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Wang L, Zhang Y, Song Z, Liu Q, Fan D, Song X. Ginsenosides: a potential natural medicine to protect the lungs from lung cancer and inflammatory lung disease. Food Funct 2023; 14:9137-9166. [PMID: 37801293 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest morbidity and mortality. Additionally, pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis (PF), also have high mortality rates and can promote the development and progression of lung cancer. Unfortunately, available treatments for them are limited, so it is critical to search for effective drugs and treatment strategies to protect the lungs. Ginsenosides, the main active components of ginseng, have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, we focus on the beneficial effects of ginsenosides on lung diseases and their molecular mechanisms. Firstly, the molecular mechanism of ginsenosides against lung cancer was summarized in detail, mainly from the points of view of proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and immunity. In in vivo and in vitro lung cancer models, ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2 and CK were reported to have strong anti-lung cancer effects. Then, in the models of pneumonia and acute lung injury, the protective effect of Rb1 was particularly remarkable, followed by Rg3 and Rg1, and its molecular mechanism was mainly associated with targeting NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, ginsenosides may also have a potential health-promoting effect in the improvement of COPD, asthma and PF. Furthermore, to overcome the low bioavailability of CK and Rh2, the development of nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and other nanomedicine delivery systems can significantly improve the efficacy of targeted lung cancer treatment. To conclude, ginsenosides can be used as both anti-lung cancer and lung protective agents or adjuvants and have great potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Zhimin Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Qingchao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
- Biotechnology & Biomedicine Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Zhao L, Guo R, Cao N, Lin Y, Yang W, Pei S, Ma X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Song Z, Du W, Xiao X, Liu C. An Integrative Pharmacology-Based Pattern to Uncover the Pharmacological Mechanism of Ginsenoside H Dripping Pills in the Treatment of Depression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590457. [PMID: 33658934 PMCID: PMC7917282 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the pharmacodynamical effects and pharmacological mechanism of Ginsenoside H dripping pills (GH) in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model rats. Methods: First, the CUMS-induced rat model was established to assess the anti-depressant effects of GH (28, 56, and 112 mg/kg) by the changes of the behavioral indexes (sucrose preference, crossing score, rearing score) and biochemical indexes (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) in Hippocampus. Then, the components of GH were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-iron trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC/IT-TOF MS). After network pharmacology analysis, the active ingredients of GH were further screened out based on OB and DL, and the PPI network of putative targets of active ingredients of GH and depression candidate targets was established based on STRING database. The PPI network was analyzed topologically to obtain key targets, so as to predict the potential pharmacological mechanism of GH acting on depression. Finally, some major target proteins involved in the predictive signaling pathway were validated experimentally. Results: The establishment of CUMS depression model was successful and GH has antidepressant effects, and the middle dose of GH (56 mg/kg) showed the best inhibitory effects on rats with depressant-like behavior induced by CUMS. Twenty-eight chemical components of GH were identified by UPLC/IT-TOF MS. Subsequently, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 was selected as active ingredient and the PPI network of the 43 putative targets of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 containing in GH and the 230 depression candidate targets, was established based on STRING database, and 47 major targets were extracted. Further network pharmacological analysis indicated that the cAMP signaling pathway may be potential pharmacological mechanism regulated by GH acting on depression. Among the cAMP signaling pathway, the major target proteins, namely, cAMP, PKA, CREB, p-CREB, BDNF, were used to verify in the CUMS model rats. The results showed that GH could activate the cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway to exert antidepressant effects. Conclusions: An integrative pharmacology-based pattern was used to uncover that GH could increase the contents of DA, NE and 5-HT, activate cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway exert antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhao
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Zhendong Research Institute, Shanxi Zhendong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Cao
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingxian Lin
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Critical Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, TCM Research Center, Tianjin Tasly Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Pei
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingpeng Li
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaohui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Critical Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, TCM Research Center, Tianjin Tasly Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Tianjin, China
| | - Wuxun Du
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuefeng Xiao
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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Wang Z, Liu R, Chen L, Wang H, Zhou M, Wang Y, Qin Y. Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenoside Rh2, the Major Anticancer Ingredient of Ginsenoside H Dripping Pills, in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:669-674. [PMID: 33021081 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside H dripping pill (GH) is a novel clinical-stage adjuvant for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rh2, the major anticancer ingredient of GH, was investigated in healthy volunteers. Enrolled volunteers were assigned to 3 cohorts-7.8, 15.6, and 31.2 mg-and received single and/or multiple GH orally. Blood samples were assayed by a validated bioanalytical method, and drug concentrations were analyzed using a noncompartmental methodology. The results showed that ginsenoside Rh2 was absorbed with medium speed and reached Cmax a median of 3 hours after administration. The exposure of ginsenoside Rh2 was approximately dose-dependent in terms of AUC and Cmax . The plasma concentration of ginsenoside Rh2 reached steady state after oral administration of GH twice daily for 5 days. There was no obvious accumulation in exposure parameters in the multiple-dose study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Wang
- GCP Center/Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Li Chen
- GCP Center/Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- GCP Center/Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongping Qin
- GCP Center/Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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