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Anadozie SO, Aduma AU, Adewale OB. Biologically Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Mitigate Aluminum Chloride-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Downregulation of iNOX, LCN2 and IL-1β Genes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01360-3. [PMID: 38907938 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to aluminum (Al), an environmental toxicant, and its accumulation in the glomerular could lead to acute kidney disease. Biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been employed in the management of kidney disorders. This study assessed the modulatory effect of AuNPs mediated by Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Experimental rats were randomly distributed into six groups of seven animals each. Aluminum chloride (100 mg/kg bw) was orally given to the rats for 42 days to induce nephrotoxicity. Treatment with silymarin and HS-AuNPs lasted for 14 days. Serum kidney function, tissue arginase level and oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as tissue gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were evaluated. Exposure of AlCl3 to the rats produced a marked (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of serum urea and creatinine in comparison with the control. Similarly, tissue arginase and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also increased while a reduction in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) were noted in the AlCl3-induced rats. Aluminum chloride also upregulated the mRNA expression of iNOS, LCN2 and IL-1β in the rats. These biochemical alterations were, however, attenuated by the administration of HS-AuNPs but the 5 mg/kg HS-AuNPs exhibited better anti-nephrotoxic activity than the 10 mg/kg dose, and could, thus serve as a potential dose for managing renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scholastica O Anadozie
- Nanomedicine, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Asueiza U Aduma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Afe Babalola University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olusola B Adewale
- Nanomedicine, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Assis de Andrade E, Machinski I, Terso Ventura AC, Barr SA, Pereira AV, Beltrame FL, Strangman WK, Williamson RT. A Review of the Popular Uses, Anatomical, Chemical, and Biological Aspects of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): A Genus of Plants Known as "Miracle Leaf". Molecules 2023; 28:5574. [PMID: 37513446 PMCID: PMC10383218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Kalanchoe have a long history of therapeutic use in ethnomedicine linked to their remarkable healing properties. Several species have chemical and anatomical similarities, often leading to confusion when they are used in folk medicine. This review aims to provide an overview and discussion of the reported traditional uses, botanical aspects, chemical constituents, and pharmacological potential of the Kalanchoe species. Published scientific materials were collected from the PubMed and SciFinder databases without restriction regarding the year of publication through April 2023. Ethnopharmacological knowledge suggests that these species have been used to treat infections, inflammation, injuries, and other disorders. Typically, all parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes either as crude extract or juice. Botanical evaluation can clarify species differentiation and can enable correct identification and validation of the scientific data. Flavonoids are the most common classes of secondary metabolites identified from Kalanchoe species and can be correlated with some biological studies (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential). This review summarizes several topics related to the Kalanchoe genus, supporting future studies regarding other unexplored research areas. The need to conduct further studies to confirm the popular uses and biological activities of bioactive compounds is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Assis de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Isadora Machinski
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Terso Ventura
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Sarah Ainslie Barr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Airton Vicente Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávio Luís Beltrame
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Wendy Karen Strangman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Robert Thomas Williamson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
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Kpemissi M, Kantati YT, Veerapur VP, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Hassan Z. Anti-cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Combretum micranthum G. Don: Potential implications in neurodegenerative disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 14:21-27. [PMID: 36578633 PMCID: PMC9791815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain damage is a severe and common pathology that leads to life-threatening diseases. Despite development in the research, the medical evidence of the effectiveness of potential neuroprotective medicines is insufficient. As a result, there is an immense and urgent demand for promising medication. For millennia, herbal remedies were a fundamental aspect of medical treatments. Combretum micranthum (CM), a plant of the family Combretaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, has been utilized in folklore medicine to cure diverse human ailments. In order to develop a neuroprotective phytomedicine, the current research was undertaken to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and neuroprotective potential of CM extract. Methods Colorimetric methods were used to determine CM antioxidant activity, in-vitro protein denaturation and membrane destabilization assays were used to evaluate its anti-inflammatory capacity, anticholinesterase activity was carried out using Ellman's method, and neuroprotective potential was assessed on brain homogenate stressed with ferric chloride and ascorbic acid (FeCl2-AA) by assessing the lipoperoxidation biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA). Results In Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (IC50 = 27.15 ± 0.06 µg/mL) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (IC50 = 31.13 ± 0.02 µg/mL), CM extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory effect were improved in heat-induced Egg albumin and BSA denaturation (IC 50 = 46.35 ± 1.53 and 23.94 ± 1.10 µg/mL) as well as heat and hypotonia induced membrane destabilization (IC 50 = 20.96 ± 0.11 and 16.75 ± 0.94 µg/mL).CM extract showed strong anticholinesterase activity (IC 50 = 59.85 ± 0.91 µg/mL). In an ex-vivo neuroprotective model, CM extract showed substantial inhibition (p < 0.001) of oxidative damage caused by FeCl2-AA in brain tissue. Conclusion C. micranthum may be a good candidate for its probable neuroprotective potential. Its neuroprotective benefits might be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabozou Kpemissi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia,University of Lomé, Togo,Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, B.H. Road, Tumkur 572 102, Karnataka, India,Correspondence to: Major in Pharmacology and Physiology Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Togo.
| | | | | | | | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia,Corresponding author.
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Anadozie SO, Adewale OB, Meyer M, Davids H, Roux S. In vitroanti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities of gold nanoparticles synthesized from an aqueous extract of the Xylopia aethiopicafruit. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:315101. [PMID: 33845465 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf6ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a green approach has drawn considerable interest in the field of nanomedicine. Its wide application in clinical diagnosis, imaging and therapeutics portrays its importance for human existence. In this study, we reported on the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs using the aqueous extract of theXylopia aethiopicafruit (AEXAf), which acts as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The characterization of AEXAf-AuNPs was performed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Thein vitroanti-oxidant activities of the AEXAf-AuNPs and AEXAf were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power. Thein vitrocytotoxic activities of the AEXAf-AuNPs and AEXAf against breast and colorectal cancer cells were evaluated using 3,-(4,5 dimethylthiazol)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability and annexin V/PI assays. The AEXAf-AuNPs exhibited surface plasmon absorption maximum at 522 nm and were stable for 4 weeks. The average size of the AEXAf-AuNPs was 10.61 ± 3.33 nm on the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Thein vitroanti-oxidant activities of the AEXAf-AuNPs and AEXAf were concentration dependent. The AEXAf-AuNPs were cytotoxic to the cancer cells and non-toxic to the non-cancerous human fibroblast cells (KMST-6) (up to 200μg ml-1). From these results, the AEXAf-AuNPs showed good anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities, and can be suggested as a possible therapeutic agent for breast and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scholastica O Anadozie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Science, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola B Adewale
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Science, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, PMB X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Hajierah Davids
- Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Saartjie Roux
- Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan MA, El-Nekeety AA, Abdel-Azeim SH, Hassan NS, Jaswir I, Salleh HM. Zinc loaded whey protein nanoparticles mitigate the oxidative stress and modulate antioxidative gene expression in testicular tissues in rats. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Oyetayo FL, Akomolafe SF, Osesanmi TJ. Effect of dietary inclusion of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L) seed on nephrotoxicity occasioned by cisplatin in experimental rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13439. [PMID: 32808341 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L) seed (raw and roasted) on nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin in rats. Rats were divided into control group, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic untreated group, nephrotoxic-treated groups with Methimazole, dietary regimen containing raw pumpkin seed (5% and 10%) and roasted pumpkin seed (5% and 10%) for 14 days. Results acquired uncovered that cisplatin intoxication significantly increased (p ≤ .05) the levels of renal biomarkers, arginase activity, 8-hydroxy-21-deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as well as significant decrease in functional sulfhydryl groups, nitric oxide levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats' kidney when compared to the control group. These adverse changes, due to cisplatin inebriation in rodents, were in any case, forestalled by pre-treatment with pumpkin seed inclusive diet. This holds promise for the use of pumpkin seed as a food supplement in the management of nephrotoxic-related disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These results suggest that roasted pumpkin seed appears to be more nephroprotective than the raw pumpkin seed through regulations of arginase activity, enhancement in the antioxidant system, suppression of renal markers and lipid peroxidation. This holds p-omise for the use of roasted pumpkin seed as a food supplement in the management nephrotoxic-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake L Oyetayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Seun F Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Tope J Osesanmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
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S. Clemente G, van Waarde A, F. Antunes I, Dömling A, H. Elsinga P. Arginase as a Potential Biomarker of Disease Progression: A Molecular Imaging Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5291. [PMID: 32722521 PMCID: PMC7432485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a widely known enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. The action of arginase goes beyond the boundaries of hepatic ureogenic function, being widespread through most tissues. Two arginase isoforms coexist, the type I (Arg1) predominantly expressed in the liver and the type II (Arg2) expressed throughout extrahepatic tissues. By producing L-ornithine while competing with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for the same substrate (L-arginine), arginase can influence the endogenous levels of polyamines, proline, and NO•. Several pathophysiological processes may deregulate arginase/NOS balance, disturbing the homeostasis and functionality of the organism. Upregulated arginase expression is associated with several pathological processes that can range from cardiovascular, immune-mediated, and tumorigenic conditions to neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, arginase is a potential biomarker of disease progression and severity and has recently been the subject of research studies regarding the therapeutic efficacy of arginase inhibitors. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of arginase and the current state of development of arginase inhibitors, discussing the potential of arginase as a molecular imaging biomarker and stimulating the development of novel specific and high-affinity arginase imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S. Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Inês F. Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
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Anadozie SO, Akinyemi JA, Adewale OB, Isitua CC. Prevention of short-term memory impairment by Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken and its effect on acetylcholinesterase changes in CCl4-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30:jbcpp-2018-0161. [PMID: 31494630 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Short-term memory impairment is a neurodegenerative disease associated with oxidative stress. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken of the family Crassulaceae is traditionally used in the treatment of diseases, such as cough, wounds, and kidney diseases. This study evaluates the effect of the aqueous extract of B. pinnatum (AEBP) leaves on acetylcholinesterase activity in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced short-term memory impairment in rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used in this study and were divided into six groups (n=5). Group I served as control, group II rats were induced with CCl4, while groups III-V animals were pretreated with silymarin (25 mg/kg body weight), 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight AEBP leaves, respectively, once daily by oral gavage for 14 days prior to a single intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Animals in group VI received 50 mg/kg body weight AEBP only by oral gavage. Results Administration of carbon tetrachloride significantly increased (p<0.05) spontaneous alternation and locomotor function in rats when compared with the control group. Also, the levels of acetylcholinesterase, adenosine deaminase, and malondialdehyde were increased in CCl4-administered rats, with reduction in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels. However, pretreatment of rats with AEBP leaves, at tested doses, prevented these changes. Conclusions The increased antioxidant status and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity show that AEBP leaves improve learning memory and stabilizes memory impairment caused by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scholastica Onyebuchi Anadozie
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry unit, Afe Babalola University, Km 8.5 Afe Babalola way, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, Phone: +234 813 3254 737; +27 64 63 180 64
| | - Jacob Ayodele Akinyemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Bolaji Adewale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Christy Chinwe Isitua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: an updated review about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Guzel S, Sahinogullari ZU, Canacankatan N, Antmen SE, Kibar D, Coskun Yilmaz B. Potential renoprotective effects of silymarin against vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 43:630-636. [PMID: 30862206 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1584208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin (SLY), a flavonoid complex isolated from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipid peroxidative effects. Vancomycin (VA), used for treating serious infections, has been associated with nephrotoxicity, which limits its use. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential renoprotective effects of SLY on VA-induced nephrotoxicity using renal, apoptotic (caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 enzyme activities), and oxidative stress [nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] markers; serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels; and histopathological examination. A total of 49 male Wistar albino rats were used (n = 7): control [saline, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], dimethyl sulfoxide (i.p.), VA [400 mg/(kg-day), i.p.], SLY100 [100 mg/(kg-day), i.p.], VA + SLY50 [50 mg/(kg-day), i.p.], VA + SLY100 [100 mg/(kg-day), i.p.], and VA + SLY200 [200 mg/(kg-day), i.p.]. SLY was administered once daily for 8 days. One day after the first treatment of SLY, VA administration was started and continued for 7 days. The levels of serum creatinine and BUN were evaluated using ELISA, caspase enzyme activities and levels of MDA and NO in the kidney tissues were evaluated by the colorimetric methods. The serum BUN, creatinine, NO, MDA levels, and caspase activities were significantly higher in VA group than in control (p < 0.05). However, caspase activities were significantly lower in VA + SLY200 than in VA (p < 0.05). The MDA, serum BUN, and creatinine levels were significantly lower in VA + SLY (50, 100, and 200) groups than in VA group (p < 0.05). VA + SLY200 was found to be the most effective group based on the caspase activities; MDA, NO, serum BUN, creatinine levels; and histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Guzel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Necmiye Canacankatan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Deniz Kibar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Banu Coskun Yilmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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