Microbiome as therapeutics in vesicular delivery

A molecular explanation of cardiovascular protection through abnormal cannabidiol: Involving the dysfunctional β-adrenergic and ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity in cardiovascular compromised preterm infants

Growing cannabis efficacy, usage frequency, legal supply, and declining awareness of danger recently led to expanded United States cannabis exposure. In turn, cannabis use among elderly people over 50 has more than tripled in a decade and has contributed toward a positive association of cannabis use with pathological conditions, which include type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neurovascular and cardiovascular disease. Remarkably, all these outcome results are mediated by the involvement of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Cardiovascular compromise is a common syndrome in preterm infants that leads to incidence and death and has been distinguished by poor systemic flow or hypotension. Conditions of cardiovascular compromise include vasodysregulation and myocardial malfunction through dysfunctional β-adrenergic activity. To avoid organ hypoperfusion progressing to tissue hypoxia-ischemia, inotropic drugs are used. Many premature children, however, respond insufficiently to inotropic activity with adrenergic agonists. The clinical disturbance including myocardial dysfunction through the activation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel is often involved and the comparative efficacy of the nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD) is not yet known. Therefore, our primary aim was to investigate the molecular exploration of the cannabinoid system specifically Abn-CBD in cardiovascular protection involving dysregulated KATP.

Apigenin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Streptozotocin Nicotinamide Through Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway

Background

Apigenin is known to have a broad-spectrum efficacy in oxidative stress and conditions due to inflammation, although weak absorption, fast metabolic rate and a fast elimination (systemic) limit the pharmacological efficacy of this drug. Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations. The defensive function of Apigenin-SLNPs on renal damage induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in animals was studied.

Materials and Methods

We initially injected the rats with 35 mg kg⁻¹ streptozocin intraperitoneally, and after 7 days, the rats were then injected 150 mg kg⁻¹ of metformin intragastrically followed by a once-daily intragastric dose of Apigenin-SLNP (25 or 50 mg kg⁻¹) for a continuous period of 30 days. We then measured the level of insulin and blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the tissues of the kidney. We also observed messenger-RNA expression of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in renal tissue through RT-PCR technique. Moreover, H&E staining and Western blotting observed the histopathological variations and protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase/Nuclear Factor-κB signaling pathway, respectively.

Results

An enhancement in the expressing of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and a suppression in the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB occurred due to Apigenin-SLNPs treatment, which was a result of the protective mechanism of Apigenin-SLNPs which is because of not only its anti-inflammatory function (by inhibition of release of inflammatory factors) but also their anti-oxidant activity (through reduction of lipid peroxidation production).

Conclusion

We found that a protective effect on diabetic nephropathy was shown due to Apigenin-SLNPs, in rats induced with streptozocin maybe through the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear Factor-κB.

Multi-Omics Approaches: The Key to Improving Respiratory Health in People With Cystic Fibrosis?

The advent of high-throughput multi-omics technologies has underpinned the expansion in lung microbiome research, increasing our understanding of the nature, complexity and significance of the polymicrobial communities harbored by people with CF (PWCF). Having established that structurally complex microbial communities exist within the airways, the focus of recent research has now widened to investigating the function and dynamics of the resident microbiota during disease as well as in health. With further refinement, multi-omics approaches present the opportunity to untangle the complex interplay between microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions in the lung and the relationship with respiratory disease progression, offering invaluable opportunities to discover new therapeutic approaches for our management of airway infection in CF.

Deleterious cardiovascular effect of exosome in digitalis-treated decompensated congestive heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is a medical condition inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demand of the body to take place. The number of hospitalized patients with cardiovascular diseases is estimated to be more than 1 million each year, of which 80% to 90% of patients ultimately progress to decompensated HF. Digitalis glycosides exert modest inotropic actions when administered to patients with decompensated HF. Although its efficacy in patients with HF and atrial fibrillation is clear, its value in patients with HF and sinus rhythm has often been questioned. A series of recent studies have cast serious doubt on the benefit of digoxin when added to contemporary HF treatment. We are hypothesizing the role and mechanism of exosome and its biological constituents responsible for worsening the disease state and mortality in decompensated HF patients on digitalis.

Angiotensin II-induced micro RNA-21 culprit for non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is among the most complicated cancers, with an estimated 1.6 million deaths each year for both men and women. However, the proportion of lung cancer patients in developing nations has increased from 31% to 49.9% in the last two decades. There are two main subtypes of lung cancer, small-cell lung carcinoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), accounting for 15% and 85% of all lung cancer, respectively. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers in men and women regardless of their age. Chemicals in cigarette smoke and nicotine enter our bloodstream and can then affect the entire body and finally lead to the activation of several important, pro-survival signaling pathways. The biologically active peptide of RAAS on overstimulation enhance Ang II mediates cell proliferation, fibrosis and inflammatory effects via AT1 receptor. Very few studies highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs with the EGFR-regulated miRNA-21.

Potential prebiotics and their transmission mechanisms: Recent approaches

Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which can be used as prime source of energy for gut microflora. These can be naturally occurring in fruit and vegetables or can be made synthetically by enzymatic digestions. New versatile sources of prebiotics had been found nowadays for economic commercialization. This review will decipher on highlighting the importance of prebiotics in immunomodulation and nutrient absorption abilities of gut, as it is important for the anti-effective capacity of the organism especially in the neonatal period. Moreover, new prebiotics transmission strategies with higher penetrating capacity such as microencapsulation and immobilization have been discussed. In addition to this, literature had shown the modulation of gut microflora by the continuous use of prebiotics in many disorders so here, the role of prebiotics in health-related issues such as diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) have been explained.