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Mackay CA, Rath C, Rao S, Patole S. Plant-Derived Substances for Prevention of Necrotising Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:832. [PMID: 38542743 PMCID: PMC10975714 DOI: 10.3390/nu16060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, oxidative injury, and gut dysbiosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Plant-derived substances have historically been used as therapeutic agents due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. We aimed to review pre-clinical evidence for plant-derived substances in the prevention and treatment of NEC. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, EMCARE, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library (PROSPERO CRD42022365477). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that evaluated a plant-derived substance as an intervention for NEC in an animal model of the illness and compared pre-stated outcomes (e.g., clinical severity, severity of intestinal injury, mortality, laboratory markers of inflammation and oxidative injury) were included. Sixteen studies (n = 610) were included in the systematic review. Ten of the sixteen included RCTs (Preterm rat pups: 15, Mice: 1) reported mortality and all reported NEC-related histology. Meta-analysis showed decreased mortality [12/134 vs. 27/135; RR: 0.48 (95% CI: 0.26 to 0.87); p = 0.02, 10 RCTs] and decreased NEC in the experimental group [24/126 vs. 55/79; RR: 0.34 (95% CI: 0.22 to 0.52); p < 0.001, 6 RCTs]. Markers of inflammation (n = 11) and oxidative stress (n = 13) improved in all the studies that have reported this outcome. There was no significant publication bias for the outcome of mortality. Plant-derived substances have the potential to reduce the incidence and severity of histologically diagnosed NEC and mortality in rodent models. These findings are helpful in guiding further pre-clinical studies towards developing a food supplement for the prevention of NEC in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandra Rath
- Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospita, Subiaco 6008, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Shripada Rao
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospita, Subiaco 6008, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
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Antineoplastic Effects of Ankaferd Hemostat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2665903. [PMID: 35958818 PMCID: PMC9363200 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2665903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectıve. Ankaferd hemostat (ABS; Ankaferd Blood Stopper®) contains standardized plant extracts comprising Alpinia officinarum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Thymus vulgaris, Urtica dioica, and Vitis vinifera. ABS especially was recognized for its hemostatic effect; however, antineoplastic role of ABS was identified during the last decade. The aim of this paper is to review the molecular basis and associated clinical implications of the ABS as a topical antineoplastic agent. Materials and Methods. Up to June 2022, literature searches were performed using the internet search engines Medline, Google Scholar, and Embase: Ankaferd. PRISMA flow diagram described the Ankaferd search. Results. ABS have important effects in several cellular processes, like control of the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, signal transduction, inflammation, immunologic, and metabolic mechanisms. The molecular basis of antineoplastic roles of ABS depends on its proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics features. ABS has antineoplastic effects on solid tumors like colon, bladder, breast, and osteosarcoma cancer cells. Also, ABS effects renal tubular apoptosis and has antitumoral roles on malign melanoma cells. ABS inhibits hematological tumors like myeloma and lymphoid cells. ABS induces apoptosis in retinal cells and has inhibitory effects on mesenchymal stem cells. It has an antiproliferative role on gastrointestinal tumors like hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Moreover, ABS has a treatment supportive role in cancer since it can prevent oxidative DNA damage and decrease the intestinal damage in necrotizing enterocolitis. Furthermore, it has chemopreventive and hepatoprotective features and can be used for prophylaxis and treatment of oral mucositis. Conclusion. ABS alters cell metabolism and cell cycle. ABS has antineoplastic role on cancer cells. The expanding context of ABS compromises anti-infective, antineoplastic, and wound healing features. ABS may also be used for the palliative, adjuvant, neoadjuvant, or supportive use by interventional radiology procedures for the treatment of solid tumors. Future controlled studies are necessary to clarify the pleiotropic role of ABS like antineoplastic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, antifungal, and antioxidative effects.
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Alyamac A, Ozel-Tasci C, Gulec S. The Effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper on Colonic Inflammation: An In Vitro Study in RAW 264.7 and Caco-2 Cells. J Med Food 2021; 24:1280-1284. [PMID: 34847721 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) is a medicinal plant extract that has anti-inflammatory effect. Inflammatory bowel disease is a pathological condition that directly affects colon health and increases the risk of colon cancer. Especially inflammation is an important factor in the formation and progression of this disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effect of ABS on colonic inflammation. Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells were used as a model of in vitro colonic inflammation. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide for 12 h to induce inflammation, and an inflammatory medium (IM) was obtained. Caco-2 cells were treated with 15 μL/mL ABS for 4 h, then incubated with IM. The cells also were incubated with 15 μL/mL ABS and IM together for 12 h. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein levels were targeted in testing inflammatory condition and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA level was used as a marker gene to show the possible anti-inflammatory effect of ABS in Caco-2 cells. TNF-α level was 26.1-fold higher than the control group. IM caused 3.2-fold increase in COX-2 expression in Caco-2 cells. Pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with ABS resulted in 3.3-fold decrease in COX-2 mRNA levels relative to IM group. Furthermore, COX-2 mRNA level reduced 4.7-fold when ABS and conditional medium were given at the same time. ABS has suppressive effect on COX-2 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that ABS might have protective and therapeutic effect for colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Alyamac
- Molecular Nutrition and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology/, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cansu Ozel-Tasci
- Molecular Nutrition and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology/, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sukru Gulec
- Molecular Nutrition and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology/, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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Çiftçiler R, Haznedaroglu İC. Ankaferd hemostat: from molecules to medicine. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1739-1750. [PMID: 32283900 PMCID: PMC7672348 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1908-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankaferd hemostat (ABS; Ankaferd Blood Stopper®, İstanbul, Turkey) is a hemostatic agent having an impact on red blood cell–fibrinogen interactions. The hemostatic effect of ABS depends upon the quick promotion of a protein network, particularly fibrinogen gamma, in relation to the erythrocyte aggregation. The entire physiological process involves ABS-induced formation of the protein network by vital erythrocyte aggregation. Vital erythrocyte aggregation occurs with the spectrine, ankyrin, and actin proteins on the membrane of the red blood cells. ABS notably affects cell metabolism and cell cycle mechanisms. Meanwhile, ABS has antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. The aim of this review is to assess molecular basis of ABS as a hemostatic drug. The literature search on ABS was performed in PubMed, Web of Science (SCI expanded), and Scopus with particular focus on the studies of molecular basis of ABS, in vivo research, case series, and controlled randomized clinical studies. Current perspective for the utilization of ABS is to provide hemostasis with accelerating wound healing. Future controlled trials are needed to elucidate the pleiotropic clinical effects of ABS such as antineoplastic, antiinflammatory, antiinfective, antifungal, and antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiye Çiftçiler
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hancioğlu S, Demirel BD, Biçakci Ü, Gün S, Aritürk E, Aritürk N. Histopathological and mechanical effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper® on wound healing in rats: an experimental model. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1428-1433. [PMID: 32490638 PMCID: PMC7491291 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim To evaluate the histopathological and mechanical effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) application on wound healing. Materials and methods A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. In each group, a 3 cm-long midline vertical skin incision was performed in the back of the rats. In Group 1, the incision was sutured primarily. In Group 2, incision was left to secondary healing. In Group 3, ABS was applied to the incision. On the 10th day, burst pressure width was measured, and rats were sacrificed. The tissue samples were examined histopathologically. Statistical analysis was conducted with IBM SPSS program. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean burst pressure widths of wound separation were 13.66 ± 0.457, 7.18 ± 2.599, and 13.66 ± 1.11 mm for Groups 1–3, respectively. The difference in burst pressure width between Groups 1 and 3 was not significant (P > 0.05) but was significant between Groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.000). The vascular proliferation median values were 1, 2, and 2, for Groups 1–3, respectively. Although the difference was significant between Groups 1 and 2 in terms of vascular proliferation score (P = 0.047), no significant difference was observed between Group 3 and others. No statistically significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of collagen score, mononuclear cell infiltration, and polymorphonuclear cell proliferation (P > 0.05). The median values of fibroblast proliferation score were 1, 2, and 3, in Groups 1–3, respectively. Fibroblast proliferation score significantly differed between Groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.003). Conclusion ABS application results in a clean wound healing that is as strong as primary repair. However, additional studies are required to evaluate the late results of increased fibroblastic activity in the early period of ABS application alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Hancioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Berat Dilek Demirel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ünal Biçakci
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Seda Gün
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ender Aritürk
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Aritürk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Falsaperla R, Lombardo F, Filosco F, Romano C, Saporito MAN, Puglisi F, Piro E, Ruggieri M, Pavone P. Oxidative Stress in Preterm Infants: Overview of Current Evidence and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E145. [PMID: 32645921 PMCID: PMC7408528 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB), defined as parturition prior to 37 weeks of gestation, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. The incidence and severity of complications of prematurity increase with decreasing gestational age and birthweight. The aim of this review study is to select the most current evidence on the role of oxidative stress in the onset of preterm complication prevention strategies and treatment options with pre-clinical and clinical trials. We also provide a literature review of primary and secondary studies on the role of oxidative stress in preterm infants and its eventual treatment in prematurity diseases. We conducted a systematic literature search of the Medline (Pubmed), Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, retroactively, over a 7-year period. From an initial 777 articles identified, 25 articles were identified that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, there were 11 literature reviews: one prospective cohort study, one experimental study, three case-control studies, three pre-clinical trials, and six clinical trials. Several biomarkers were identified as particularly promising, such as the products of the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, those of the oxidation of phenylalanine, and the hydroxyl radicals that can attack the DNA chain. Among the most promising drugs, there are those for the prevention of neurological damage, such as melatonin, retinoid lactoferrin, and vitamin E. The microbiome also has an important role in oxidative stress. In conclusion, the most recent studies show that a strong relationship between oxidative stress and prematurity exists and that, unfortunately, there is still little therapeutic evidence reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Falsaperla
- Neonatal Intensive Care, AUO San Marco-Policlinico, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.F.); (M.A.N.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Filadelfo Lombardo
- Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania street Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Federica Filosco
- Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania street Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Catia Romano
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marco Andrea Nicola Saporito
- Neonatal Intensive Care, AUO San Marco-Policlinico, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.F.); (M.A.N.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Federica Puglisi
- Neonatal Intensive Care, AUO San Marco-Policlinico, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.F.); (M.A.N.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Ettore Piro
- University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Maternal Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 90121 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, AUO San Marco-Policlinco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, AUO San Marco-Policlinco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Yakut HI, Koyuncu E, Cakir U, Tayman C, Koyuncu İ, Taskin Turkmenoglu T, Cakir E, Ozyazici A, Aydogan S, Zenciroglu A. Preventative and therapeutic effects of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts against necrotizing enterocolitis. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13284. [PMID: 32510653 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to understand the efficacy of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare: FV) extract in an experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) model. Forty-two rat pups were divided into three groups as NEC, NEC treated with fennel extract, and control. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were taken from the proximal colon and ileum for biochemical and immuno-histological studies including hematoxylin-eosin and Caspase-3-8-9 immunohistochemical staining. Bowel damage and apoptosis were found to be less in the NEC + FV group. Oxidant stress, caspase 3, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were considerably decreased in the NEC + FV group. Antioxidants were significantly higher in the NEC + FV group more than in the NEC group. Moreover, protein, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation were found to be decreased in the NEC + FV group compared to the NEC group. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Intense inflammation, oxidant stress, apoptosis, and infection are important in the development of NEC. Fennel has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulatory effects. Fennel extract might be a novel option in the treatment of NEC through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Ibrahim Yakut
- Department of Pediatrics, Ankara Hematology Oncology Children Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Koyuncu
- Department of Neonatology, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Cakir
- Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Tayman
- Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Tugba Taskin Turkmenoglu
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Cakir
- Anesthesiology and Clinical of Critical Care, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozyazici
- Department of Neonatology, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seda Aydogan
- Department of Neonatology, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Zenciroglu
- Department of Neonatology, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
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Effective Ankaferd Hemostat Treatment For Severe Intractable Chronic Deep Leg Ulcer Associated With Behçet's Disease. Arch Rheumatol 2020; 34:457-460. [PMID: 32010897 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2019.7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankaferd hemostat (Ankaferd Blood Stopper; ABS) is a pro-hemostatic agent affecting erythrocytes. In this article, we report a 50-year-old male patient who presented with a non-healing leg ulcer for one year. He had a past medical history of Behçet's disease (BD) diagnosed at the age of 29 and therapy was started. Patient's leg ulcer did not respond to any treatment. Topical ABS was applied to the patient's leg ulcer daily. Our experience suggested that local treatment of ABS can be a potentially successful therapy for the management of intractable or incurable chronic ulcers in patients with BD or for other ischemic or vasculitic skin problems.
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Recent Advances in Prevention and Therapies for Clinical or Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:3078-3085. [PMID: 30989465 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most severe diseases of preterm neonates and has a high mortality rate. With the development of inspection techniques and new biomarkers, the diagnostic accuracy of NEC is constantly improving. The most recognized potential risk factors include prematurity, formula-feeding, infection, and microbial dysbiosis. With further understanding of the pathogenesis, more effective prevention and therapies will be applied to clinical or experimental NEC. At present, such new potential prevention and therapies for NEC are mainly focused on the Toll-like receptor 4 inflammatory signaling pathway, the repair of intestinal barrier function, probiotics, antioxidative stress, breast-feeding, and immunomodulatory agents. Many new studies have changed our understanding of the pathogenesis of NEC and improve our approaches for preventing and treating of NEC each year. This review provides an overview of the recent researches focused on clinical or experimental NEC and highlights the advances made within the past 5 years toward the development of new potential preventive approaches and therapies for this disease.
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Analysis of the Antiproliferative Effect of Ankaferd Hemostat on Caco-2 Colon Cancer Cells via LC/MS Shotgun Proteomics Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5268031. [PMID: 31240215 PMCID: PMC6556321 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5268031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ankaferd hemostat (ABS), a traditional herbal extract, is a hemostatic agent used for wound healing and bleeding treatment. A standardized form of plants contains many biomolecules. In recent years, previous studies have demonstrated the antineoplastic effect of ABS. In the present work, we focused on the mechanism of its antineoplastic effect over Caco-2 colon cancer cells. The LC/MS-based proteomics method was used to understand the effect of ABS at the protein level. The results were evaluated with gene ontology, protein interaction, and pathway analysis. As shown by our results, ABS altered glucose, fatty acids, and protein metabolism. Moreover, ABS affects the cell cycle machinery. Moreover, we found that ABS induced critical cancer target and suppressor proteins such as carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1, 60S ribosomal protein L5, Tumor protein D52-like2, karyopherin alpha 2, and protein deglycase DJ-1. In conclusion, the proteomics results indicated that ABS affects various cancer targets and suppressor proteins. Moreover ABS has systematical effect on cell metabolism and cell cycle in Caco-2 cells, suggesting that it could be used as an antineoplastic agent.
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