The emerging role of lncRNAs in chondrocytes from osteoarthritis patients

Validation of Jianpi Qingre Tongluo Recipe in Reducing Inflammation and Dyslipidemia in Osteoarthritis via Lnc RNA HOTAIR/APN/PI3K/AKT

Objective

Jianpi Qingre Tongluo Recipe (JQP) has been widely used in clinical practice, and its anti-Osteoarthritis (OA) effectiveness and specific mechanism have been concerned. This study aims to explore the clinical effect of JQP in reducing inflammation and dyslipidemia in OA and the molecular mechanism.

Methods

The clinical efficacy of JQP in OA treatment was assessed through data mining. Through the network pharmacology technology, the interactive network of "active component-target-disease" was developed, the interaction relationship of the related proteins was analyzed, and enrichment analysis of gene pathway biological process was conducted. Molecular docking was carried out with PyMOL and AutodockTools-1.5.7. Finally, cell experiments were used to verify JQP's delay of immune inflammation in OA.

Results

We found that JQP could ameliorate the immune inflammatory and lipid metabolism indicators; reduce VAS and SAS score in OA. A total of 98 genes overlapped between target genes of JQP and OA. TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and AKT1 shared the highest centrality among all target genes. KEGG analysis unveiled that 98 intersection genes were predominantly enriched in PI3K/AKT pathway in the anti-OA system. In vitro, after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulation, inflammatory cytokines imbalances and the expressions of adiponectin (APN) were decreased in osteoarthritis-chondrocytes (OA-CH). Furthermore, JQP-containing serum protected OA-CHs through down-regulating HOTAIR levels, thereby up-regulating APN and depressing PI3K/AKT pathway.

Conclusion

This study suggests that JQP might reduce inflammation and improve lipid metabolism of OA by regulating HOTAIR/APN/PI3K/AKT. Our results bring a new solution for OA.

Unraveling the molecular landscape of osteoarthritis: A comprehensive review focused on the role of non-coding RNAs

Osteoarthritis (OA) poses a significant global health challenge, with its prevalence anticipated to increase in the coming years. This review delves into the emerging molecular biomarkers in OA pathology, focusing on the roles of various molecules such as metabolites, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Advances in omics technologies have transformed biomarker identification, enabling comprehensive analyses of the complex pathways involved in OA pathogenesis. Notably, ncRNAs, especially miRNAs and lncRNAs, exhibit dysregulated expression patterns in OA, presenting promising opportunities for diagnosis and therapy. Additionally, the intricate interplay between epigenetic modifications and OA progression highlights the regulatory role of epigenetics in gene expression dynamics. Genome-wide association studies have pinpointed key genes undergoing epigenetic changes, providing insights into the inflammatory processes and chondrocyte hypertrophy typical of OA. Understanding the molecular landscape of OA, including biomarkers and epigenetic mechanisms, holds significant potential for developing innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for OA management.

LncRNA MIR22HG/microRNA-9-3p/IGF1 in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the ceRNA network increases fibrosis by inhibiting autophagy and promoting pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is known to progress due to the impact of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have been linked to autophagy, pyroptosis, and fibrosis in NASH cells. However, the exact mechanisms underpinning these processes remain unclear. This study focuses on the role of lncRNA MIR22HG (MIR22HG) in NASH.

METHODS

The expression of differentially expressed lncRNA was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Mouse models of NASH induced by MCD and HFD were validated. The expression of MIR22HG in HFD and MCD mouse liver tissue samples, FFA cells constructed with HepG2 and Huh7, and human liver tissue samples were detected by QRT-PCR. In addition, We used RNA immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporting, miRNA transfection, plasmid construction, immunofluorescence, Western blot, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and hybridization techniques to elucidate the relationship between MIR22HG, microRNA-9-3p (miR-9-3p), and IGF1. In addition, the mechanism of MIR22HG and PTEN/AKT was explored by Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

RNA-seq found that 3751 mRNAs and 23 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, which constituted a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Studies demonstrated the downregulation of MIR22HG in HFD and MCD mouse liver tissue samples (p = 1.00E-04 and p = 4.6E-03). Our results showed that overexpression of MIR22HG promoted autophagy and inhibited pyroptosis and fibrosis through the miR-9-3p/IGF1 pathway, thus slowing the occurrence and development of NASH. Further, we observed a low expression of MIR22HG and IGF1, but a high expression of miR-9-3p in NASH patients, a finding in alignment with our in vivo and in vitro results.

CONCLUSION

Using MIR22HG as a biomarker and therapeutic target for NASH patients, we found that it plays a pivotal role in detecting autophagy, pyroptosis, and fibrosis through the ceRNA pathway.

The emerging role of lncRNAs in osteoarthritis development and potential therapy

Osteoarthritis impairs the functions of various joints, such as knees, hips, hands and spine, which causes pain, swelling, stiffness and reduced mobility in joints. Multiple factors, including age, joint injuries, obesity, and mechanical stress, could contribute to osteoarthritis development and progression. Evidence has demonstrated that genetics and epigenetics play a critical role in osteoarthritis initiation and progression. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been revealed to participate in osteoarthritis development. In this review, we describe the pivotal functions and molecular mechanisms of numerous lncRNAs in osteoarthritis progression. We mention that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) could be biomarkers for osteoarthritis diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets. Moreover, we highlight the several compounds that alleviate osteoarthritis progression in part via targeting lncRNAs. Furthermore, we provide the future perspectives regarding the potential application of lncRNAs in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of osteoarthritis.

The p65-LOC727924-miR-26a/KPNA3-p65 regulatory loop mediates vasoactive intestinal peptide effects on osteoarthritis chondrocytes

Loss and dysfunction of articular chondrocytes, which disrupt the homeostasis of extracellular matrix formation and breakdown, promote the onset of osteoarthritis (OA). Targeting inflammatory pathways is an important therapeutic strategy for OA. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an immunosuppressive neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory effects; however, its role and mechanism in OA remain unclear. In this study, microarray expression profiling from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in OA samples. qRT-PCR validation of the top ten different expressed lncRNAs indicated that the expression level of intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2203 (LINC02203, also named LOC727924) was the highest in OA cartilage compared to normal cartilage. Hence, the LOC727924 function was further investigated. LOC727924 was upregulated in OA chondrocytes, with a dominant sub-localization in the cytoplasm. In OA chondrocytes, LOC727924 knockdown boosted cell viability, suppressed cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, increased aggrecan and collagen II, decreased matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-3/13 and ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS)-4/5 levels, and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). LOC727924 could interact with the microRNA 26a (miR-26a)/ karyopherin subunit alpha 3 (KPNA3) axis by competitively targeting miR-26a for KPNA3 binding, therefore down-regulating miR-26a and upregulating KPNA3; in OA chondrocytes, miR-26a inhibition partially abolished LOC727924 knockdown effects on chondrocytes. miR-26a inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 through targeting KPNA3 and p65 transcriptionally activated LOC727924, forming a p65-LOC727924-miR-26a/KPNA3-p65 regulatory loop to modulate OA chondrocyte phenotypes. In vitro, VIP improved OA chondrocyte proliferation and functions, down-regulated LOC727924, KPNA3, and p65 expression, and upregulated miR-26a expression; in vivo, VIP ameliorated destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced damages on the mouse knee joint, down-regulated KPNA3, inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65. In conclusion, the p65-LOC727924-miR-26a/KPNA3-p65 regulatory loop modulates OA chondrocyte apoptosis, ROS accumulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and inflammatory response in vitro and OA development in vivo, being one of the mechanisms mediating VIP ameliorating OA.

Emerging role of lncRNAs in osteoarthritis: An updated review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disease, which is associated with progressive articular cartilage loss, synovial inflammation, subchondral sclerosis and meniscus injury. The molecular mechanism underlying OA pathogenesis is multifactorial. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein coding RNAs with length more than 200 nucleotides. They have various functions such as modulating transcription and protein activity, as well as forming endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNA (miRNA) sponges. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs might be involved in the pathogenesis of OA which opens up a new avenue for the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current clinical and basic experiments related to lncRNAs and OA with a focus on the extensively studied H19, GAS5, MALAT1, XIST and HOTAIR. The potential translational value of these lncRNAs as therapeutic targets for OA is also discussed.

Novel insights into the interaction between N6-methyladenosine methylation and noncoding RNAs in musculoskeletal disorders

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) are a class of inflammatory and degener-ative diseases, but the precise molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays an essential role in the pathophysiological process of MSD. This review summarized the interaction be-tween m6A RNA methylation and ncRNAs in the molecular regulatory mechanism of MSD. It provides a new perspective for the pathophysiological mechanism and ncRNA m6A targeted therapy of MSD.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of databases was conducted with musculoskeletal disorders, noncoding RNA, N6-methyladenosine, intervertebral disc degeneration, oste-oporosis, osteosarcoma, osteoarthritis, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage as the key-words. Then, summarized all the relevant articles.

RESULTS

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), osteoporosis (OP), osteosarcoma (OS), and osteoarthritis (OA) are common MSDs that affect muscle, bone, cartilage, and joint, leading to limited movement, pain, and disability. However, the precise pathogenesis remains unclear, and no effective treatment and drug is available at present. Numerous studies confirmed that the mutual regulation between m6A and ncRNAs (i.e., microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs) was found in MSD, m6A modification can regulate ncRNAs, and ncRNAs can also target m6A regulators. ncRNA m6A modification plays an essential role in the pathophysiological process of MSDs by regulating the homeostasis of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage.

CONCLUSION

m6A interacts with ncRNAs to regulate multiple biological processes and plays important roles in IDD, OP, OS, and OA. These studies provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of MSD and targeting m6A-modified ncRNAs may be a promising therapy approach.

Protective role of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides against chondrocyte extracellular matrix degeneration through lncRNA GAS5 in osteoarthritis

Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS) is an active ingredient of the flowering plant Achyranthes bidentata that has been previously reported to be effective for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remain to be fully clarified. Emerging studies have shown that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) is involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of ABPS by focusing on its effects on the regulation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis, with particular emphasis on lncRNA GAS5. In the present study, the modified Hulth method was used to construct OA rats, which were gavaged with 400 mg/kg ABPS for 8 weeks. Histopathological changes in cartilage and subchondral bone were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Safranin O-fast green staining. In in vitro experiments, IL-1β-treated chondrocytes were infected with Lenti-lncRNA GAS5. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assay was performed to measure the expression of the lncRNA GAS5 in chondrocytes. Moreover, the relative expression level of lncRNA GAS5 in cartilage tissue and chondrocytes was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Western blot analysis was used to detect protein expression levels of MMP-9, MMP-13, TIMP-1, TIMP-3 and type II collagen in cartilage tissue and chondrocytes. The results indicated that ABPS delayed the degradation of the ECM by chondrocytes in addition to reducing lncRNA GAS5 expression both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, silencing of lncRNA GAS5 expression in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes downregulated the protein expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13 whilst upregulating the expression of tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-3 and type II collagen. To conclude, the present study provides evidence that ABPS can inhibit the expression of lncRNA GAS5 in chondrocytes to regulate the homeostasis of ECM, which in turn may delay the occurrence of cartilage degeneration during OA.

LncRNA BC083743 Silencing Exacerbated Osteoporosis by Regulating the miR-103-3p/SATB2 Axis to Inhibit Osteogenic Differentiation

Objective

The target of the present paper was to reveal the influence of LncRNA BC083743 on osteogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs).

Methods

Serum specimens from osteoporotic patients and normal subjects were collected to isolate hBMSCs from femoral head tissue. The levels of BC083743 and miR-103-3p in serum and hBMSCs were measured by QRT-PCR. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test and alizarin red dyeing were used to identify ALP activity and mineralization forming ability of hBMSCs after transfection with si-BC083743 (siRNA-targeting BC083743). In addition, QRT-PCR and immunoblotting were conducted to identify the expressing levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in hBMSCs. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA pull-down assays were employed to substantiate the binding of BC083743 to miR-103-3p and miR-103-3p to SATB2.

Results

BC083743 expression was significantly downregulated in sera from patients with osteoporosis, and osteogenic differentiation-related genes and BC083743 expression were obviously upregulated as the time to osteogenic differentiation increased. BC083743 knockdown hindered the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. BC083743 was aimed at miR-103-3p and miR-103-3p inhibitors partially reversed the inhibitory effect of BC083743 downregulation on hBMSCs osteogenesis. BC083743 silencing downregulated SATB2 through uptake of miR-103-3p, thereby inhibiting hBMSCs osteogenesis to exacerbate osteoporosis.

Conclusion

BC083743/miR-103-3p/SATB2 axis inhibited osteogenic differentiation and exacerbated osteoporosis, which may offer brand-new molecular aims for the treatment of clinical osteoporosis.

Engineering Closed-Loop, Autoregulatory Gene Circuits for Osteoarthritis Cell-Based Therapies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Genetic engineering offers the possibility to simultaneously target multiple cellular pathways in the joints affected by osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this review is to summarize the ongoing efforts to develop disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) using genetic engineering, including targeting approaches, genome editing techniques, and delivery methods.

RECENT FINDINGS

Several gene circuits have been developed that reprogram cells to autonomously target inflammation, and their efficacy has been demonstrated in chondrocytes and stem cells. Gene circuits developed for metabolic disorders, such as those targeting insulin resistance and obesity, also have the potential to mitigate the impact of these conditions on OA onset and/or progression. Despite the strides made in characterizing the inflammatory environment of the OA joint, our incomplete understanding of how the multiple regulators interact to control signal transduction, gene transcription, and translation to protein limits the development of targeted disease-modifying therapeutics. Continuous advances in targeted genome editing, combined with online toolkits that simplify the design and production of gene circuits, have the potential to accelerate the discovery and clinical application of multi-target gene circuits with disease-modifying properties for the treatment of OA.

Whole Transcriptome Mapping Identifies an Immune- and Metabolism-Related Non-coding RNA Landscape Remodeled by Mechanical Stress in IL-1β-Induced Rat OA-like Chondrocytes

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease. The aims of this study are to explore the effects of mechanical stress on whole transcriptome landscape and to identify a non-coding transcriptome signature of mechanical stress.

Methods: Next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on IL-1β-induced OA-like chondrocytes stimulated by mechanical stress. Integrated bioinformatics analysis was performed and further verified by experimental validations.

Results: A total of 5,022 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs), 88 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIs), 1,259 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), and 393 differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) were identified as the transcriptome response to mechanical stress. The functional annotation of the DEMs revealed the effects of mechanical stress on chondrocyte biology, ranging from cell fate, metabolism, and motility to endocrine, immune response, and signaling transduction. Among the DELs, ∼92.6% were identified as the novel lncRNAs. According to the co-expressing DEMs potentially regulated by the responsive DELs, we found that these DELs were involved in the modification of immune and metabolism. Moreover, immune- and metabolism-relevant DELs exhibited a notable involvement in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation networks. Silencing lncRNA TCONS_00029778 attenuated cellular senescence induced by mechanical stress. Moreover, the expression of Cd80 was elevated by mechanical stress, which was rescued by silencing TCONS_00029778.

Conclusion: The transcriptome landscape of IL-1β-induced OA-like chondrocytes was remarkably remodeled by mechanical stress. This study identified an immune- and metabolism-related ncRNA transcriptome signature responsive to mechanical stress and provides an insight of ncRNAs into chondrocyte biology and OA.

A review of non-coding RNA related to NF-κB signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA), often called as "wear and tear" arthritis, is the most common form of degenerative joint arthritis and is a leading cause of disability. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcription factor has long been recognized as a disease-contributing factor for OA. More and more evidences show that targeting NF-κB signaling could offer novel potential therapeutic options for OA damage and reduce the risk of potential side-effects. In recent years, it has been shown that non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs) can trigger the expression of an array of genes and widely activate NF-κB signaling pathway, which induces destruction of the articular joint, leading to OA onset and progression. In this review, we discuss the involvement of NF-κB in OA pathogenesis and how ncRNAs attend and affect OA incidence and evolution, offering novel potential therapeutic options for OA treatment.

Modulation of miR-204 Expression during Chondrogenesis

RUNX2 and SOX9 are two pivotal transcriptional regulators of chondrogenesis. It has been demonstrated that RUNX2 and SOX9 physically interact; RUNX2 transactivation may be inhibited by SOX9. In addition, RUNX2 exerts reciprocal inhibition on SOX9 transactivity. Epigenetic control of gene expression plays a major role in the alternative differentiation fates of stem cells; in particular, it has been reported that SOX9 can promote the expression of miRNA (miR)-204. Our aim was therefore to investigate the miR-204-5p role during chondrogenesis and to identify the relationship between this miR and the transcription factors plus downstream genes involved in chondrogenic commitment and differentiation. To evaluate the role of miR-204 in chondrogenesis, we performed in vitro transfection experiments by using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). We also evaluated miR-204-5p expression in zebrafish models (adults and larvae). By silencing miR-204 during the early differentiation phase, we observed the upregulation of SOX9 and chondrogenic related genes compared to controls. In addition, we observed the upregulation of COL1A1 (a RUNX2 downstream gene), whereas RUNX2 expression of RUNX2 was slightly affected compared to controls. However, RUNX2 protein levels increased in miR-204-silenced cells. The positive effects of miR204 silencing on osteogenic differentiation were also observed in the intermediate phase of osteogenic differentiation. On the contrary, chondrocytes’ maturation was considerably affected by miR-204 downregulation. In conclusion, our results suggest that miR-204 negatively regulates the osteochondrogenic commitment of MSCs, while it positively regulates chondrocytes’ maturation.

LncRNA HOTAIR influences cell proliferation via miR-130b/PTEN/AKT axis in IDD

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) constitutes the pathological foundation of most musculoskeletal disorders of the spine. Previous studies have noted that cell proliferation is a common feature of IDD. Bioinformatics indicated that aberrantly expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were involved in the development of IDD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of lncRNA HOTAIR in the proliferation of human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells of IDD in vitro and further clarified its mechanism. The expression of HOTAIR and miR-130b was quantified by qRT-PCR in nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues. Furthermore, NP cells proliferation were assayed by CCK8 and Immunostaining. Dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assay were used to examine the expression of HOTAIR, PTEN, and their co-target gene miR-130b. Western blotting was used to test AKT expression. Our in vitro experiments on human normal NP cells observed that HOTAIR was significantly dysregulated in IDD. Further, HOTAIR can suppress proliferation by directly targeting miR-130b. In addition, Both HOTAIR and PTEN were confirmed to target miR-130b, and miR-130b upregulation reversed the phenomenon of ectopic expression of HOTAIR. More importantly, HOTAIR upregulation significantly reduced CyclinD1 protein expression by PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that HOTAIR may bind to miR-130b and subsequently increased CyclinD1 expression via PTEN/Akt pathway. Thereby, HOTAIR could become a potential target for the treatment of IDD.Abbreviations : IDD; intervertebral disc degeneration ncRNAs; non-coding RNAs lncRNAs; long non-coding RNAs miRNAs; microRNAs NP; nucleus pulposus qRT-PCR; quantitative reverse transcription-PCR LBP; Low back pain ORF; open reading frame HOTAIR; Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA FAF1; Fas-associated protein factor-1 Erk; extracellular signal-regulated kinase TUG1; Taurine Up-regulated Gene 1 HIF1A hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha PI3K; phosphoinositide-3 kinase AIS; adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ECM; extracellular matrix LN;lupus nephritis CT;computed tomography MRI; magnetic resonance imaging PBS; phosphate-buffered salin PBS; phosphate-buffered salin PVDF; polyvinylidene fluoride TBST; Tris-buffered saline Tween ECL; enhanced chemiluminescence RIP; RNA immunoprecipitation.

Interplay between circular RNA, microRNA, and human diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous RNA formed by the back splicing process. They are ubiquitous, stable, evolutionally conserved, and are tissue-specific. The biochemical and molecular features of circRNAs hold the potential to be used as biomarkers in various diseases to achieve pharmacological goals. CircRNAs have numerous latent modes of action, from acting as sponges for microRNAs and RNA binding proteins to serve as transcriptional regulators, epigenetic alterations, etc. Dysregulated functioning of several circular RNAs lead to the progression of a plethora of diseases. Due to their extremely stable nature and amazing tissue specificity, circRNAs have paved the way for advanced clinical studies as a novel method of early disease detection and treatment efficacy. Therefore, they have been recognized as a latent diagnostic biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular diseases.

Genetic biomarkers in osteoarthritis: a quick overview

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disease with a polygenic and heterogeneous nature. In addition, when clinical manifestations appear, the evolution of the disease is usually already irreversible. Therefore, the efforts on OA research are focused mainly on the discovery of therapeutic targets and reliable biomarkers that permit the early identification of different OA-related parameters such as diagnosis, prognosis, or phenotype identification. To date, potential candidate protein biomarkers have been associated with different aspects of the disease; however, there is currently no gold standard. In this sense, genomic data could act as complementary biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis or even help to identify therapeutic targets of the disease. In this review, we will describe the most recent advances in genetic biomarkers in OA over the past three years.

m6A-mediated upregulation of AC008 promotes osteoarthritis progression through the miR-328-3p‒AQP1/ANKH axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of osteoarthritis (OA), but the biological roles and clinical significance of most lncRNAs in OA are not fully understood. Microarray analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs between normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. We found that AC008440.5 (abbreviated AC008), as well as AQP1 and ANKH, were highly expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage, whereas miR-328-3p was expressed at a low level in osteoarthritic cartilage. Functional assays showed that ectopic expression of AC008, AQP1, and ANKH significantly decreased chondrocyte viability and promoted chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, whereas knockdown of AC008, AQP1, and ANKH resulted in the opposite effects. Moreover, miR-328-3p overexpression increased chondrocyte viability and attenuated chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, whereas inhibition of miR-328-3p resulted in the opposite effects. Bioinformatics analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and luciferase assays revealed that AC008 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate miR-328-3p, which specifically targeted the AQP1 and ANKH genes. In addition, miR-328-3p significantly ameliorated MIA-induced OA, whereas AC008 accelerated OA progression in vivo. Furthermore, fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO)-mediated N6-methyladenosine demethylation downregulated AC008 transcription, while lower FTO expression led to upregulation of AC008 transcription in OA. In conclusion, our data reveal that AC008 plays a critical role in OA pathogenesis via the miR-328-3p‒AQP1/ANKH pathway, suggesting that AC008 may be a potential therapeutic target for OA.

LncRNAs as a new regulator of chronic musculoskeletal disorder

Objectives

In recent years, long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play a role in the occurrence, progression and prognosis of chronic musculoskeletal disorders.

Design and methods

Literature exploring on PubMed was conducted using the combination of keywords 'LncRNA' and each of the following: 'osteoarthritis', 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'osteoporosis', 'osteogenesis', 'osteoclastogenesis', 'gout arthritis', 'Kashin‐Beck disease', 'ankylosing spondylitis', 'cervical spondylotic myelopathy', 'intervertebral disc degeneration', 'human muscle disease' and 'muscle hypertrophy and atrophy'. For each disorder, we focused on the publications in the last five years (5/1/2016‐2021/5/1, except for Kashin‐Beck disease). Finally, we excluded publications that had been reported in reviews of various musculoskeletal disorders during the last three years. Here, we summarized the progress of research on the role of lncRNA in multiple pathological processes during musculoskeletal disorders.

Results

LncRNAs play a crucial role in regulating downstream gene expression and maintaining function and homeostasis of cells, especially in chondrocytes, synovial cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells.

Conclusions

Understanding the mechanisms of lncRNAs in musculoskeletal disorders may provide promising strategies for clinical practice.

LncRNA MIR22HG promotes osteoarthritis progression via regulating miR-9-3p/ADAMTS5 pathway

Dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA), but the potential functions of lncRNAs in OA were not fully clarified. In the present work, we want to clarify the underlying functions and mechanisms of MIR22HG in OA. qRT-PCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression of MIR22HG, miR-9-3p, and ADAMTS5, while the protein expressions were measured using Western blot. The cell proliferation was examined through CCK8, while apoptosis was used in flow cytometry. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were undertaken to investigate the binding relationship among MIR22HG, ADAMTS5, and miR-9-3p. MIR22HG was significantly overexpressed in OA cartilages, OA chondrocytes and IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Functionally, MIR22HG knockdown promoted cell proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and contributed to downregulation of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 and upregulation of COL2A1 and ACAN in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. Mechanistically, bioinformatic analysis indicated that MIR22HG may serve as a sponge for miR-9-3p and ADAMTS5 may be a potential targeted gene for miR-9-3p, which were subsequently verified through a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, rescue experiments showed that MIR22HG participated in the regulation of chondrocytes proliferation, apoptosis, and degradation of extracellular matrix via miR-9-3p/ADAMTS5 pathway. In conclusion, our findings illuminated that inhibition of MIR22HG ameliorated IL-1β-induced apoptosis and ECM degradation of human chondrocytes through miR-9-3p/ADAMTS5 pathway, which may provide a potentially promising target for OA treatment.

Knockdown of long noncoding RNA HOTAIR inhibits osteoarthritis chondrocyte injury by miR-107/CXCL12 axis

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized via destruction of cartilage. Chondrocyte damage is associated with cartilage destruction during OA. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the regulation of chondrocyte damage in OA progression. This study aims to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of lncRNA homeobox antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) in OA chondrocyte injury.

METHODS

Twenty-three OA patients and healthy controls without OA were recruited. Chondrocytes were isolated from OA cartilage tissues. HOTAIR, microRNA-107 (miR-107) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation were measured using cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry and western blot. The target interaction was explored by bioinformatics, luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.

RESULTS

HOTAIR expression was enhanced, and miR-107 level was reduced in OA cartilage samples. HOTAIR overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, but induced cell apoptosis and ECM degradation in chondrocytes. HOTAIR knockdown caused an opposite effect. MiR-107 was sponged and inhibited via HOTAIR, and knockdown of miR-107 mitigated the effect of HOTAIR silence on chondrocyte injury. CXCL12 was targeted by miR-107. CXCL12 overexpression attenuated the roles of miR-107 overexpression or HOTAIR knockdown in the proliferation, apoptosis and ECM degradation. CXCL12 expression was decreased by HOTAIR silence, and restored by knockdown of miR-107.

CONCLUSION

HOTAIR knockdown promoted chondrocyte proliferation, but inhibited cell apoptosis and ECM degradation in OA chondrocytes by regulating the miR-107/CXCL12 axis.

Blocking HOTAIR protects human chondrocytes against IL-1β-induced cell apoptosis, ECM degradation, inflammatory response and oxidative stress via regulating miR-222-3p/ADAM10 axis

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) contributes to cartilage damages including osteoarthritis (OA). While, its role and mechanism in chondrocytes is incompletely clear.

METHODS

HOTAIR, microRNA (miR)-222-3p and ADAM metalloproteinase-like domain 10 (ADAM10) expressions were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. The interaction between miR-222-3p and HOTAIR or ADAM10 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Cell injury was measured by MTS method, flow cytometry, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for collagen Type II, type X, sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and special assay kits for malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

RESULTS

HOTAIR was highly expressed in human OA cartilages and IL-1β-induced OA model in immortalized chondrocytes (C-28/I2). Under IL-1β stress, blocking HOTAIR was responsible to high mitochondrial activity and low early apoptosis rate, accompanied with increased B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and LC3B-II/I proteins, boosted IL-10 and SOD productions, suppressed cleaved caspase-3 and p62 proteins, and decreased MDA and ROS levels, as well as elevated secretions of Type II collagen, Type X collagen, SOX9, MMP-13, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, miR-222-3p was a target of HOTAIR, and its overexpression and knockdown could suppress and aggravate IL-1β-induced chondrocytes injury. Furthermore, restoring ADAM10, a target gene of miR-222-3p, counteracted the protective role of miR-222-3p upregulation.

CONCLUSION

HOTAIR might contribute to IL-1β-induced chondrocytes death, inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, and oxidative stress in OA via miR-222-3p/ADAM10 axis.

Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes-derived Exosomal PCGEM1 Accelerates IL-1β-induced Apoptosis and Cartilage Matrix Degradation by miR-142-5p/RUNX2 in Chondrocytes

Background: Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1) has been revealed to participate in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the molecular mechanism of PCGEM1 regulating OA progression has not been fully elucidated.Methods: Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were isolated from synovium tissues of OA patients (OA-FLSs) and trauma donors (Normal-FLSs). The size and morphology of the isolated exosomes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Protein levels were analyzed by western blotting. Expression levels of PCGEM1, microRNA-142-5p (miR-142-5p), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) mRNA, and OA related genes were assessed by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis were evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide or flow cytometry assays. The relationship between miR-142-5p and PCGEM1 or RUNX2 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter and/or RNA pull down assays.Results: PCGEM1 was overexpressed in OA cartilages and exosomes from OA-FLSs. Exosomal PCGEM1 from OA-FLSs facilitated IL-1β-induced apoptosis and cartilage matrix degradation in chondrocytes. MiR-142-5p was downregulated while RUNX2 was upregulated in OA cartilages. Exosomal PCGEM1 from OA-FLSs regulated RUNX2 expression by sponging miR-142-5p in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. MiR-142-5p inhibitor offset exosomal PCGEM1 knockdown-mediated effects on the apoptosis and cartilage matrix degradation of IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. RUNX2 overexpression counteracted the suppressive effect of miR-142-5p mimic on apoptosis and cartilage matrix degradation of IL-1β-induced chondrocytes.Conclusion: Exosomal PCGEM1 from OA-FLSs facilitated IL-1β-induced apoptosis and cartilage matrix degradation in chondrocytes by sequestering miR-142-5p and upregulating RUNX2, which offered new insights into the pathogenesis of OA.

Biological roles and therapeutic potential of circular RNAs in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and disabling joint disorder that is mainly characterized by cartilage degeneration and narrow joint spaces. The regulatory functions of non-coding RNAs (long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs [miRNAs], and circular RNAs [circRNAs]) in OA progression have attracted considerable attention, and the function of circular RNAs in the context of OA has been an increasingly popular research topic in the last 6 years. Recent studies have reported that various circRNAs can delay or aggravate diverse aspects of the OA process, including extracellular matrix formation, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and autophagy, via circRNA/miRNA/mRNA pathways. Thus, circRNAs and related pathways are potential therapeutic targets for OA. Our review provides comprehensive information about circRNAs, including their biogenesis, functions, and characteristics, and it reveals their critical roles in the pathogenesis of OA via a large regulatory network of sponges. Considering their regulatory functions and characteristics, we hypothesize that circRNAs not only can be transferred through bodily fluids to serve as diagnostic biomarkers, but they can also be released from mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and delivered to OA chondrocytes acting as therapeutic circRNAs. Further investigations of the in-depth molecular mechanisms of action of circRNAs in OA are expected to provide effective and safe OA treatment strategies.

Equine synovial fluid small non-coding RNA signatures in early osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis remains one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the equine population. The inability to detect pre-clinical changes in osteoarthritis has been a significant impediment to the development of effective therapies against this disease. Synovial fluid represents a potential source of disease-specific small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that could aid in the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. We hypothesised that early stages of osteoarthritis would alter the expression of sncRNAs, facilitating the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis and potentially provide early biomarkers.

METHODS

Small RNA sequencing was performed using synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joints of both control and early osteoarthritic horses. A group of differentially expressed sncRNAs was selected for further validation through qRT-PCR using an independent cohort of synovial fluid samples from control and early osteoarthritic horses. Bioinformatic analysis was performed in order to identify putative targets of the differentially expressed microRNAs and to explore potential associations with specific biological processes.

RESULTS

Results revealed 22 differentially expressed sncRNAs including 13 microRNAs; miR-10a, miR-223, let7a, miR-99a, miR-23b, miR-378, miR-143 (and six novel microRNAs), four small nuclear RNAs; U2, U5, U11, U12, three small nucleolar RNAs; U13, snoR38, snord96, and one small cajal body-specific RNA; scarna3. Five sncRNAs were validated; miR-223 was significantly reduced in early osteoarthritis and miR-23b, let-7a-2, snord96A and snord13 were significantly upregulated. Significant cellular actions deduced by the differentially expressed microRNAs included apoptosis (P < 0.0003), necrosis (P < 0.0009), autophagy (P < 0.0007) and inflammation (P < 0.00001). A conservatively filtered list of 57 messenger RNA targets was obtained; the top biological processes associated were regulation of cell population proliferation (P < 0.000001), cellular response to chemical stimulus (P < 0.000001) and cell surface receptor signalling pathway (P < 0.000001).

CONCLUSIONS

Synovial fluid sncRNAs may be used as molecular biomarkers for early disease in equine osteoarthritic joints. The biological processes they regulate may play an important role in understanding early osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Characterising these dynamic molecular changes could provide novel insights on the process and mechanism of early osteoarthritis development and is critical for the development of new therapeutic approaches.