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Arya PN, Saranya I, Selvamurugan N. Crosstalk between Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signaling during osteogenic differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:102-113. [PMID: 38455105 PMCID: PMC10915952 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate from many sources, including the bone marrow and adipose tissue, and differentiate into various cell types, such as osteoblasts and adipocytes. Recent studies on MSCs have revealed that many transcription factors and signaling pathways control osteogenic development. Osteogenesis is the process by which new bones are formed; it also aids in bone remodeling. Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways are involved in many cellular processes and considered to be essential for life. Wnt/β-catenin and BMPs are important for bone formation in mammalian development and various regulatory activities in the body. Recent studies have indicated that these two signaling pathways contribute to osteogenic differentiation. Active Wnt signaling pathway promotes osteogenesis by activating the downstream targets of the BMP signaling pathway. Here, we briefly review the molecular processes underlying the crosstalk between these two pathways and explain their participation in osteogenic differentiation, emphasizing the canonical pathways. This review also discusses the crosstalk mechanisms of Wnt/BMP signaling with Notch- and extracellular-regulated kinases in osteogenic differentiation and bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkath Narayanan Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Iyyappan Saranya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
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Zhang J, Ye F, Ye A, He B. Lysyl oxidase inhibits BMP9-induced osteoblastic differentiation through reducing Wnt/β-catenin via HIF-1a repression in 3T3-L1 cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:911. [PMID: 38031108 PMCID: PMC10688138 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is a promising growth factor in bone tissue engineering, while the detailed molecular mechanism underlying BMP9-oriented osteogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of lysyl oxidase (Lox) on the BMP9 osteogenic potential via in vivo and in vitro experiments, as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS PCR assay, western blot analysis, histochemical staining, and immunofluorescence assay were used to quantify the osteogenic markers level, as well as the possible mechanism. The mouse ectopic osteogenesis assay was used to assess the impact of Lox on BMP9-induced bone formation. RESULTS Our findings suggested that Lox was obviously upregulated by BMP9 in 3T3-L1 cells. BMP9-induced Runx2, OPN, and mineralization were all enhanced by Lox inhibition or knockdown, while Lox overexpression reduced their expression. Additionally, the BMP9-induced adipogenic makers were repressed by Lox inhibition. Inhibition of Lox resulted in an increase in c-Myc mRNA and β-catenin protein levels. However, the increase in BMP9-induced osteoblastic biomarkers caused by Lox inhibition was obviously reduced when β-catenin knockdown. BMP9 upregulated HIF-1α expression, which was further enhanced by Lox inhibition or knockdown, but reversed by Lox overexpression. Lox knockdown or HIF-1α overexpression increased BMP9-induced bone formation, although the enhancement caused by Lox knockdown was largely diminished when HIF-1α was knocked down. Lox inhibition increased β-catenin levels and decreased SOST levels, which were almost reversed by HIF-1α knockdown. CONCLUSION Lox may reduce the BMP9 osteoblastic potential by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling via repressing the expression HIF-1α partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - FangLin Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - AiHua Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - BaiCheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Yao XT, Li PP, Liu J, Yang YY, Luo ZL, Jiang HT, He WG, Luo HH, Deng YX, He BC. Wnt/β-Catenin Promotes the Osteoblastic Potential of BMP9 Through Down-Regulating Cyp26b1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:705-723. [PMID: 37010733 PMCID: PMC10352185 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes the osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), but the intrinsic relationship between BMP9 and ATRA keeps unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of Cyp26b1, a critical enzyme of ATRA degradation, on the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and unveiled possible mechanism through which BMP9 regulates the expression of Cyp26b1. METHODS ATRA content was detected with ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS. PCR, Western blot, and histochemical staining were used to assay the osteogenic markers. Fetal limbs culture, cranial defect repair model, and micro-computed tomographic were used to evaluate the quality of bone formation. IP and ChIP assay were used to explore possible mechanism. RESULTS We found that the protein level of Cyp26b1 was increased with age, whereas the ATRA content decreased. The osteogenic markers induced by BMP9 were increased by inhibiting or silencing Cyp26b1 but reduced by exogenous Cyp26b1. The BMP9-induced bone formation was enhanced by inhibiting Cyp26b1. The cranial defect repair was promoted by BMP9, which was strengthened by silencing Cyp26b1 and reduced by exogenous Cyp26b1. Mechanically, Cyp26b1 was reduced by BMP9, which was enhanced by activating Wnt/β-catenin, and reduced by inhibiting this pathway. β-catenin interacts with Smad1/5/9, and both were recruited at the promoter of Cyp26b1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested the BMP9-induced osteoblastic differentiation was mediated by activating retinoic acid signalling, viadown-regulating Cyp26b1. Meanwhile, Cyp26b1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone-related diseases or accelerating bone-tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ling Luo
- Taizhou Food Inspection Centre, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ge He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Yao X, Li P, Deng Y, Yang Y, Luo H, He B. Role of p53 in promoting BMP9‑induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through TGF‑β1. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:248. [PMID: 37153899 PMCID: PMC10160913 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Known as a tumour suppressor gene, p53 also plays a key role in controlling the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) has been identified as a potent factor in inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, but its relationship with p53 remains unclear. The present study revealed that TP53 was expressed at higher levels in MSCs from patients with osteoporosis and was associated with the top 10 core central genes found in the current osteoporosis genetic screen. p53 was expressed in C2C12, C3H10T1/2, 3T3-L1, MEFs, and MG-63 cell lines, and could be upregulated by BMP9, as measured by western blotting and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, overexpression of p53 increased the mRNA and protein levels of osteogenic marker Runx2 and osteopontin, as evaluated by western blotting and RT-qPCR in BMP9-induced MSCs, whereas the p53 inhibitor pifithrin (PFT)-α attenuated these effects. The same trend was found in alkaline phosphatase activities and matrix mineralization, as measured by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red S staining. Moreover, p53 overexpression reduced adipo-differentiation markers of PPARγ and lipid droplet formation, as measured by western blotting, RT-qPCR and oil red O staining, respectively, whereas PFT-α facilitated adipo-differentiation in MSCs. In addition, p53 promoted TGF-β1 expression and inhibition of TGF-β1 by LY364947 partially attenuated the effects of p53 on promoting BMP9-induced MSC osteo-differentiation and inhibiting adipo-differentiation. The inhibitory effect of PFT-α on osteogenic markers and the promoting effect on adipogenic markers can be reversed when combined with TGF-β1. TGF-β1 may enhance the promotion of osteo-differentiation of MSCs by p53 through inhibition of adipo-differentiation. Collectively, by promoting BMP9-induced MSCs bone differentiation and inhibiting adipose differentiation, p53 may be a novel therapeutic target for bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Honghong Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Baicheng He
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Baicheng He, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Matricellular Protein SMOC2 Potentiates BMP9-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells through the Enhancement of FAK/PI3K/AKT Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:5915988. [PMID: 36698376 PMCID: PMC9870698 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5915988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages, making MSC transplantation a promising option for bone regeneration. Both matricellular proteins and growth factors play an important role in regulating stem cell fate. In this study, we investigated the effects of matricellular protein SMOC2 (secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2) on bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and revealed a possible molecular mechanism underlying this process. We found that SMOC2 was detectable in MEFs and that exogenous SMOC2 expression potentiated BMP9-induced osteogenic markers, matrix mineralization, and ectopic bone formation, whereas SMOC2 knockdown inhibited these effects. BMP9 increased the levels of p-FAK and p-AKT, which were either enhanced or reduced by SMOC2 and FAK silencing, respectively. BMP9-induced osteogenic markers were increased by SMOC2, and this increase was partially abolished by silencing FAK or LY290042. Furthermore, we found that general transcription factor 2I (GTF2I) was enriched at the promoter region of SMOC2 and that integrin β1 interacted with SMOC2 in BMP9-treated MEFs. Our findings demonstrate that SMOC2 can promote BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation by enhancing the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway, which may be triggered by facilitating the interaction between SMOC2 and integrin β1.
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Zhang HJ, Li FS, Wang F, Wang H, He TC, Reid RR, He BC, Xia Q. Transgenic PDGF-BB sericin hydrogel potentiates bone regeneration of BMP9-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells through a crosstalk of the Smad-STAT pathways. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac095. [PMID: 36683747 PMCID: PMC9847547 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk as a natural biomaterial is considered as a promising bone substitute in tissue regeneration. Sericin and fibroin are the main components of silk and display unique features for their programmable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability and morphological plasticity. It has been reported that sericin recombinant growth factors (GFs) can support cell proliferation and induce stem cell differentiation through cross-talk of signaling pathways during tissue regeneration. The transgenic technology allows the productions of bioactive heterologous GFs as fusion proteins with sericin, which are then fabricated into solid matrix or hydrogel format. Herein, using an injectable hydrogel derived from transgenic platelet-derived GF (PDGF)-BB silk sericin, we demonstrated that the PDGF-BB sericin hydrogel effectively augmented osteogenesis induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP9)-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vivo and in vitro, while inhibiting adipogenic differentiation. Further gene expression and protein-protein interactions studies demonstrated that BMP9 and PDGF-BB synergistically induced osteogenic differentiation through the cross-talk between Smad and Stat3 pathways in MSCs. Thus, our results provide a novel strategy to encapsulate osteogenic factors and osteoblastic progenitors in transgenic sericin-based hydrogel for robust bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fu-Shu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhou People’s Hospital, Guizhou 553599, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Cai H, Guo H, Deng Y, Jiang J, Liu S, He W, Jian H. RRM2 regulates osteogenesis of mouse embryo fibroblasts via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:605. [PMID: 36160885 PMCID: PMC9468855 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a widespread bone metabolic disease characterized by reduced bone mass and bone microstructure deterioration. Ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) is a key enzyme in DNA synthesis and repair. The present study investigated the effect of RRM2 on osteogenesis of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and its molecular mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that RRM2 expression was increased during osteogenesis of MEFs triggered by bone morphogenetic protein 9. Subsequently, MEFs were used as a mesenchymal stem cell model and osteogenic inducing medium was used to induce osteogenic differentiation. RRM2 protein expression was measured by western blotting during osteogenic differentiation induction of MEFs. RRM2 levels in MEFs were upregulated and downregulated by RRM2-overexpressing recombinant adenovirus and small interfering RNA-RRM2, respectively. Bone formation markers (RUNX family transcription factor 2, osterix, distal-less homeobox 5, collagen type I α1 chain, osteopontin and osteocalcin) were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S staining were examined. The protein expression levels of β-catenin and the ratio of phosphorylated (p-)GSK-3β to GSK-3β were detected by western blotting and the RNA expression of downstream related target genes (β-catenin, axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2), transcription factor 7 like 2, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1, c-MYC and Cyclin D1) in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was measured by RT-qPCR. RRM2 protein expression increased as the osteogenic differentiation induction period was extended. RRM2 overexpression increased osteogenic marker RNA expression, ALP activity, bone mineralization, the protein expression levels of β-catenin, the ratio of p-GSK-3β to GSK-3β and the RNA expression of downstream related target genes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, whereas RRM2 knockdown had the opposite effect. The findings of the present study revealed that RRM2 overexpression enhanced osteogenic differentiation, while RRM2 knockdown reduced osteogenic differentiation. RRM2 may regulate osteogenic differentiation of MEFs via the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, providing a possible therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Cai
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Wenge He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Huagang Jian
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Zhu L, Liu Y, Wang A, Zhu Z, Li Y, Zhu C, Che Z, Liu T, Liu H, Huang L. Application of BMP in Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:810880. [PMID: 35433652 PMCID: PMC9008764 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.810880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, bone nonunion and delayed union are still difficult problems in orthopaedics. Since the discovery of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), it has been widely used in various studies due to its powerful role in promoting osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Current results show that BMPs can promote healing of bone defects and reduce the occurrence of complications. However, the mechanism of BMP in vivo still needs to be explored, and application of BMP alone to a bone defect site cannot achieve good therapeutic effects. It is particularly important to modify implants to carry BMP to achieve slow and sustained release effects by taking advantage of the nature of the implant. This review aims to explain the mechanism of BMP action in vivo, its biological function, and how BMP can be applied to orthopaedic implants to effectively stimulate bone healing in the long term. Notably, implantation of a system that allows sustained release of BMP can provide an effective method to treat bone nonunion and delayed bone healing in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youbin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenyi Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenjia Che
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tengyue Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: He Liu, ; Lanfeng Huang,
| | - Lanfeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: He Liu, ; Lanfeng Huang,
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9
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Song T, Huang D, Song D. The potential regulatory role of BMP9 in inflammatory responses. Genes Dis 2021; 9:1566-1578. [PMID: 36157503 PMCID: PMC9485205 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response of the body to pathogens and injury. Hence, it is particularly important to explore the pathogenesis and key regulatory factors of inflammation. BMP9 is a unique member of the BMP family, which is widely known for its strong osteogenic potential and insensitivity to the inhibition of BMP3. Recently, several studies have reported an underlying pivotal link between BMP9 and inflammation. What is clear, though not well understood, is that BMP9 plays a role in inflammation in a carefully choreographed manner in different contexts. In this review, we have summarized current studies focusing on BMP9 and inflammation in various tissues and the latest advances in BMP9 expression, signal transduction, and crystal structure to better understand the relationship between BMP9 and inflammation. In addition, we also briefly summarized the inflammatory characteristics of some TGF-β superfamily members to provide better insights and ideas for the study of BMP9 and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Jiang HT, Deng R, Deng Y, Nie M, Deng YX, Luo HH, Yang YY, Ni N, Ran CC, Deng ZL. The role of Serpina3n in the reversal effect of ATRA on dexamethasone-inhibited osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:291. [PMID: 34001245 PMCID: PMC8127316 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common secondary osteoporosis. Patients with GIOP are susceptible to fractures and the subsequent delayed bone union or nonunion. Thus, effective drugs and targets need to be explored. In this regard, the present study aims to reveal the possible mechanism of the anti-GIOP effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Methods Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9)-transfected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were used as an in vitro osteogenic model to deduce the relationship between ATRA and dexamethasone (DEX). The osteogenic markers runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteopontin were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining assay. ALP activities and matrix mineralization were evaluated using ALP staining and Alizarin Red S staining assay, respectively. The novel genes associated with ATRA and DEX were detected using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The binding of the protein–DNA complex was validated using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Rat GIOP models were constructed using intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone at a dose of 1 mg/kg, while ATRA intragastric administration was applied to prevent and treat GIOP. These effects were evaluated based on the serum detection of the osteogenic markers osteocalcin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, histological staining, and micro-computed tomography analysis. Results ATRA enhanced BMP9-induced ALP, RUNX2 expressions, ALP activities, and matrix mineralization in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as C3H10T1/2 and C2C12 cells, while a high concentration of DEX attenuated these markers. When DEX was combined with ATRA, the latter reversed DEX-inhibited ALP activities and osteogenic markers. In vivo analysis showed that ATRA reversed DEX-inhibited bone volume, bone trabecular number, and thickness. During the reversal process of ATRA, the expression of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) was elevated. RARβ inhibitor Le135 partly blocked the reversal effect of ATRA. Meanwhile, RNA-seq demonstrated that serine protease inhibitor, clade A, member 3N (Serpina3n) was remarkably upregulated by DEX but downregulated when combined with ATRA. Overexpression of Serpina3n attenuated ATRA-promoted osteogenic differentiation, whereas knockdown of Serpina3n blocked DEX-inhibited osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, ChIP assay revealed that RARβ can regulate the expression of Serpina3n. Conclusion ATRA can reverse DEX-inhibited osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, which may be closely related to the downregulation of DEX-promoted Serpina3n. Hence, ATRA may be viewed as a novel therapeutic agent, and Serpina3n may act as a new target for GIOP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02347-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Rui Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Mao Nie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hong-Hong Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Na Ni
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Ran
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Deng Y, Li L, Zhu JH, Li PP, Deng YX, Luo HH, Yang YY, He BC, Su Y. COX-2 promotes the osteogenic potential of BMP9 through TGF-β1/p38 signaling in mesenchymal stem cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11336-11351. [PMID: 33833129 PMCID: PMC8109063 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) on bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We found that BMP9 increased mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and COX-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. BMP9-induced osteogenic markers were enhanced by TGF-β1 and reduced by TGF-βRI-specific inhibitor LY364947. BMP9 increased level of p-Smad2/3, which were either enhanced or reduced by COX-2 and its inhibitor NS398. BMP9-induced osteogenic markers were decreased by NS398 and it was partially reversed by TGF-β1. COX-2 increased BMP9-induced osteogenic marker levels, which almost abolished by LY364947. BMP9-induced bone formation was enhanced by TGF-β1 but reduced by silencing TGF-β1 or COX-2. BMP9’s osteogenic ability was inhibited by silencing COX-2 but partially reversed by TGF-β1. TGF-β1 and COX-2 enhanced activation of p38 signaling, which was induced by BMP9 and reduced by LY364947. The ability of TGF-β1 to increase the BMP9-induced osteogenic markers was reduced by p38-specific inhibitor, while BMP9-induced TGF-β1 expression was reduced by NS398, but enhanced by COX-2. Furthermore, CREB interacted with Smad1/5/8 to regulate TGF-β1 expression in MSCs. These findings suggest that COX-2 overexpression leads to increase BMP9’s osteogenic ability, resulting from TGF-β1 upregulation which then activates p38 signaling in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong-Hong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuxi Su
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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12
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Li FS, Li PP, Li L, Deng Y, Hu Y, He BC. PTEN Reduces BMP9-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation Through Inhibiting Wnt10b in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:608544. [PMID: 33614622 PMCID: PMC7889951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is one of the most efficacious osteogenic cytokines. PTEN and Wnt10b are both implicated in regulating the osteogenic potential of BMP9, but the potential relationship between them is unknown. In this study, we determined whether PTEN could reduce the expression of Wnt10b during the osteogenic process initialized by BMP9 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the possible molecular mechanism. We find that PTEN is inhibited by BMP9 in MSCs, but Wnt10b is increased simultaneously. The BMP9-induced osteogenic markers are reduced by PTEN but increased by silencing PTEN. The effects of knockdown PTEN on elevating BMP9-induced osteogenic markers are almost abolished by knockdown of Wnt10b. On the contrary, the BMP9-increased ALP activities and mineralization are both inhibited by PTEN but almost reversed by the combination of Wnt10b. Bone masses induced by BMP9 are enhanced by knockdown of PTEN, which is reduced by knockdown of Wnt10b. The BMP9-increased Wnt10b is decreased by PTEN but enhanced by knockdown of PTEN. Meanwhile, the BMP9-induced Wnt10b is also reduced by a PI3K-specific inhibitor (Ly294002) or rapamycin, respectively. The BMP9-induced phosphorylation of CREB or Smad1/5/9 is also reduced by PTEN, but enhanced by PTEN knockdown. In addition, p-CREB interacts with p-Smad1/5/9 in MSCs, and p-CREB or p-Smad1/5/9 are both enriched at the promoter region of Wnt10b. Our findings indicate that inhibitory effects of PTEN on BMP9's osteogenic potential may be partially mediated through decreasing the expression of Wnt10b via the disturbance of interaction between CREB and BMP/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Moon H, White AC, Borowsky AD. New insights into the functions of Cox-2 in skin and esophageal malignancies. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:538-547. [PMID: 32235869 PMCID: PMC7210257 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression for each cancer type is central to making improvements in both prevention and therapy. Identifying the cancer cells of origin and the necessary and sufficient mechanisms of transformation and progression provide opportunities for improved specific clinical interventions. In the last few decades, advanced genetic manipulation techniques have facilitated rapid progress in defining the etiologies of cancers and their cells of origin. Recent studies driven by various groups have provided experimental evidence indicating the cellular origins for each type of skin and esophageal cancer and have identified underlying mechanisms that stem/progenitor cells use to initiate tumor development. Specifically, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is associated with tumor initiation and progression in many cancer types. Recent studies provide data demonstrating the roles of Cox-2 in skin and esophageal malignancies, especially in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) occurring in both sites. Here, we review experimental evidence aiming to define the origins of skin and esophageal cancers and discuss how Cox-2 contributes to tumorigenesis and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongsun Moon
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Andrew C White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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