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Din MAU, Lin Y, Wang N, Wang B, Mao F. Ferroptosis and the ubiquitin-proteasome system: exploring treatment targets in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1383203. [PMID: 38666028 PMCID: PMC11043542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1383203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an emerging mode of programmed cell death fueled by iron buildup and lipid peroxidation. Recent evidence points to the function of ferroptosis in the aetiology and development of cancer and other disorders. Consequently, harnessing iron death for disease treatment has diverted the interest of the researchers in the field of basic and clinical research. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) represents a primary protein degradation pathway in eukaryotes. It involves labelling proteins to be degraded by ubiquitin (Ub), followed by recognition and degradation by the proteasome. Dysfunction of the UPS can contribute to diverse pathological processes, emphasizing the importance of maintaining organismal homeostasis. The regulation of protein stability is a critical component of the intricate molecular mechanism underlying iron death. Moreover, the intricate involvement of the UPS in regulating iron death-related molecules and signaling pathways, providing valuable insights for targeted treatment strategies. Besides, it highlights the potential of ferroptosis as a promising target for cancer therapy, emphasizing the combination between ferroptosis and the UPS. The molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, including key regulators such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), cysteine/glutamate transporter (system XC-), and iron metabolism, are thoroughly examined, alongside the role of the UPS in modulating the abundance and activity of crucial proteins for ferroptotic cell death, such as GPX4, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). As a pivotal regulatory system for macromolecular homeostasis, the UPS substantially impacts ferroptosis by directly or indirectly modulating iron death-related molecules or associated signaling pathways. This review explores the involvement of the UPS in regulating iron death-related molecules and signaling pathways, providing valuable insights for the targeted treatment of diseases associated with ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar Ud Din
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College, Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lin
- The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Naijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College, Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Soumoy L, Genbauffe A, Mouchart L, Sperone A, Trelcat A, Mukeba-Harchies L, Wells M, Blankert B, Najem A, Ghanem G, Saussez S, Journe F. ATP1A1 is a promising new target for melanoma treatment and can be inhibited by its physiological ligand bufalin to restore targeted therapy efficacy. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38178183 PMCID: PMC10765859 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in treating metastatic melanoma, many patients exhibit resistance to targeted therapies. Our study focuses on ATP1A1, a sodium pump subunit associated with cancer development. We aimed to assess ATP1A1 prognostic value in melanoma patients and examine the impact of its ligand, bufalin, on melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. High ATP1A1 expression (IHC) correlated with reduced overall survival in melanoma patients. Resistance to BRAF inhibitor was linked to elevated ATP1A1 levels in patient biopsies (IHC, qPCR) and cell lines (Western blot, qPCR). Additionally, high ATP1A1 mRNA expression positively correlated with differentiation/pigmentation markers based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and Verfaillie proliferative gene signature analysis. Bufalin specifically targeted ATP1A1 in caveolae, (proximity ligation assay) and influenced Src phosphorylation (Western blot), thereby disrupting multiple signaling pathways (phosphokinase array). In vitro, bufalin induced apoptosis in melanoma cell lines by acting on ATP1A1 (siRNA experiments) and, in vivo, significantly impeded melanoma growth using a nude mouse xenograft model with continuous bufalin delivery via an osmotic pump. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that ATP1A1 could serve as a prognostic marker for patient survival and a predictive marker for response to BRAF inhibitor therapy. By targeting ATP1A1, bufalin inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis in vitro, and effectively suppressed tumor development in mice. Thus, our findings strongly support ATP1A1 as a promising therapeutic target, with bufalin as a potential agent to disrupt its tumor-promoting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soumoy
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
| | - Aline Genbauffe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Lena Mouchart
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Sperone
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Anne Trelcat
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Léa Mukeba-Harchies
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Wells
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Blankert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000, Mons, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Ye Q, Zhou X, Ren H, Han F, Lin R, Li J. An overview of the past decade of bufalin in the treatment of refractory and drug-resistant cancers: current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1274336. [PMID: 37860119 PMCID: PMC10582727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1274336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound progress has been made in cancer treatment in the past three decades. However, drug resistance remains prevalent and a critical challenge. Drug resistance can be attributed to oncogenes mutations, activated defensive mechanisms, ATP-bind cassette transporters overexpression, cancer stem cells, etc. Chinese traditional medicine toad venom has been used for centuries for different diseases, including resistant cancers. Bufalin is one of the bufadienolides in toad venom that has been extensively studied for its potential in refractory and drug-resistant cancer treatments in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we would like to critically review the progress made in the past decade (2013-2022) of bufalin in overcoming drug resistance in cancers. Generally, bufalin shows high potential in killing certain refractory and resistant cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. More importantly, bufalin can work as a chemo-sensitizer that enhances the sensitivity of certain conventional and targeted therapies at low concentrations. In addition, the development of bufalin derivatives was also briefly summarized and discussed. We also analyzed the obstacles and challenges and provided possible solutions for future perspectives. We hope that the collective information may help evoke more effort for more in-depth studies and evaluation of bufalin in both lab and possible clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Ye
- Hainan General Hospital & Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Hainan Province & Affiliated Dermatology Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Han Ren
- Hainan General Hospital & Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Fangxuan Han
- Hainan General Hospital & Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Chen G, Zhang H, Sun H, Ding X, Liu G, Yang F, Feng G, Dong X, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Li B, Yang L. Bufalin targeting BFAR inhibits the occurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. Apoptosis 2023; 28:1390-1405. [PMID: 37253905 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common malignant tumor of digestive system. Bufalin extracted from Venenum Bufonis is one of the most effective anticancer monomers, which has been proved to play anticancer roles in a variety of cancers such as ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and neuroblastoma. However, there are few studies on bufalin in GC, and lack of clear targets. The effect of bufalin on the proliferation and migration of GC cells was detected by CCK-8, scratch wound healing assay, transwell assay and Western blotting. The potential direct interaction proteins of bufalin were screened by human proteome microarray containing 21,838 human proteins. The target protein was determined by bioinformatics, and the binding sites were predicted by molecular docking technique. Biological experiments in vitro and in vivo were conducted to verify the effect of bufalin directly interaction protein and the mechanism of bufalin targeting the protein to inhibit the development of GC. The results showed that bufalin inhibited the proliferation and migration of MKN-45 and HGC-27 GC cell lines in vitro. BFAR, a direct interaction protein of bufalin has several potential binding sites to bufalin. BFAR is highly expressed in GC and promotes the occurrence and metastasis of GC by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway in vitro and in vivo. Bufalin reversed the promoting effect of BFAR on the carcinogenesis and metastasis of GC by down-regulating the expression of BFAR. Our results show that bufalin targeting BFAR inhibits the occurrence and metastasis of GC through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. These results provide a new basis for bufalin as a promising drug for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huhu Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongxiao Sun
- Heart Center, Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, 6, Tongfu Road, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fanghao Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guilin Feng
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaolei Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yunfan Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Bo Z, Zhu J, Li X, Zhang C, Guo M, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wu Y. Identification of Na +/K +-ATPase Inhibitor Bufalin as a Novel Pseudorabies Virus Infection Inhibitor In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14479. [PMID: 37833925 PMCID: PMC10572507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alpha herpesvirus, induces significant economic losses to the swine industry and infects multiple kinds of animals. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore anti-PRV compounds. In this study, to explore the anti-PRV compounds, a library of natural compounds was screened through a cell-based ELISA assay, and it was discovered that bufalin, a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, had a robust inhibitory effect on PRV replication. A time-of-addition experiment and temperature-shift assay showed that bufalin significantly inhibited the entry stage of PRV. NaCl- or KCl-treatment showed that NaCl could enhance the inhibitory effect of bufalin on PRV replication, whereas there was no significant effect under the treatment of KCl. Meanwhile, it was also found that bufalin possessed antiviral activity against other alpha herpesviruses, including human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and chicken Marek's disease virus (MDV). Finally, it was found that bufalin could decrease the viral load in multiple tissues, and reduce the morbidity and mortality in PRV-challenged BALB/c mice. Overall, our findings demonstrated that bufalin has the potential to be developed as an anti-PRV compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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6
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Bufalin-Mediated Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways in Different Cancers: Spotlight on JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-Catenin, mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-R, and Non-Coding RNAs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052231. [PMID: 36903477 PMCID: PMC10004807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The renaissance of research into natural products has unequivocally and paradigmatically shifted our knowledge about the significant role of natural products in cancer chemoprevention. Bufalin is a pharmacologically active molecule isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo gargarizans or Bufo melanostictus. Bufalin has characteristically unique properties to regulate multiple molecular targets and can be used to harness multi-targeted therapeutic regimes against different cancers. There is burgeoning evidence related to functional roles of signaling cascades in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Bufalin has been reported to regulate pleiotropically a myriad of signal transduction cascades in various cancers. Importantly, bufalin mechanistically regulated JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-Catenin, mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-R, EGFR, and c-MET pathways. Furthermore, bufalin-mediated modulation of non-coding RNAs in different cancers has also started to gain tremendous momentum. Similarly, bufalin-mediated targeting of tumor microenvironments and tumor macrophages is an area of exciting research and we have only started to scratch the surface of the complicated nature of molecular oncology. Cell culture studies and animal models provide proof-of-concept for the impetus role of bufalin in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Bufalin-related clinical studies are insufficient and interdisciplinary researchers require detailed analysis of the existing knowledge gaps.
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Soumoy L, Ghanem GE, Saussez S, Journe F. Bufalin for an innovative therapeutic approach against cancer. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106442. [PMID: 36096424 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bufalin is an endogenous cardiotonic steroid, first discovered in toad venom but also found in the plasma of healthy humans, with anti-tumour activities in different cancer types. The current review is focused on its mechanisms of action and highlights its very large spectrum of effects both in vitro and in vivo. All leads to the conclusion that bufalin mediates its effects by affecting all the hallmarks of cancer and seems restricted to cancer cells avoiding side effects. Bufalin decreases cancer cell proliferation by acting on the cell cycle and inducing different mechanisms of cell death including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy and senescence. Bufalin also moderates metastasis formation by blocking migration and invasion as well as angiogenesis and by inducing a phenotype switch towards differentiation and decreasing cancer cell stemness. Regarding its various mechanisms of action in cancer cells, bufalin blocks overactivated signalling pathways and modifies cell metabolism. Moreover, bufalin gained lately a huge interest in the field of drug resistance by both reversing various drug resistance mechanisms and affecting the immune microenvironment. Together, these data support bufalin as a quite promising new anti-cancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soumoy
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy & Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Ghanem E Ghanem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy & Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy & Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Zhang X, Yao Z, Xue Z, Wang S, Liu X, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li X, Chen A. Resibufogenin Targets the ATP1A1 Signaling Cascade to Induce G2/M Phase Arrest and Inhibit Invasion in Glioma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:855626. [PMID: 35656311 PMCID: PMC9152115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.855626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resibufogenin (RB) is a major active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine Chansu and has garnered considerable attention for its efficacy in the treatment of cancer. However, the anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms of RB on glioblastoma (GBM) remain unknown. Here, we found that RB induced G2/M phase arrest and inhibited invasion in a primary GBM cell line, P3#GBM, and two GBM cell lines, U251 and A172. Subsequently, we demonstrated that RB-induced G2/M phase arrest occurred through downregulation of CDC25C and upregulation of p21, which was caused by activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, and that RB inhibited GBM invasion by elevating intercellular Ca2+ to suppress the Src/FAK/Paxillin focal adhesion pathway. Intriguingly, we confirmed that upon RB binding to ATP1A1, Na+-K+-ATPase was activated as a receptor and then triggered the intracellular MAPK/ERK pathway and Ca2+-mediated Src/FAK/Paxillin focal adhesion pathway, which led to G2/M phase arrest and inhibited the invasion of GBM cells. Taken together, our findings reveal the antitumor mechanism of RB by targeting the ATP1A1 signaling cascade and two key signaling pathways and highlight the potential of RB as a new class of promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyi Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xuemeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yaotian Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
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9
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Shao H, Li B, Li H, Gao L, Zhang C, Sheng H, Zhu L. Novel Strategies for Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Bufadienolides. Molecules 2021; 27:51. [PMID: 35011278 PMCID: PMC8746454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toad venom contains a large number of bufadienolides, which have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory effects. The strong antitumor effect of bufadienolides has attracted considerable attention in recent years, but the clinical application of bufadienolides is limited due to their low solubility and poor bioavailability. In order to overcome these shortcomings, many strategies have been explored, such as structural modification, solid dispersion, cyclodextrin inclusion, microemulsion and nanodrug delivery systems, etc. In this review, we have tried to summarize the pharmacological activities and structure-activity relationship of bufadienolides. Furthermore, the strategies for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of bufadienolides also are discussed. This review can provide a basis for further study on bufadienolides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huagang Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; (H.S.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (L.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; (H.S.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (L.G.); (C.Z.)
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10
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Chansu improves the respiratory function of severe COVID-19 patients. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH - MODERN CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8606185 DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 virus caused COVID-19 are in urgent need. Chansu has been reported to have broad-spectrum antiviral effects and widely used in Southeast Asian countries. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Chansu injection in treating patients with severe COVID-19. A randomized preliminary clinical trial was conducted and eligible patients were allocated to receive general treatment plus Chansu injection or only general treatment as control for 7 days. The primary outcomes of the oxygenation index PaO2/FiO2 and ROX, secondary outcomes of white blood cell count, respiratory support step-down time (RSST), safety indicators, etc were monitored. After 7 days of treatment, the oxygenation index was improved in 95.2% patients in the treatment group compared with 68.4% in the control group. The PaO2/FiO2 and ROX indices in the treatment group (mean, 226.27±67.35 and 14.01±3.99 respectively) were significantly higher than the control group (mean, 143.23±51.29 and 9.64±5.54 respectively). The RSST was 1 day shorter in the treatment group. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that Chansu injection contributed the most to the outcome of PaO2/FiO2. No obvious adverse effects were observed. The preliminary data showed that Chansu injection had apparent efficacy in improving the respiratory function of patients with severe COVID-19.
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An P, Zhang LJ, Peng W, Chen YY, Liu QP, Luan X, Zhang H. Natural products are an important source for proteasome regulating agents. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153799. [PMID: 34715511 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural medicines have a long history in the prevention and treatment of various diseases in East Asian region, especially in China. Modern research has proved that the pharmacological effects of numerous natural medicines involve the participation of ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). UPS can degrade the unwanted and damaged proteins widely distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of various eukaryotes. PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to review and discuss the regulatory effects of natural products and extracts on proteasome components, which may help to find new proteasome regulators for drug development and clinical applications. METHODS The related information was compiled using the major scientific databases, such as CNKI, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, Wiley Online, and GeenMedical. The keywords "natural product" and "proteasome" were applied to extract the literature. Nature derived extracts, compounds and their derivatives involved in proteasome regulation were included, and the publications related to synthetic proteasome agents were excluded. RESULTS The pharmacological effects of more than 80 natural products and extracts derived from phytomedicines related to the proteasome regulation were reviewed. These natural products were classified according to their chemical properties. We also summarized some laws of action of natural products as proteasome regulators in the treatment of diseases, and listed the action characteristics of the typical natural products. CONCLUSION Natural products derived from nature can induce the degradation of damaged proteins through UPS or act as regulators to directly regulate the activity of proteasome. But few proteasome modulators are applied clinically. Summary of known rules for proteasome modulators will contribute to discover, modify and synthesize more proteasome modulators for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei An
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Bufalin Induces Programmed Necroptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Drug-Resistant Cell Lines through RIP1/ROS-Mediated Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:900-908. [PMID: 34826043 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of action of bufalin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) drug-resistant cell lines. METHODS The normal human mammary epithelial cell line, TNBC cell line, TNBC adriamycin-resistant cell line, and TNBC docetaxel-resistant cell line were treated with different doses of bufalin (0-1,000 nmol/L) at different time points (0-72 h). Propidium iodide staining, AV-FITC/PI double staining, Hoechst 33342/PI double staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the death patterns of the cell lines. RESULTS Bufalin killed the TNBC cell line and its drug-resistant cell lines in a dose/time-dependent manner (all P<0.01). After treatment with bufalin for 24 h, the adriamycin-resistant cell line showed a co-existing pattern of necroptosis and apoptosis. However, at 48 h, necroptosis was the main manifestation. After treatment with bufalin, the expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, phospho-tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, phospho-receptor interacting protein 1 and c-caspase 3 increased (all P<0.01), the killing effect of bufalin could be mostly inhibited by NEC-1, and by z-VAD-fmk (both P<0.01). Besides, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased considerably (P<0.01), the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine or Nec-1 could inhibit the increase of ROS level and the killing effect of bufalin (all P<0.01). The adriamycin-resistant cell line exhibited necroptosis characteristic after 48 h of bufalin treatment under TEM. CONCLUSIONS Bufalin could induce necroptosis through RIP1/ROS-mediated pathway to kill the drug-resistant TNBC cell lines. This finding provides critical experimental data and theoretical basis for the clinical application of bufalin to overcome the difficulties in the treatment of TNBC.
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Yu W, Zhang X, Zhang W, Xiong M, Lin Y, Chang M, Xu L, Lu Y, Liu Y, Zhang J. 19-Hydroxybufalin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:48. [PMID: 34696818 PMCID: PMC8543904 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bufadienolides derived from the skin of toads are often regarded as the main active components with antitumor effects. 19-Hydroxybufalin (19-HB) is a monomer of bufadienolides; however, its effects and underlying molecular mechanisms on tumor growth remain to be ascertained. In this report, we focused on the antitumor effects of 19-HB on non-small cell lung cancer to provide a scientific basis for its further development and utilization. Methods The antitumor effects of 19-HB on the human NSCLC cell lines NCI-H1299 and NCI-H838 were examined in vitro. The cells were treated with different concentrations of 19-HB, and the inhibition of cell growth was measured by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Furthermore, cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, JC-1 staining, and western blotting. The effects on migration and invasion were evaluated by wound-healing assay, transwell assay, and western blotting. Finally, the antitumor effects of 19-HB were evaluated in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. Results 19-HB-treated NSCLC cells showed inhibited cell viability and increased apoptosis. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, and Bax/Bcl-2 were upregulated, while the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased. In contrast, migration, invasion, as well as the expression of MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related proteins N-cadherin and Vimentin, and the transcription factors Snail and Slug were inhibited. Furthermore, the expression levels of the key molecules in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (CyclinD1, c-Myc, and β-catenin) were decreased. In vivo, the growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice was also significantly inhibited by 19-HB, and there were no significant changes in biochemical indicators of hepatic and renal function. Conclusions 19-HB inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of NSCLC cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, 19-HB inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice with little toxicity to the liver and kidney. Thus, 19-HB may be a potential antitumor agent for treating NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40164-021-00243-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Minggang Xiong
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhan Lin
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Chang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Maksoud S. The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Glioma: Analysis Emphasizing the Main Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies Identified in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3252-3269. [PMID: 33665742 PMCID: PMC8260465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas constitute the most frequent tumors of the brain. High-grade gliomas are characterized by a poor prognosis caused by a set of attributes making treatment difficult, such as heterogeneity and cell infiltration. Additionally, there is a subgroup of glioma cells with properties similar to those of stem cells responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment. Since proteasomal degradation regulates multiple cellular processes, any mutation causing disturbances in the function or expression of its elements can lead to various disorders such as cancer. Several studies have focused on protein degradation modulation as a mechanism of glioma control. The ubiquitin proteasome system is the main mechanism of cellular proteolysis that regulates different events, intervening in pathological processes with exacerbating or suppressive effects on diseases. This review analyzes the role of proteasomal degradation in gliomas, emphasizing the elements of this system that modulate different cellular mechanisms in tumors and discussing the potential of distinct compounds controlling brain tumorigenesis through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Yuan B, Xu K, Shimada R, Li J, Hayashi H, Okazaki M, Takagi N. Cytotoxic Effects of Arsenite in Combination With Gamabufotalin Against Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628914. [PMID: 33796463 PMCID: PMC8009626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor, and the 5-year survival rate of treated glioblastoma patients still remains <5%. Considering the sustained development of metastasis, tumor recurrence, and drug resistance, there is an urgent need for the novel therapeutic approaches to combat glioblastoma. Trivalent arsenic derivative (arsenite, AsIII) with remarkable clinical efficacy in leukemia has been shown to exert cytocidal effect against glioblastoma cells. Gamabufotalin, an active bufadienolide compound, also shows selective cytocidal effect against glioblastoma cells, and has been suggested to serve as a promising adjuvant therapeutic agent to potentiate therapeutic effect of conventional anticancer drugs. In order to gain novel insight into therapeutic approaches against glioblastoma, the cytotoxicity of AsIII and gamabufotalin was explored in the human glioblastoma cell lines U-87 and U-251. In comparison with U-251 cells, U-87 cells were highly susceptible to the two drugs, alone or in combination. More importantly, clinically achieved concentrations of AsIII combined with gamabufotalin exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity against U-87 cells, whereas showed much less cytotoxicity to human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. G2/M cell cycle arrest was induced by each single drug, and further augmented by their combination in U-87 cells. Downregulation of the expression levels of cdc25C, Cyclin B1, cdc2, and survivin was observed in U-87 cells treated with the combined regimen and occurred in parallel with G2/M arrest. Concomitantly, lactate dehydrogenase leakage was also observed. Intriguingly, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, intensified the cytotoxicity of the combined regimen in U-87 cells, whereas wortmannin, a potent autophagy inhibitor, significantly rescued the cells. Collectively, G2/M arrest, necrosis and autophagy appeared to cooperatively contribute to the synergistic cytotoxicity of AsIII and gamabufotalin. Given that p38 MAPK serves an essential role in promoting glioblastoma cell survival, developing a possible strategy composed of AsIII, gamabufotalin, and a p38 MAPK inhibitor may provide novel insight into approaches designed to combat glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan.,Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ryota Shimada
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - JingZhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Mari Okazaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Ren W, Luo Z, Pan F, Liu J, Sun Q, Luo G, Wang R, Zhao H, Bian B, Xiao X, Pu Q, Yang S, Yu G. Integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches to reveal the synergistic mechanism of multiple components in Venenum Bufonis for ameliorating heart failure. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10107. [PMID: 33194384 PMCID: PMC7605218 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Venenum Bufonis (VB), also called Chan Su in China, has been extensively used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating heart failure (HF) since ancient time. However, the active components and the potential anti-HF mechanism of VB remain unclear. In the current study, the major absorbed components and metabolites of VB after oral administration in rats were first collected from literatures. A total of 17 prototypes and 25 metabolites were gathered. Next, a feasible network-based pharmacological approach was developed and employed to explore the therapeutic mechanism of VB on HF based on the collected constituents. In total, 158 main targets were screened out and considered as effective players in ameliorating HF. Then, the VB components-main HF putative targets-main pathways network was established, clarifying the underlying biological process of VB on HF. More importantly, the main hubs were found to be highly enriched in adrenergic signalling in cardio-myocytes. After verified by molecular docking studies, four key targets (ATP1A1, GNAS, MAPK1 and PRKCA) and three potential active leading compounds (bufotalin, cinobufaginol and 19-oxo-bufalin) were identified, which may play critical roles in cardiac muscle contraction. This study demonstrated that the integrated strategy based on network pharmacology and molecular docking was helpful to uncover the synergistic mechanism of multiple constituents in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fulu Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gang Luo
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Raoqiong Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Bian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrong Pu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Pan L, Nie L, Yao S, Bi A, Ye Y, Wu Y, Tan Z, Wu Z. Bufalin exerts antitumor effects in neuroblastoma via the induction of reactive oxygen species‑mediated apoptosis by targeting the electron transport chain. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:2137-2149. [PMID: 33125107 PMCID: PMC7595673 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of high-risk neuroblastoma remains poor. Clinical first-line drugs for treating neuroblastoma have been developed over the previous half-century; however, progress in the identification of new drugs with high efficiency is required. Bufalin, one of the major components of extracts obtained from the venom of the Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans, which is used to treat heart failure in Asian Pacific countries, has been reported to be a potential drug against multiple types of tumor; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying its antitumor activities remain unclear, largely due to lack of knowledge regarding its targets. In the present study, bufalin was revealed to exhibit potent antitumor effects against neuroblastoma, both in vitro and in vivo, using cell proliferation, colony formation, Transwell migration and flow cytometry assays, as well as a nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft model. Moreover, a chemically modified bufalin probe was designed to identify the potential targets of bufalin in neuroblastoma via chemical proteomics. With this strategy, it was revealed that the electron transport chain (ETC) on the inner membrane of mitochondria may contain potential targets for bufalin, and that bufalin-induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis may be caused by disruption of the ETC. Collectively, the present study suggests that bufalin may a promising drug for chemotherapy against neuroblastoma, and provides a foundation for further studies into the antitumor mechanisms of bufalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Aiwei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yeming Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Yuan J, Zeng C, Cao W, Zhou X, Pan Y, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Wang S. Bufalin-Loaded PEGylated Liposomes: Antitumor Efficacy, Acute Toxicity, and Tissue Distribution. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:223. [PMID: 31278603 PMCID: PMC6611856 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bufalin, derived from Venenum Bufonis, exerts antitumor effects but has low bioavailability and adverse effects when administered as a single agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties, antitumor efficacy, general pharmacology, acute toxicity, and tissue distribution profile of bufalin-loaded PEGylated liposomes (BF/PEG-LP), which were prepared in a previous study. To evaluate the safety of the preparation, a red blood cell hemolysis test was performed, which indicated that the hemolysis rate of BF/PEG-LP was significantly lower than that of bufalin alone. Cell viability assay revealed that the blank liposomes were nontoxic. In an in vitro experiment, BF/PEG-LP dose-dependently induced the apoptosis of HepG2, HCT116, A549, and U251 cancer cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 21.40 ± 2.39, 21.00 ± 3.34, 43.39 ± 6.43, and 31.14 ± 2.58 ng/mL, respectively, at 24 h. Tumor xenograft experiments in nude mice showed that BF/PEG-LP significantly inhibited the growth of U251 cells. Pharmacological evaluation revealed that BF/PEG-LP impacted the general behavior, independent activities, and coordination of mice after a week of administration compared with those of mice in the control group. In an acute toxicity test, the median lethal concentration (LD50) of BF and BF/PEG-LP in mice was 0.156 and 3.03 mg/kg, respectively. Tissue distribution profiles showed that the BF concentration in brain tissue was 20% higher, whereas that in heart tissue was 30% lower when BF/PEG-LP was administered to mice compared with BF. Thus, BF/PEG-LP exhibited lower hemolysis and cytotoxicity and improved pharmacokinetic and antitumor properties compared with bufalin alone, indicating its potential for future pharmacological application, particularly for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yuan
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Shannxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yifang Zhang
- Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Development Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Yu Y, Chen C, Huo G, Deng J, Zhao H, Xu R, Jiang L, Chen S, Wang S. ATP1A1 Integrates AKT and ERK Signaling via Potential Interaction With Src to Promote Growth and Survival in Glioma Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:320. [PMID: 31114755 PMCID: PMC6503087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have been considered to be responsible for treatment failure due to their self-renewal and limitless proliferative property. Recently, the Na+/K+-ATPase a1 (ATP1A1) subunit was described as a novel therapeutic target for gliomas. Interestingly, our previous proteomics study revealed that ATP1A1 is remarkably overexpressed in GSCs. In the current study, we investigated the role of ATP1A1 in regulating growth, survival, and tumorigenicity of primary human GSCs and the underlying molecular mechanism. We tested RNA and protein expression of ATP1A1 in glioma tissues and GSCs. In addition, we knocked down ATP1A1 in GSCs and assessed the effects thereof on growth, survival, and apoptosis. The role of ATP1A1 in signaling pathways was investigated in vitro. We found that the ATP1A1 expression level was associated with the grade of glioma. Knockdown of ATP1A1 in GSCs in vitro inhibited cell proliferation and survival, increased apoptosis, and halted cell-cycle progression at the G1 phase. Cell proliferation and survival were resumed upon rescue of ATP1A1 expression in ATP1A1-knockdown GSCs. The ERK1/2 and AKT pathways were inhibited through suppression of Src phosphorylation by ATP1A1 knockdown. Collectively, our findings suggest that ATP1A1 overexpression promotes GSC growth and proliferation by affecting Src phosphorylation to activate the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinmu Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shali Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Cheng CS, Wang J, Chen J, Kuo KT, Tang J, Gao H, Chen L, Chen Z, Meng Z. New therapeutic aspects of steroidal cardiac glycosides: the anticancer properties of Huachansu and its main active constituent Bufalin. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:92. [PMID: 31011289 PMCID: PMC6458819 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the review In the past decade, increasing research attention investigated the novel therapeutic potential of steroidal cardiac glycosides in cancer treatment. Huachansu and its main active constituent Bufalin have been studied in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. This review aims to summarize the multi-target and multi-pathway pharmacological effects of Bufalin and Huachansu in the last decade, with the aim of providing a more comprehensive view and highlighting the recently discovered molecular mechanisms. Results Huachansu and its major derivative, Bufalin, had been found to possess anti-cancer effects in a variety of cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying anti-cancer molecular mechanisms mainly involved anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition, anti-inflammation, Na+/K+-ATPase activity targeting, the steroid receptor coactivator family inhibitions, etc. Moreover, the potential side-effects and toxicities of the toad extract, Huachansu, and Bufalin, including hematological, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous and cardiovascular adverse reactions, were reported in animal studies and clinic trails. Conclusions Further research is needed to elucidate the potential drug-drug interactions and multi-target interaction of Bufalin and Huachansu. Large-scale clinical trials are warranted to translate the knowledge of the anticancer actions of Bufalin and Huachansu into clinical applications as effective and safe treatment options for cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Shan Cheng
- 1Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China.,5Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jie Chen
- 3School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China.,6Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Kuei Ting Kuo
- 3School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jian Tang
- 1Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Huifeng Gao
- 1Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lianyu Chen
- 1Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhen Chen
- 1Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- 1Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Lan YL, Lou JC, Jiang XW, Wang X, Xing JS, Li S, Zhang B. A research update on the anticancer effects of bufalin and its derivatives. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3635-3640. [PMID: 30915168 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bufalin (BF) is a cardiotonic steroid that has recently been found to have substantial anticancer activity; however, more efforts should be directed toward clarifying the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this activity. BF could exert its anticancer effect by inducing apoptosis in various human cancer cells and thus triggering autophagic cancer cell death. The anti-inflammatory activities of BF are potentially important for its anticancer functions. Notably, some promising synthetic BF derivatives, including poly (ethylene glycol)-based polymeric prodrug of BF and BF211, have shown potent anticancer activity. Additionally, clinical trials regarding the use of BF-related agents in patients have supported the positive effect of BF as an anticancer treatment. Currently, large-scale randomized, double-blind, placebo or positive drug parallel controlled studies are required to confirm the anticancer potential of BF in various cancer types in the clinical setting. The present review will evaluate the potential mechanisms mediated by BF in intracellular signaling events in cancer cells and various promising BF derivatives that may have greater anticancer activity, thereby clarifying BF-mediated anticancer effects. The experimental and clinical results reviewed strongly emphasize the importance of this topic in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Cheng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Shan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
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Lan YL, Zou YJ, Lou JC, Xing JS, Wang X, Zou S, Ma BB, Ding Y, Zhang B. The sodium pump α1 subunit regulates bufalin sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells through the p53 signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:521-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lan YL, Yu ZL, Lou JC, Ma XC, Zhang B. Update on the effects of the sodium pump α1 subunit on human glioblastoma: from the laboratory to the clinic. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:753-763. [PMID: 30130132 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1512582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma is a debilitating disease that is associated with poor prognosis and a very limited response to therapies; thus, molecularly targeted therapeutics and personalized therapy are urgently needed. The Na+/K+-ATPase sodium pump is a transmembrane protein complex that has recently been recognized as an important transducer and integrator of various signals. The sodium pump α1 subunit, which is highly expressed in most glioblastomas compared with that in normal brain tissues, is an emerging cancer target that merits further investigation. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the important roles of the sodium pump α1 subunit in glioblastoma and analyze its potential therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION Expression of the sodium pump α1 subunit in glioblastoma tissues is generally higher than that in normal tissues. Sodium pump α1 subunit-mediated pivotal antiglioblastoma signaling pathways have been reviewed, and their impact on the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to anticancer drugs has recently been clarified. In addition, various pharmacologically optimized sodium pump inhibitors have recently reached early clinical trials, and explorations of sodium pump α1 subunit inhibitors may hold promise for the development of stratification strategies in which patients are treated based on their isoform expression status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China.,b Department of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China.,c Department of Physiology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- b Department of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Jia-Cheng Lou
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- b Department of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Bo Zhang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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