression level of cleaved-caspase 3 in liver was detected by Western blotting. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in liver were detected by RT-PCR. Thymus, peripheral blood, spleen, and liver tissues were collected to analyze the percentages of NKT cells, subsets of CD4+CD25−CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ T cells, and subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Results Our results revealed that DG pre-treatment significantly decreased the serum ALT and AST levels and improved the histological damage in Con A-induced autoimmune liver injury. Pre-treatment with DG down-regulated the inflammatory cytokines upon challenge with Con A. The DG pre-treatment inhibited the apoptosis of T lymphocytes in the thymus. Further, it effectively suppressed the proliferation of CD4+CD25−CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ subsets in the peripheral blood and spleen. In addition, the DG pretreatment significantly downregulated the frequency of NKT cells, while upregulating the frequency of Tregs in the liver. Conclusion We believe that the potential protective effect of DG against Con A-induced hepatitis may be partially attributed to its inhibitory activities on inflammatory cytokines in the livers, lymphocyte apoptosis in the thymus, NKT cells proliferation, and activation of CD8+T cells; further, there may also be a possibility of DC promoting Tregs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixin Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Li
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Junru Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China.,Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
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6
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Prevention and relaxation effects of Liriope platyphylla on bronchial asthma in vitro model by suppressing the activities of MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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GI inflammation Increases Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Sglt1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102537. [PMID: 31126070 PMCID: PMC6566487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation between gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and gut hormones has reported that inflammatory stimuli including bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 induces high levels of incretin hormone leading to glucose dysregulation. Although incretin hormones are immediately secreted in response to environmental stimuli, such as nutrients, cytokines, and LPS, but studies of glucose-induced incretin secretion in an inflamed state are limited. We hypothesized that GI inflammatory conditions induce over-stimulated incretin secretion via an increase of glucose-sensing receptors. To confirm our hypothesis, we observed the alteration of glucose-induced incretin secretion and glucose-sensing receptors in a GI inflammatory mouse model, and we treated a conditioned media (Mϕ 30%) containing inflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelium cells and enteroendocrine L-like NCI-H716 cells. In GI-inflamed mice, we observed that over-stimulated incretin secretion and insulin release in response to glucose and sodium glucose cotransporter (Sglt1) was increased. Incubation with Mϕ 30% increases Sglt1 and induces glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion with increasing intracellular calcium influx. Phloridzin, an sglt1 inhibitor, inhibits glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion, ERK activation, and calcium influx. These findings suggest that the abnormalities of incretin secretion leading to metabolic disturbances in GI inflammatory disease by an increase of Sglt1.
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Youn DH, Park J, Kim HL, Jung Y, Kang J, Lim S, Song G, Kwak HJ, Um JY. Berberine Improves Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia via Suppression of 5 Alpha Reductase and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in Vivo and in Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:773. [PMID: 30061836 PMCID: PMC6054997 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men, characterized by proliferated prostate and urinary tract symptoms. The hormonal cascade starting by the action of 5-alpha-reductase (5AR) is known to be one of the pathways responsible for the pathogenesis of BPH. Present investigation evaluated the capacity of berberine (BBR), a nature-derived compound abundant in Coptis japonica, in testosterone-induced BPH rats. Experimental BPH was induced by inguinal injection with testosterone propionate (TP) for 4 weeks. BBR or finasteride, a 5AR inhibitor as positive control, was treated for 4 weeks during BPH. BPH induced by TP evoked weight gaining and histological changes of prostate and BBR treatment improved all the detrimental effects not only weight reduction and histological changes but also suppression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is elevated during BPH. Additionally, BBR suppressed TP-associated increase of 5AR, androgen receptor (AR) and steroid coactivator-1 (SRC-1), the key factors in the pathogenesis of BPH. To evaluate the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for beneficial effects of BBR, we investigated whether these effects were associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. BPH induced by TP showed increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas this was suppressed by BBR treatment. On the other hand, c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was not changed in BPH rats. In in vitro study using RWPE-1 cells, a human prostate epithelial cell line. TP increased cell proliferation and BPH-related key factors such as PSA, AR, and 5AR in RWPE-1 cells, and those factors were significantly decreased in the presence of BBR. Furthermore, these proliferative effects in RWPE-1cells were attenuated by treatment with U0126, an ERK inhibitor, confirming BBR can relieve overgrowth of prostate via ERK-dependent signaling. The cotreatment of U0126 and BBR did not affect the change of 5AR nor proliferation compared with U0126 alone, suggesting that the effect of BBR was dependent on the action of ERK. In conclusion, this study shows that BBR can be used as a therapeutic agent for BPH by controlling hyperplasia of prostate through suppression of ERK mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Youn
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunu Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JongWook Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seona Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gahee Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology and Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Christen U. Animal models of autoimmune hepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:970-981. [PMID: 29857050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many animal models for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been described in the past. Most models had to deal with the relative immunosuppressive environment of the liver. Therefore, some models used a combination of several triggering factors often on a susceptible background to generate an aggressive immune response that targets the liver. In addition, in order to be able to track the immune response the models used specific model autoantigens as targets that are either not present or have not been identified as a natural autoantigen in AIH patients. Thereby the feasibility of such models is somewhat questionable. Although many historic approaches included challenges of experimental animals with liver homogenates it was only in the last decade that natural occurring liver autoantigens have been used in animal models. This article reflects on the requirements for breaking liver tolerance and on how an ideal experimental model for AIH would look like. In addition, it discusses historic as well as recent animal models in the context of feasibility of induction, similarity of the clinical outcome to human AIH, and gain of knowledge for possible future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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