LINC00152/miR-139-5p regulates gastric cancer cell aerobic glycolysis by targeting PRKAA1

The therapeutic effect of a novel GAPDH inhibitor in mouse model of breast cancer and efficacy monitoring by molecular imaging

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is a serious threat to women's health with high morbidity and mortality. The development of more effective therapies for the treatment of breast cancer is strongly warranted. Growing evidence suggests that targeting glucose metabolism may be a promising cancer treatment strategy. We previously identified a new glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inhibitor, DC-5163, which shows great potential in inhibiting tumor growth. Here, we evaluated the anticancer potential of DC-5163 in breast cancer cells.

METHODS

The effects of DC-5163 on breast cancer cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Seahorse, glucose uptake, lactate production, and cellular ATP content assays were performed to examine the impact of DC-5163 on cellular glycolysis. Cell viability, colony-forming ability, cell cycle, and apoptosis were assessed by CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting respectively. The anticancer activity of DC-5163 in vivo was evaluated in a mouse breast cancer xenograft model.

RESULTS

DC-5163 suppressed aerobic glycolysis and reduced energy supply of breast cancer cells, thereby inhibiting breast cancer cell growth, inducing cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and increasing apoptosis. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed using a breast cancer xenograft mouse model. DC-5163 treatment markedly suppressed tumor growth in vivo without inducing evident systemic toxicity. Micro-PET/CT scans revealed a notable reduction in tumor 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT uptake in the DC-5163 treatment group compared to the DMSO control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that DC-5163 is a promising GAPDH inhibitor for suppressing breast cancer growth without obvious side effects. 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT PET/CT can noninvasively assess the levels of glycolysis and proliferation in tumors following treatment with DC-5163.

LINC00152: Potential driver oncogene in pan-cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-coding RNAs greater than 200 bp in length with limited peptide-coding function. The transcription of LINC00152 is derived from chromosome 2p11.2. Many studies prove that LINC00152 influences the progression of various tumors via promoting the tumor cells malignant phenotype, chemoresistance, and immune escape. LINC00152 is regulated by multiple transcription factors and DNA hypomethylation. In addition, LINC00152 participates in the regulation of complex molecular signaling networks through epigenetic regulation, protein interactions, and competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Here, we provide a systematic review of the upstream regulatory factors of LINC00152 expression level in different types of tumors. In addition, we revisit the main functions and mechanisms of LINC00152 as driver oncogene and biomarker in pan-cancer. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.

Scutellarin Protects against Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Aerobic Glycolysis through miR-34c-5p/ALDOA Axis

Background

Aerobic glycolysis has recently demonstrated promising potential in mitigating the effects of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Scutellarin (Scu) possesses various cardioprotective properties that warrant investigation. To mimic IR injury in vitro, this study employed hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury.

Methods and Results

First, we conducted an assessment of the protective properties of Scu against HR in H9c2 cells, encompassing inflammation damage, apoptosis injury, and oxidative stress. Then, we verified the effects of Scu on the Warburg effect in H9c2 cells during HR injury. The findings indicated that Scu augmented aerobic glycolysis by upregulating p-PKM2/PKM2 levels. Following, we built a panel of six long noncoding RNAs and seventeen microRNAs that were reported to mediate the Warburg effect. Based on the results, miR-34c-5p was selected for further experiments. Then, we observed Scu could mitigate the HR-induced elevation of miR-34c-5p. Upregulation of miR-34c-5p could weaken the beneficial impacts of Scu in cellular viability, inflammatory damage, oxidative stress, and the facilitation of the Warburg effect. Subsequently, our investigation revealed a decrease in both ALDOA mRNA and protein levels following HR injury, which could be restored by Scu administration. Downregulation of ALDOA or Mimic of miR-34c-5p could reduce these effects induced by Scu.

Conclusions

Scu provides cardioprotective effects against IR injury by upregulating the Warburg effect via miR-34c-5p/ALDOA.

CIZ1 aggravates gastric cancer progression via mediating FBXL19-AS1 and miR-339-3p

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a prevalent malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. CDKN1A interacting zinc finger protein 1 (CIZ1) has been demonstrated to have oncogenic functions in the development of cancers. We detected CIZ1 expression via quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The protein level of CIZ1 was measured through Western blot. We noticed that CIZ1 expression was markedly enhanced in GC cells. Furthermore, functional experiments including colony formation assay, EdU staining assay, transwell assay, TUNEL staining assay and flow cytometry analysis uncovered that CIZ1 silencing attenuated cell malignant phenotypes in GC. Through bioinformatics tools and mechanism assays, we explored the up-stream mechanism of CIZ1 and determined that CIZ1 was modulated by FBXL19 antisense RNA 1 (FBXL19-AS1) and microRNA-339-3p (miR-339-3p). Additionally, miR-339-3p exerted a negative role on GC development in vitro, and FBXL19-AS1 depletion also had the inhibitory impacts on the progression of GC in vitro. Eventually, the finding that CIZ1 overexpression reversed the effects of FBXL19-AS1 silencing on GC development was validated by rescue assays. In a word, CIZ1 functioned as a tumor promoter in GC, indicating that CIZ1 might be a promising target for GC treatment.

Therapeutic strategies targeting AMPK-dependent autophagy in cancer cells

Macroautophagy is a health-modifying process of engulfing misfolded or aggregated proteins or damaged organelles, coating these proteins or organelles into vesicles, fusion of vesicles with lysosomes to form autophagic lysosomes, and degradation of the encapsulated contents. It is also a self-rescue strategy in response to harsh environments and plays an essential role in cancer cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central pathway that regulates autophagy initiation and autophagosome formation by phosphorylating targets such as mTORC1 and unc-51 like activating kinase 1 (ULK1). AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as an energy sensor in cells and regulates various metabolic processes, including those involved in cancer. The regulatory network of AMPK is complicated and can be regulated by multiple upstream factors, such as LKB1, AKT, PPAR, SIRT1, or noncoding RNAs. Currently, AMPK is being investigated as a novel target for anticancer therapies based on its role in macroautophagy regulation. Herein, we review the effects of AMPK-dependent autophagy on tumor cell survival and treatment strategies targeting AMPK.

Long noncoding RNAs, glucose metabolism and cancer (Review)

Cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, which, despite numerous advances over several decades, remains a challenge to treat that challenging to detect at an early stage or treat during the later stages. Long noncoding RNAs are >200 nucleotides long and do not possess protein-coding capacity, instead regulating cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, maturation, apoptosis, metastasis, and sugar metabolism. Several studies have shown the role of lncRNAs and glucose metabolism in regulating several key glycolytic enzymes and the activity of multiple functional signaling pathways during tumor progression. Thus, it is possible to further learn about the effects of lncRNA and glycolytic metabolism on tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis through a thorough investigation of the lncRNA expression profiles and glycolytic metabolism in tumors. This may provide a novel strategy for improving the management of several types of cancer.

Potassium Channels, Glucose Metabolism and Glycosylation in Cancer Cells

Potassium channels emerge as one of the crucial groups of proteins that shape the biology of cancer cells. Their involvement in processes like cell growth, migration, or electric signaling, seems obvious. However, the relationship between the function of K+ channels, glucose metabolism, and cancer glycome appears much more intriguing. Among the typical hallmarks of cancer, one can mention the switch to aerobic glycolysis as the most favorable mechanism for glucose metabolism and glycome alterations. This review outlines the interconnections between the expression and activity of potassium channels, carbohydrate metabolism, and altered glycosylation in cancer cells, which have not been broadly discussed in the literature hitherto. Moreover, we propose the potential mediators for the described relations (e.g., enzymes, microRNAs) and the novel promising directions (e.g., glycans-orinented drugs) for further research.

The Long Noncoding RNA Cytoskeleton Regulator RNA (CYTOR)/miRNA-24-3p Axis Facilitates Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression by Modulating GAD1 Expression

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck epithelial carcinoma that is unusually prevalent in Southeast Asia. Noncoding RNAs, including lncRNA and miRNA, and their target genes are considered vital regulators of tumorigenesis and the progression of NPC. However, the detailed underlying mechanisms of GAD1 involved in the regulation of NPC need to be further elucidated. In the present study, we identified that GAD1 was significantly upregulated in NPC tissues. GAD1 overexpression is promoted, while genetic knockdown of GAD1 suppresses proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of NPC cells. Bioinformatics analysis and a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that GAD1 is a direct target gene of miR-24-3p. In NPC tissues, miR-24-3p was downregulated and the lncRNA CYTOR was upregulated. CYTOR was sponged to suppress the function of miR-24-3p. CYTOR regulates GAD1 expression via modulating miR-24-3p. The CYTOR/miR-24-3p/GAD1 axis is converged to modulate the growth, migration, and invasion of NPC cells. In conclusion, the study identified a novel axis for the regulation of NPC cell growth, providing new insights into the understanding of NPC.

A review on the role of LINC00152 in different disorders

LINC00152 is an important lncRNA in human disorders. It is mainly regarded as a tumor-promoting lncRNA. Mechanistically, LINC00152 serves as a molecular sponge for miR-143a-3p, miR-125a-5p, miR-139, miR-215, miR-193a/b-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-206, miR-195, miR-138, miR-185-5p, miR-103, miR-612, miR-150, miR-107, miR-205-5p and miR-153-3p. In addition, it can regulate activity of mTOR, EGFR/PI3K/AKT, ERK/MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin, EGFR, NF-κB, HIF-1 and PTEN. In this review, we provide a concise but comprehensive explanation about the role of LINC00152 in tumor development and progression as well as its role in the pathology of non-malignant conditions with the aim of facilitating the clinical implementation of this lncRNA as a diagnostic or prognostic tumor marker and therapeutic target.

Common Core Genes Play Vital Roles in Gastric Cancer With Different Stages

Background: Owing to complex molecular mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC) oncogenesis and progression, existing biomarkers and therapeutic targets could not significantly improve diagnosis and prognosis. This study aims to identify the key genes and signaling pathways related to GC oncogenesis and progression using bioinformatics and meta-analysis methods.

Methods: Eligible microarray datasets were downloaded and integrated using the meta-analysis method. According to the tumor stage, GC gene chips were classified into three groups. Thereafter, the three groups’ differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the gene data of the tumor groups with those of matched normal specimens. Enrichment analyses were conducted based on common DEGs among the three groups. Then protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify relevant hub genes and subnetworks. The effects of significant DEGs and hub genes were verified and explored in other datasets. In addition, the analysis of mutated genes was also conducted using gene data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database.

Results: After integration of six microarray datasets, 1,229 common DEGs consisting of 1,065 upregulated and 164 downregulated genes were identified. Alpha-2 collagen type I (COL1A2), tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), thymus cell antigen 1 (THY1), and biglycan (BGN) were selected as significant DEGs throughout GC development. The low expression of ghrelin (GHRL) is associated with a high lymph node ratio (LNR) and poor survival outcomes. Thereafter, we constructed a PPI network of all identified DEGs and gained 39 subnetworks and the top 20 hub genes. Enrichment analyses were performed for common DEGs, the most related subnetwork, and the top 20 hub genes. We also selected 61 metabolic DEGs to construct PPI networks and acquired the relevant hub genes. Centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) and POLR1A were identified as hub genes associated with survival outcomes.

Conclusion: The DEGs, hub genes, and enrichment analysis for GC with different stages were comprehensively investigated, which contribute to exploring the new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Di-n-butyl phthalate regulates vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic switching by MiR-139-5p-MYOCD pathways

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is ubiquitous in environment and has been detected in almost all human bodies. Few data could be found about the effects of DBP on cardiovascular system, though its reproductive toxicities have been studied extensively. This study aimed to explore effects of DBP on phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), an essential step during the formation of atherosclerosis (AS). A7r5 cells were employed and exposed to various levels of DBP (10^-9, 10^-8, 10^-7, 10^-6, and 10^-5 M) or DMSO as control. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effects of DBP on cell viability. Expressions of mRNA/miRNAs and proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to analyze the combination between miR-139-5p and Myocardin (MYOCD). Results revealed that DBP at 10^-7 M prompted phenotypic switching from contractile to synthetic of VSMCs by inhibiting contractile VSMCs marker genes via suppressing the expression of MYOCD. Moreover, miR-139c-5p directly targeted MYOCD 3'UTR and modulated MYOCD expression. Besides, DBP inhibited the expression of MYOCD and VSMCs marker genes by upregulating miR-139-5p. Collectively, these data suggested that DBP could promote the phenotypic switching from contractile to synthetic of VSMCs in A7r5 cells through miR-139-5p-MYOCD.

MiR-139-5p Inhibits the Development of Gastric Cancer through Targeting TPD52

BACKGROUND

Many researchers have confirmed that miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). This study focused on investigating the specific functions of miR-139-5p in GC.

METHODS

MiR-139-5p and TPD52 expressions were observed by qRT-PCR or western blot in GC. The functional mechanism of miR-139-5p was explored by the luciferase reporter assay, transwell assay, and MTT assay.

RESULTS

MiR-139-5p downregulation and TPD52 upregulation were detected in GC. Adverse clinical features and prognosis in GC patients were related to low miR-139-5p expression. MiR-139-5p overexpression restrained GC cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, miR-139-5p directly targeted TPD52. TPD52 silencing blocked GC progression. And TPD52 upregulation weakened the antitumor effect of miR-139-5p in GC.

CONCLUSION

MiR-139-5p inhibits GC cell proliferation and metastasis through downregulating TPD52.

lncRNA HLA Complex Group 18 (HCG18) Facilitated Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Prostate Cancer Through Modulating miR-370-3p/DDX3X Axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to exert critical functions in the malignant development of many cancers. lncRNA HLA complex group 18 (HCG18) has been confirmed to have a promoting effect on various cancers. However, whether HCG18 functions in PC is still unclear. Therefore, the current study aimed at unveiling the role of HCG18 in PC progression and its regulatory mechanism on the biological behaviors of PC. Here, RT-qPCR was utilized to detect HCG18 expression, and then, functional experiments were conducted to verify the effects of HCG18 on PC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. According to the results, HCG18 was significantly up-regulated in PC cells and it facilitated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in PC. Furthermore, a series of mechanism experiments were carried out to verify the relationship among HCG18, miR-370-3p, and DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked(DDX3X) in PC cells. Final rescue assays showed that DDX3X overexpression could reverse the inhibitory function of silencing HCG18 on PC progression. In summary, our study showed that lncRNA HCG18 accelerated cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of PC via up-regulating DDX3X through sponging miR-370-3p, providing a novel finding about PC-related regulatory mechanism.

Role of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 00152 in pancreatic cancer glycolysis via the manipulation of the microRNA-185-5p/Krüppel-like factor 7 axis

The current study set out to investigate the role of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA (LINC) 00152 in pancreatic cancer (PC) cell glycolysis with the microRNA (miR)-185-5p/Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) axis. Firstly, PC tissues and cells as well as the control ones were collected from 53 PC patients, and assessed for LINC00152 expression patterns. Besides, PC cells with the most differentially expressed LINC00152 were selected for further experiments. When LINC00152 was silenced or overexpressed, PC cell glucose consumption, lactic acid production, adenosine triphosphate and levels of glycolysis-associated enzymes were detected. In addition, the binding relation between LINC00152 and miR-185-5p as well as the target relation between miR-185-5p and KLF7 was clarified and validated. Additionally, xenograft transplantation was performed to confirm the in vitro experiments. It was found that LINC00152 was over-expressed in PC, and it predicted a poor prognosis. Besides, LINC00152 knockdown inhibited PC cell glycolysis. Moreover, LINC00152 could specifically targeted miR-185-5p. Meanwhile, LINC00152 exhaustion blocked PC cell glycolysis through the up-regulation of miR-185-5p. Lastly, LINC00152 inhibition targeted miR-185-5p to quench KLF7, therefore suppressing PC cell tumorigenesis and glycolysis. Collectively, our findings indicated that silencing LINC00152 restricted PC cell glycolysis via promoting miR-185-5p and reducing KLF7.

Research updates on the clinical implication of long noncoding RNA in digestive system cancers and chemoresistance

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. They are also key players in various biological pathways. LncRNA was considered as 'translational noise' before 1980s. It has been reported that lncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in different cancers, either as oncogene or tumor suppressor gene. Therefore, more and more lncRNAs are recognized as potential diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. As competitive endogenous RNA, lncRNAs can interact with microRNA to alter the expression of target genes, which may have extensive clinical implications in cancers, including diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and chemoresistance. This review comprehensively summarizes the functions and clinical relevance of lncRNAs in digestive system cancers, especially as a potential tool to overcome chemoresistance.

Curcumin Antagonizes Glucose Fluctuation-Induced Renal Injury by Inhibiting Aerobic Glycolysis via the miR-489/LDHA Pathway

It has been considered that glucose fluctuation (GF) plays a role in renal injury and is related to diabetic nephropathy (DN) development. But the mechanism is still unclear. Aerobic glycolysis has become a topical issue in DN in recent years. There is an internal connection between GF, aerobic glycolysis, and DN. Curcumin (Cur) is a principal curcuminoid of turmeric and possesses specific protective properties in kidney functions. Cur also participates in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis switch. In this study, we first measured the levels of aerobic glycolysis and evaluated Cur's inhibitory ability in a cell model of HEK-293 under the condition of oscillating high glucose. The results indicated that GF exacerbated inflammation injury, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HEK-293 cell, while Cur alleviated this cytotoxicity induced by GF. We found that GF increased aerobic glycolysis in HEK-293 cells and Cur presented a dose-dependent weakening effect to this exacerbation. Next, we built a panel of 17 miRNAs and 8 lncRNAs that were previously reported to mediate the Warburg effect. Our RT-qPCR results indicated that GF reduced the miR-489 content in the HEK-293 cell model and Cur could prevent this downregulation. Then, we planned to explore the character of miR-489 in Cur-triggered attenuation of the Warburg effect under GF condition. Our findings presented that Cur prevented GF-triggered aerobic glycolysis by upregulating miR-489 in HEK-293 cells. Next, we choose the miR-489/LDHA axis for further investigation. We confirmed that Cur prevented GF-triggered aerobic glycolysis via the miR-489/LDHA axis in HEK-293 cells. In conclusion, this study presented that Cur prevented GF-triggered renal injury by restraining aerobic glycolysis via the miR-489/LDHA axis in the HEK-293 cell model.

LncRNA Chaer Prevents Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis From Acute Myocardial Infarction Through AMPK Activation

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is widely reported to be involved in cardiac (patho)physiology. Acute myocardial infarction, in which cardiomyocyte apoptosis plays an important role, is a life-threatening disease. Here, we report the lncRNA Chaer that is anti-apoptotic in cardiomyocytes during Acute myocardial infarction. Importantly, lncRNA Chaer is significantly downregulated in both oxygen-glucose deprivation (oxygen-glucose deprivation)-treated cardiomyocytes in vitro and AMI heart. In vitro, overexpression of lncRNA Chaer with adeno virus reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by OGD-treated while silencing of lncRNA Chaer increases cardiomyocyte apoptosis instead. In vivo, forced expression of lncRNA Chaer with AAV9 attenuates cardiac apoptosis, reduces infarction area and improves mice heart function in AMI. Interestingly, overexpression of lncRNA Chaer promotes the phosphorylation of AMPK, and AMPK inhibitor Compound C reverses the overexpression of lncRNA Chaer effect of reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis under OGD-treatment. In summary, we identify the novel ability of lncRNA Chaer in regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis by promoting phosphorylation of AMPK in AMI.

lncRNAs as Hallmarks for Individualized Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is global cancer with a high mortality rate. A growing number of studies have found the abnormal expression of lncRNA (long noncoding RNA) in many tumors, which plays a role in promoting or inhibiting cancer. Similarly, lncRNA abnormal expression plays an essential biological function in gastric cancer. This article focuses on lncRNA involvement in the development of gastric cancer in terms of cell cycle disorder, apoptosis inhibition, metabolic remodeling, promotion of tumor inflammation, immune escape, induction of angiogenesis, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). The involvement of lncRNA in the development of gastric cancer is related to drug resistance, such as cisplatin and multi-drug resistance. It can also be used as a potential marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer and a target for the treatment. With an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of lncRNA in gastric cancer, new ideas for personalized treatment of gastric cancer are expected.

HOXA13, Negatively Regulated by miR-139-5p, Decreases the Sensitivity of Gastric Cancer to 5-Fluorouracil Possibly by Targeting ABCC4

Purpose

Chemoresistance remains a major challenge in the therapy of gastric cancer (GC). The homeobox (HOX) gene family has gained attention in carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Here, this study aimed to explore the mechanism of HOXA13 in GC chemoresistance.

Methods

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of HOXA13 in GC tissues. The Kaplan–Meier plotter database was mined for prognosis analysis of GC patients with different HOXA13 expression receiving 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy. The effects of HOXA13 on sensitivity of GC cells to 5-FU were investigated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, flow cytometry and experiment in vivo. RNA-Sequencing analysis was performed to explore the underlying mechanism of HOXA13-mediated 5-FU resistance in GC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and rescue experiments were applied to determine the relationship between HOXA13 and ABCC4. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess interaction of miR-139-5p and HOXA13.

Results

HOXA13 was upregulated in GC and its high expression was associated with poor prognosis of GC patients with 5-FU treatment. Overexpression of HOXA13 impaired the inhibitory effects of 5-FU on GC cells proliferation in vitro and vivo, and knockdown of HOXA13 exacerbated 5-FU-induced GC cells apoptosis. Mechanistically, HOXA13, directly targeted by miR-139-5p in GC, might upregulate ABCC4 expression, thereby accentuating 5-FU resistance of GC cells.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that HOXA13 attenuates 5-FU sensitivity of GC possibly by upregulating ABCC4. Thus, targeting HOXA13 would provide a novel prospective into the potential therapeutic strategy for reversing chemoresistance.

MiR-139-5p Targetedly Regulates YAF2 and Mediates the AKT/P38 MAPK Signaling Pathway to Alleviate the Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells and Their Resistance Against Cisplatin

Objective

To explore relevant mechanisms of miR-139-5p in alleviating the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) and their resistance against cisplatin.

Methods

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot (WB) assays were carried out to determine the protein levels of miR-139-5p and YAF2, and cisplatin (DDP)-resistant NSCLC cell strains were established. Subsequently, an MTT assay was employed to evaluate the viability of the cell strains, a Transwell assay to evaluate cell invasion activity, and flow cytometry to analyze cell apoptosis rate. Finally, a Western blot assay was carried out to determine the protein levels of P-PI3K and p-p38.

Results

NSCLC tissues showed lower miR-139-5p expression and higher YAF2 expression than paracancerous tissues and human normal lung epithelial cells, and miR-139-5p was related to the prognosis of NSCLC patients. Overexpression of miR-139-5p or knock-down of YAF2 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells and induced their apoptosis. Additionally, the dual-luciferase reporter assay verified a targeting relationship between miR-139-5p and YAF2. Overexpression of miR-139-5p and knockdown of YAF2 reversed the resistance of A549/DDP cells against DDP, inactivated p38 and Akt proteins, and inhibited the AKT/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, inhibiting the AKT/p38 MAPK signaling pathway with MK2206 resisted the effects of knock-down of miR-139-5p on DDP resistance in NSCLC cells.

Conclusion

MiR-139-5p targetedly regulates YAF2 and mediates the AKT/p38 MAPK signaling pathway to alleviate the metastasis of NSCLC cells and their resistance against cisplatin, which may be a novel target for improving the therapeutic effect on NSCLC.

Roles of the miR-139-5p/CCT5 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a bioinformatic analysis

Background: MiRNAs are pivotal regulators involved in proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, drug resistance and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of miR-139-5p and its target genes on the outcomes of HCC. Methods: Survival analysis of miR-139-5p in HCC was conducted in Kaplan-Meier plotter. Target genes of miR-139-5p were identified in TargetScan, miRTarBase and starBase. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) series were used for the validation of miR-139-5p target genes. Cox proportional regression model was also established. Results: In Kaplan-Meier plotter, 163 HCC patients were included. MiR-139-5p downregulation was significantly associated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in HCC patients (all P < 0.001). MiR-139-5p was significantly downregulated in HCC tumors and human hepatoma cell lines (all P < 0.05). As a target gene of miR-139-5p, CCT5 was overexpressed in HCC tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (all P < 0.05). A negative correlation between CCT5 and miR-139-5p was found in TCGA dataset. CCT5 overexpression was significantly associated with worse OS in HCC patients (P < 0.001), which was validated in the GSE14520 dataset (P = 0.017). CCT5 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in HCC patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) > 300 ng/ml, BCLC staging B-C, TNM staging III and main tumor size > 5 cm (all P < 0.05). According to the Cox regression model of CCT5-interacting genes, HCC patients with high risk had poor OS compared to those with low risk in the TCGA dataset (P < 0.001), with the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year ROC curves of an area under the curve (AUC) equal to 0.704, 0.662, and 0.631, respectively. Conclusions: MiR-139-5p suppresses HCC tumor aggression and conversely correlated with CCT5. The miR-139-5p/CCT5 axis might perform crucial functions in the development of HCC.

Non-coding RNAs underlying chemoresistance in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major health issue in the Western world. Current clinical imperatives for this disease include the identification of more effective biomarkers to detect GC at early stages and enhance the prevention and treatment of metastatic and chemoresistant GC. The advent of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long-non coding RNAs (lncRNAs), has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which GC cells acquire features of therapy resistance. ncRNAs play critical roles in normal physiology, but their dysregulation has been detected in a variety of cancers, including GC. A subset of ncRNAs is GC-specific, implying their potential application as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Hence, evaluating the specific functions of ncRNAs will help to expand novel treatment options for GC.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we summarize some of the well-known ncRNAs that play a role in the development and progression of GC. We also review the application of such ncRNAs in clinical diagnostics and trials as potential biomarkers. Obviously, a deeper understanding of the biology and function of ncRNAs underlying chemoresistance can broaden horizons toward the development of personalized therapy against GC.

The Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in Cancer Metabolism: A Concise Review

Dysregulation of metabolic pathways in cancer cells is regarded as a hallmark of cancer. Identification of these abnormalities in cancer cells dates back to more than six decades, far before discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Based on the importance of these pathways, several researchers have aimed at modulation of these functions to intervene with the pathogenic course of cancer. Numerous genes have been shown to participate in the regulation of metabolic pathways, thus aberrant expression of these genes can be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. The recent decade has experienced a significant attention toward the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biological functions. These transcripts regulate expression of genes at several levels, therefore influencing the activity of cancer-related pathways. Among the most affected pathways are those modulating glucose homeostasis, as well as amino acid and lipid metabolism. Moreover, critical roles of lncRNAs in regulation of mitochondrial function potentiate these transcripts as novel targets for cancer treatment. In the current review, we summarize the most recent literature regarding the role of lncRNAs in the cancer metabolism and their significance in the design of therapeutic modalities.

Regulation of Glycolysis by Non-coding RNAs in Cancer: Switching on the Warburg Effect

The “Warburg effect” describes the reprogramming of glucose metabolism away from oxidative phosphorylation toward aerobic glycolysis, and it is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Several factors can be involved in this process, but in this review, the roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are highlighted in several types of human cancer. ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, can all affect metabolic enzymes and transcription factors to promote glycolysis and modulate glucose metabolism to enhance the progression of tumors. In particular, the 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways are associated with alterations in ncRNAs. A better understanding of the roles of ncRNAs in the Warburg effect could ultimately lead to new therapeutic approaches for suppressing cancer.

Monoamine Oxidase A is a Major Mediator of Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Glycolysis in Gastric Cancer Progression

Objective

Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is a mitochondrial protein involved in tumourigenesis in different types of cancer. However, the biological function of MAO-A in gastric cancer development remains unknown.

Methods

We examined MAO-A expression in gastric cancer tissues and in gastric cancer cell lines by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. CCK8, FACS and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays were performed to assess the effects of MAO-A on gastric cancer cell proliferation. The role of MAO-A in mitochondrial function was determined through MitoSOX Red staining, ATP generation and glycolysis assays.

Results

In the present study, we observed that MAO-A was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and in AGS and MGC803 cells. The observed MAO-A inhibition indicated decreased cell cycle progression and proliferation. Silencing MAO-A expression was associated with suppressed migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, alleviated mitochondrial damage in these cells was demonstrated by decreased levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and increased ATP generation. MAO-A knockdown also regulated the expression of the glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes hexokinase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Finally, we observed that the glycolysis-mediated effect was weakened in AGS and MGC803 cells when MAO-A was blocked.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study indicate that MAO-A is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction and aerobic glycolysis, which in turn leads to the proliferation and metastasis of human gastric tumour cells.

Both endogenous and exogenous miR-139-5p inhibit Fusobacterium nucleatum-related colorectal cancer development

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Colorectal carcinogenesis represents a heterogeneous process which influenced by diet, environmental and microbial exposures. Microbes in the gut might take up microRNAs (miRNAs) and these miRNAs might affect microbes in turn. Our previous work identified miR-139-5p as a tumor suppressor gene down-regulated in CRC. At present, the regulatory role and mechanism of miR-139-5p between Fusobacterium nucleatum and CRC are unclear. In this study, after co-incubating Fusobacterium nucleatum with CRC cells, MTT assay, colony formation assay and wound-healing assay showed that Fusobacterium nucleatum could stimulate cell proliferation and migration. After knocking down the expression of c-met in cells, western blot assay proved that knocking down c-met could weaken this stimulation. C-met is one of the target genes of miR-139-5p. Experimented with miR-139-5p overexpressed CRC cell lines, we found the same results as knocking down c-met, which means that endogenous miR-139-5p can reduce the stimulation. Next, by co-incubating the exogenous miR-139-5p mimics with Fusobacterium nucleatum, we proved that exogenous miR-139-5p could inhibit the proliferation of Fusobacterium nucleatum. After treating CRC cells with Fusobacterium nucleatum, which incubated with miR-139-5p mimics in advance, MTT assay indicated that the stimulation of Fusobacterium nucleatum was weakened. Besides, we speculated the binding site between miR-139-5p and Fusobacterium nucleatum. In sum, our study suggests a new prospect for the treatment of CRC, and the combination of Fusobacterium nucleatum and miR-139-5p could be used as a more valuable comprehensive biomarker for CRC prognosis.

Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of miR-139-5p in cancers

miRNAs are a group of non-coding RNAs that have regulatory functions in post-transcriptional gene expression. These molecules play a fundamental role in cellular processes, for instance cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Scientific investigations have previously established that miRNAs can either promote or suppress tumor development by mediating different signaling pathways. miR-139-5p, located on chromosome 11q13.4, has been examined extensively in cancers. Studies have demonstrated that miR-139-5p might be an attractive cancer biomarker. Herein, we will review how miR-139-5p acts in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, as well as elucidating its major target genes and associated signaling pathways.

LncRNA LINC00152 Promotes Laryngeal Cancer Progression by Sponging MiR-613

Background

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00152 (CYTOR) has been reported to be upregulated and to serve as a diagnostic biomarker in multiple types of cancers, including laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC). However, the functional role and molecular mechanisms of LINC00152 in LSCC progression need to be further investigated.

Methods

LINC00152 levels in LSCC and adjacent normal tissues were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Gene knockdown of LINC00152 was achieved in LSCC cells by use of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were examined by a series of methods. The micoRNA (miRNA) interaction with LINC00152 was screened by starBase v2.0 and confirmed by luciferase reporter activity.

Results

LINC00152 levels in LSCC tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent normal tissue, and patients with lymph node metastasis or an advanced clinical stage displayed higher LINC00152 expression. Moreover, siRNA-mediated LINC00152 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of LSCC cells and induced apoptosis in those cells. Mechanistically, LINC00152 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) sponging miR-613. The inhibitory effect of LINC00152 knockdown on malignant behavior was abrogated by inhibiting miR-613.

Conclusion

LINC00152 exerts an oncogenic effect on the tumorigenesis of LSCC by sponging miR-613 and may serve as a potential target for treating LSCC.

Long non-coding RNA signature in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer as a common human malignancy has been associated with aberrant expressions of several coding and non-coding genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as regulators of gene expressions at different genomic, transcriptomic and post-transcriptomic levels are among putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. In the present study, we have searched available literature and listed lncRNAs that are involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. In addition, we discuss associations between expressions of these lncRNAs and tumoral features or risk factors for gastric cancer. Based on the established role of lncRNAs in regulation of genomic stability, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis and other aspects of cell physiology, the potential of these transcripts as therapeutic targets in gastric cancer should be evaluated in future studies.

The regulatory roles and potential prognosis implications of long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer

Accumulating dysregulated lncRNAs have been demonstrated to execute vital functions in the pathogenesis and progress of gastric cancer (GC) through versatile molecular mechanisms. In this review, we classify the mechanisms of dysregulated lncRNAs in GC into several governing types according to their roles at molecular level. For each regulatory role, we illustrate several instructive examples and introduce significant effects of lncRNAs on cellular biological properties of GC. Besides, we summarize a group of lncRNA-signatures that are potential biomarkers in the prediction of prognosis for GC patients.

Long non-coding RNA linc00152 acting as a promising oncogene in cancer progression

The incidence and mortality rate of cancer continues to gradually increase, although considerable research effort has been directed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying biomarkers responsible for tumorigenesis. Accumulated evidence indicates that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are transcribed but not translated into functional proteins, contribute to cancer development. Recently, linc00152 (an lncRNA) was identified as a potent oncogene in various cancer types, and shown to be involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, and motility by sponging tumor-suppressive microRNAs acting as a competing endogenous RNA, binding to gene promoters acting as a transcriptional regulator, and binding to functional proteins. In this review, we focus on the oncogenic role of linc00152 in tumorigenesis and provided an overview of recent clinical studies on the effects of linc00152 expression in human cancers.

Glycolysis promotes the progression of pancreatic cancer and reduces cancer cell sensitivity to gemcitabine

Previous studies have reported that increased glycolytic activity enhances chemotherapy resistance in some types of malignancies. However, whether glycolysis influences the curative effect of gemcitabine (GEM) on pancreatic cancer (PC) cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of glycolysis in PC and its association with tolerance to GEM. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to analyze the correlation between glycolysis-related gene (GRG) expression and PC progression and prognosis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was applied to assess the effect of glycolysis inhibition on PC cell death and GEM tolerance. Expression of some GRGs, such as HK1, GAPDH, PKM2, and LDHA, was significantly associated with the prognosis of PC. Furthermore, HK1, PKLR, and LDHA expression correlated positively with PC progression. Further analysis revealed that cancer cell death was markedly enhanced following glycolysis inhibition and that the sensitivity of cancer cells to GEM was notably increased in the presence of 2-DG. Our findings indicate that abnormally increased glycolytic activity promotes the development of PC and enhances drug tolerance to GEM. 2-DG combined with GEM is a potential therapy for PC.

Long non-coding RNA LINC00152 promotes tumorigenesis via sponging miR-193b-3p in osteosarcoma

The majority of the human genome has been revealed to be non-protein-coding, which are transcribed into noncoding RNAs (ncRNA), RNAs which are not translated into protein. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including LINC00152, may be associated with the pathogenesis of different types of cancer. LINC00152 serves as an endogenous sponge by binding to micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and inhibiting their activity. The current study revealed that LINC00152 is overexpressed in osteosarcoma cells, leading to increased cell proliferation, and decreased G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The binding of miR-193b-3p to LINC00152 was demonstrated by dual-luciferase assay, and led to miR-193b-3p downregulation in osteosarcoma cells. Knockdown of LINC00152 revealed an antitumorigenic effect by reducing cell proliferation and increasing G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. Inhibiting miR-193b-3p reversed the effects of LINC00152 knockdown. These results suggested that LINC00152 binds to miR-193b-3p and reduces its expression level, leading to increased cell proliferation and decreased G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells.

Improved characterization of the relationship between long intergenic non-coding RNA Linc00152 and the occurrence and development of malignancies

Linc00152, located on chromosome 2p11.2, is a long intergenic non-coding RNA molecule with 828 nucleotides that is highly expressed in many types of human tumor tissues, especially in malignant tumors of the digestive system. Linc00152 promotes the occurrence and development of tumors by increasing tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis. Additionally, linc00152 contributes to the carcinogenesis of several cancers, including gastric cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallbladder cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer, by disturbing various signaling pathways (eg PI3K/AKT, mTOR, IL-1, and NOTCH 1 signaling pathways). High linc00152 expression levels are associated with chemoresistance as well as poor prognosis and shorter survival. Continual advances made in the relevant research have indicated that linc00152 may be useful as a new tumor molecular biomarker, applicable for tumor diagnosis, targeted therapy, and prognosis assessment. This review summarizes the progress in the research into the relationship between linc00152 and the occurrence and development of malignancies based on molecular functions, regulatory mechanisms, and clinical applications.

Metabolic reprogramming results in abnormal glycolysis in gastric cancer: a review

The Warburg effect in tumor cells involves the uptake of high levels of glucose, enhanced glycolysis, and the metabolism of pyruvate to lactic acid rather than oxidative phos-phorylation to generate energy under aerobic conditions. This effect is closely related to the occurrence, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, and poor prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). Current research has further demonstrated that the Warburg effect in GC cells is not only mediated by the glycolysis pathway, but also includes roles for mitochondria, noncoding RNAs, and other proteins that do not directly regulate metabolism. As a result, changes in the glycolysis pathway not only lead to abnormal glucose metabolism, but they also affect mitochondrial functions, cellular processes such as apoptosis and cell cycle regulation, and the metabolism of lipids and amino acids. In this review, we discuss metabolic reprogramming in GC based on glycolysis, a possible link between glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, and we clarify the role of mitochondria. We also examine recent studies of metabolic inhibitors in GC.

MiR-139-5p is associated with poor prognosis and regulates glycolysis by repressing PKM2 in gallbladder carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most highly aggressive cancer of biliary tract, but effective therapeutics are lacking. Emerging evidence has unveiled that miR-139-5p is aberrantly downregulated in cancers, including GBC. However, the functions and mechanisms of miR-139-5p in GBC remain unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MiR-139-5p-overexpression was established in GBC cell lines, after which cell proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation, and glucose metabolism were assayed in vitro. Subsequently, bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase reporter were performed to confirm that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was a direct target of miRNA-139-5p. Xenograft mouse models were applied to investigate the role of miR-139-5p in GBC tumourigenicity in vivo. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical assays were performed to determine the relationships among miR-139-5p, PKM2 expression and clinical malignancies in GBC samples.

RESULTS

We found that miR-139-5p was substantially downregulated in GBC tissues. Low expression of miR-139-5p was significantly associated with poor clinical outcomes. GBC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion could be inhibited by overexpression of miR-139-5p either in vitro or in vivo. In addition, miR-139-5p overexpression could directly inhibit PKM2 expression and lead to suppression of glucose consumption, lactate production, and cellular ATP levels. Moreover, PKM2 was frequently upregulated in GBC and correlated with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, miRNA-139-5p inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and glycolysis in GBC, at least in part, by repressing PKM2.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrated a novel role for miR-139-5p/PKM2 in GBC progression and provided potential prognostic predictors for GBC patients.

Do polymorphisms in protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 gene associated with cancer susceptibility? a meta-analysis and systematic review

Background

Currently, several studies have demonstrated that PRKAA1 polymorphisms conduce to the development of cancer. PRKAA1 gene encodes the AMP-activated protein kinase summit-α1, and plays an important role in cell metabolism. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all enrolled eligible case-control studies to obtain a precise correlation between PRKAA1 polymorphism and cancer susceptibility.

Methods

Extensive retrieve was performed in Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, EMbase, CNKI and Wanfang databases up to August 26, 2018. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were performed to evaluate the overall strength of the associations in five models, as well as in subgroup analyses, stratified by ethnicity, cancer type or source of control. Q-test, Egger’s test and Begg’s funnel plot were applied to evaluate the heterogeneity and publication bias. In-silico analysis was performed to demonstrate the relationship of PRKAA1 expression correlated with cancer tissues and survival time.

Results

Twenty-two case-control studies from 14 publications were enrolled, with 17,068 cases and 20,871 controls for rs13361707, and 2514 cases and 3193 controls for rs10074991. Overall, we identified that the PRKAA1 rs13361707 polymorphism is not significantly associated with cancer susceptibility under all five genetic models. For rs10074991, we revealed a significant decrease risk in allelic comparison model (B vs. A: OR = 0.774, 95% CI = 0.642–0.931, P_Adjust = 3.376*10^− 2), heterozygote comparison model (BA vs. AA: OR = 0.779 95%CI = 0.691–0.877, P_Adjust = 9.86*10^− 10;), and dominant genetic model (BB + BA vs. AA: OR = 0.697 95%CI = 0.533–0.912, P_Adjust = 4.211*10^− 2;). Evidence from TCGA database and GTEx projects indicated that the expression of PRKAA1 in gastric cancer tissue is higher, compared to normal stomach tissue, as well as it in breast cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, the Kaplan-Meier estimate showed that there is no significant difference of OS and RFS between the low and high PRKAA1 TPM groups in gastric cancer, breast cancer, and esophageal carcinoma.

Conclusions

To sum up, PRKAA1 rs13361707 polymorphism is not participant with the increased risk of cancer, while the A allele of PRKAA1 rs10074991 revealed a significant decrease risk.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0704-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

MiR-139-5p suppresses osteosarcoma cell growth and invasion through regulating DNMT1

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence has suggested the crucial roles of differentially expressed miRNAs in osteosarcoma progression. MiR-139-5p was decreased in various cancers. However, the role of miR-139-5p in the development of osteosarcoma and the underlying mechanism remain to be addressed.

METHODS

MiR-139-5p and DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) mRNA expressions in osteosarcoma tissues and cells were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. The effects of miR-139-5p and DNMT1 on osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated through cell migration and invasion assays, and western blot analysis. The relationship between miR-139-5p and DNMT1was explored using luciferase reporter analysis and western blot. A xenograft tumor model was employed to verify the effects of miR-139-5p on osteosarcoma.

RESULTS

We found that miR-139-5p was strikingly decreased in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. MiR-139-5p over-expression suppressed osteosarcoma cell growth, migration and invasion, while loss of miR-139-5p promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Following, we characterized that DNMT1 was a direct target of miR-139-5p that interacted with the 3'-untranslated region of DNMT1. MiR-139-5p regulated a down-regulation in DNMT1 protein expression levels. We also found that DNMT1 expression was increased and negatively correlated with miR-139-5p expression in osteosarcoma tissues clinically. Xenograft tumor analysis suggested that miR-139-5p over-expression reduced tumor growth in osteosarcoma in vivo through decreasing DNMT1 expressions.

CONCLUSION

MiR-139-5p suppressed the osteosarcoma progression by reducing DNMT1, supplying new insight into the molecular mechanism uncovering osteosarcoma growth.