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Guo X, He L, Xu W, Wang W, Feng X, Fu Y, Zhang X, Ding RB, Qi X, Bao J, Luo S. αO-Conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2] Suppresses In Vivo Tumor Growth of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Inhibiting AKT-mTOR, STAT3 and NF-κB Signaling Mediated Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:252. [PMID: 38921563 PMCID: PMC11205035 DOI: 10.3390/md22060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most problematic subtype. There is an urgent need to develop novel drug candidates for TNBC. Marine toxins are a valuable source for drug discovery. We previously identified αO-conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2] from Conus generalis, which is a selective antagonist of α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Recent studies indicated that α9 nAChR expression is positively correlated with breast cancer development; thus, α9 nAChR could serve as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vivo antitumor effects of GeXIVA[1,2] on TNBC and to elucidate its underlying anticancer mechanism. Our data showed that GeXIVA[1,2] effectively suppressed 4T1 tumor growth in vivo at a very low dose of 0.1 nmol per mouse. Our results uncovered that the antitumor mechanism of GeXIVA[1,2] simultaneously induced apoptosis and blocked proliferation. Further investigations revealed that GeXIVA[1,2]-induced Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis was achieved through regulating Bax/Bcl-2 balance, and GeXIVA[1,2]-inhibited proliferation was mediated by the downregulation of the AKT-mTOR, STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our study provides valuable arguments to demonstrate the potential of GeXIVA[1,2] as a novel marine-derived anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Leping He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Wanrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Yuanfeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Ren-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xingzhu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
| | - Jiaolin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Sulan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (X.G.); (L.H.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (X.F.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.); (R.-B.D.); (X.Q.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Guo Y, Li X, Yuan R, Ren J, Huang Y, Yu Y, Tian H. KZ02 enhances the radiosensitivity of BRAF-mutated CRC in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176060. [PMID: 37775019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor with a high incidence and mortality worldwide. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is a common treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) as it reduces colostomy and local recurrence. The RAS (rat sarcoma)-RAF (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway regulates important cellular processes in the CRC. Abnormal ERK activation stimulates cell growth and provides a survival advantage. Our group has previously reported that the compound KZ02 has a stronger ability to inhibit tumor growth than AZD6244 (a MEK inhibitor). In this study, we evaluated the antitumor activity of KZ02 in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) and investigated its mechanism of action in BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer. Our results showed that this combination kills tumor cells better than either radiation or drugs alone, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, studies have shown that KZ02 inhibits ERK overactivation. The combination resulted in a G1 phase arrest, a reduction in the radioresistant S phase, and aggravating DNA damage. It can also inhibit Pim-1 (Moloney murine leukemia virus-1), p-BAD (Bcl-2 associated agonist of cell death), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) and Bcl-XL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large) levels and promote apoptosis when combined with radiation. Our results suggest that KZ02 significantly increases the radiosensitivity of BRAF-mutated CRC cells by perturbing the cell cycle, increasing DNA damage, and promoting tumor apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Renbin Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingming Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yichi Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxiang Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongqi Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China.
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Chen S, Kang J, Zhu H, Wang K, Han Z, Wang L, Liu J, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. L-Theanine and Immunity: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093846. [PMID: 37175254 PMCID: PMC10179891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (N-ethyl-γ-glutamine) is the main amino acid in tea leaves. It not only contributes to tea flavor but also possesses several health benefits. Compared with its sedative and calming activities, the immunomodulatory effects of L-theanine have received less attention. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that L-theanine reduces immunosuppression caused by strenuous exercise and prevents colds and influenza by improving immunity. Numerous cell and animal studies have proven that theanine plays an immunoregulatory role in inflammation, nerve damage, the intestinal tract, and tumors by regulating γδT lymphocyte function, glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and the secretion of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In addition, theanine can be used as an immunomodulator in animal production. This article reviews the research progress of L-theanine on immunoregulation and related mechanisms, as well as its application in poultry and animal husbandry. It is hoped that this work will be beneficial to future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Chen
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Kang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanqing Zhu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Puming He
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ribeiro M, Fanton S, Paiva BR, Baptista BG, Alvarenga L, Ribeiro-Alves M, Cardozo LF, Mafra D. Dark chocolate (70% cocoa) attenuates the inflammatory marker TNF-α in patients on hemodialysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 53:189-195. [PMID: 36657913 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress lead to a high risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Food rich in polyphenols such as dark chocolate may be an effective strategy to mitigate inflammation and delay CKD complications, outwith sensorial pleasure promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dark chocolate on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in patients with CKD on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS A clinical trial was carried out with 59 patients who were allocated into the chocolate group [40g of dark chocolate (70% cocoa) offered during HD sessions, 3×/week] or the control group with any intervention for two months. Plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were evaluated by the ELISA method. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and LDLox levels were evaluated as lipid peroxidation markers. Routine biochemical parameters were analysed using commercial BioClin® kits. RESULTS Thirty-five patients completed the chocolate group (18 men, 53.0 (16) years and 31.0 (39) months on HD) and 11 in the control group (7 men, 48.0 (17.5) years and 44.0 (56.5) months on HD). Regarding the differences between the groups, the patients who received dark chocolate had reduced plasma levels of TNF-α compared to the control (p = 0.008). No significant changes were observed in the oxidative stress parameters evaluated in both groups. Routine biochemical (including phosphorus and potassium levels) and anthropometric parameters and food intake were not changed after the study period. CONCLUSION The intervention with dark chocolate (70% cocoa) for two months reduced the plasma levels of TNF-α in patients with CKD on HD. In addition, it is essential to emphasise that chocolate intake did not increase the plasma levels of phosphorus and potassium in these patients. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04600258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Susane Fanton
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna R Paiva
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G Baptista
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Livia Alvarenga
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- HIV/AIDS Clinical Research Center, National Institute of Infectology (INI/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Fmf Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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From Cocoa to Chocolate: Effect of Processing on Flavanols and Methylxanthines and Their Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214365. [PMID: 36430843 PMCID: PMC9698929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the health benefits associated with the ingestion of the bioactive compounds in cocoa, the high concentrations of polyphenols and methylxanthines in the raw cocoa beans negatively influence the taste, confer the astringency and bitterness, and affect the stability and digestibility of the cocoa products. It is, therefore, necessary to process cocoa beans to develop the characteristic color, taste, and flavor, and reduce the astringency and bitterness, which are desirable in cocoa products. Processing, however, affects the composition and quantities of the bioactive compounds, resulting in the modification of the health-promoting properties of cocoa beans and chocolate. In this advanced review, we sought to better understand the effect of cocoa's transformational process into chocolate on polyphenols and methylxanthine and the mechanism of action of the original flavanols and methylxanthines. More data on the cocoa processing effect on cocoa bioactives are still needed for better understanding the effect of each processing step on the final polyphenolic and methylxanthine composition of chocolate and other cocoa products. Regarding the mechanisms of action, theobromine acts through the modulation of the fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and energy metabolism pathways, while flavanols mainly act though the protein kinases and antioxidant pathways. Both flavanols and theobromine seem to be involved in the nitric oxide and neurotrophin regulation.
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Immunostimulatory Activities of Theobromine on Macrophages via the Activation of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4216-4228. [PMID: 36135201 PMCID: PMC9498265 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theobromine is mainly found in plant foods, such as tea; the primary source of theobromine is the seeds of the Theobroma cacao tree. Theobromine is an alkaloid belonging to the methylxanthine class of drugs, and it is similar to theophylline and caffeine. Theobromine is known for its efficacy and role in health and disorder prevention. We evaluated the effects of theobromine on macrophage function, including the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Theobromine significantly stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 through immune responses, which relate to the increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Additionally, theobromine increased the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in macrophages. Additionally, theobromine induced the translocation and activity of NF-κB in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent with these results, the phosphorylation level of MAPKs was increased in theobromine-stimulated macrophages. Collectively, these data revealed that theobromine acts as an immune response stimulator via the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Thus, theobromine might have protective effects against inflammatory disorders.
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Elkaeed EB, Yousef RG, Elkady H, Alsfouk AA, Husein DZ, Ibrahim IM, Metwaly AM, Eissa IH. New Anticancer Theobromine Derivative Targeting EGFR WT and EGFR T790M: Design, Semi-Synthesis, In Silico, and In Vitro Anticancer Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185859. [PMID: 36144596 PMCID: PMC9500845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the pharmacophoric features of EGFR inhibitors, a new semisynthetic theobromine-derived compound was designed to interact with the catalytic pocket of EGFR. Molecular docking against wild (EGFRWT; PDB: 4HJO) and mutant (EGFRT790M; PDB: 3W2O) types of EGFR-TK indicated that the designed theobromine derivative had the potential to bind to that pocket as an antiangiogenic inhibitor. The MD and MM-GBSA experiments identified the exact binding with optimum energy and dynamics. Additionally, the DFT calculations studied electrostatic potential, stability, and total electron density of the designed theobromine derivative. Both in silico ADMET and toxicity analyses demonstrated its general likeness and safety. We synthesized the designed theobromine derivative (compound XI) which showed an IC50 value of 17.23 nM for EGFR inhibition besides IC50 values of 21.99 and 22.02 µM for its cytotoxicity against A549 and HCT-116 cell lines, respectively. Interestingly, compound XI expressed a weak cytotoxic potential against the healthy W138 cell line (IC50 = 49.44 µM, 1.6 times safer than erlotinib), exhibiting the high selectivity index of 2.2. Compound XI arrested the growth of A549 at the G2/M stage and increased the incidence of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda G. Yousef
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hazem Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Aisha A. Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Z. Husein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Metwaly
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (I.H.E.)
| | - Ibrahim H. Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (I.H.E.)
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Bhat JA, Kumar M. Neuroprotective Effects of Theobromine in permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion rat model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1787-1801. [PMID: 35587851 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoperfusion (CH) is a common underlying mechanism of dementia disorders linked to aberrations in the neurovascular unit. Hemodynamic disturbances adversely affect cellular energy homeostasis that triggers a sequence of events leading to irrevocable damage to the brain and neurobehavioral discrepancies. Theobromine is a common ingredient of many natural foods consumed by a large population worldwide. Theobromine has shown health benefits in several studies, attributed to regulation of calcium homeostasis, phosphodiesterase, neurotransmission, and neurotrophins. The current study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of theobromine against CH in the permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) prototype. Wistar rats were distributed in Sham-operated (S), S + T100, CH, CH + T50, and CH + T100 groups. Animals received permanent BCCAO or Sham treatment on day 1. Theobromine (50, 100 mg/kg) was given orally in animals subjected to BCCAO for 14 days daily. CH caused neurological deficits (12-point scale), motor dysfunction, and memory impairment in rats. Treatment with theobromine significantly attenuated neurological deficits and improved sensorimotor functions and memory in rats with CH. In biochemistry investigation of the entire brain, findings disclosed reduction in brain oxidative stress, inflammatory intermediaries (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and - 6, nuclear factor-κB), markers of cell demise (lactate dehydrogenase, caspase-3), acetylcholinesterase activity, and improvement in γ-aminobutyric acid quantity in rats that were given theobromine for 14 days daily after CH. Histopathological analysis substantiated attenuation of neurodegenerative changes by theobromine. The findings of this study indicated that theobromine could improve neurological scores, sensorimotor abilities, and memory in CH prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Ghaggar Sarai, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Ghaggar Sarai, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
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Xu C, Cheng K, Wu XL, Tai HY, Chai YM, Yang ZW, Sun QH, Qiu XH, Yang XY, Li N, Tan Y, Liu SM, Chen W. Expression Profiling of L5-S2 Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn in a Rat Model of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Uncovers Potential Mechanism of Electroacupuncture Mediated Inflammation and Pain Responses. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2067-2084. [PMID: 35923840 PMCID: PMC9343019 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s364972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aim to explore expression profiles of genes in SCDH of CPPS model rat relevant to pain and inflammation by RNA-Seq and to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesic of EA. Methods Thirty-six SD male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12): sham operation, model, and EA. The rat CPPS model was established by injecting CFA into the ventral lobes of the prostate. The rats in EA group were treated at Guanyuan (CV4), Zhongji (CV3), Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Huiyang (BL35) for a total of 20 times, with a frequency of 2/100Hz. Mechanical allodynia, H&E staining and ELISA were used to detect the changes of pain threshold and tissue inflammation; RNA-Seq technique was used for profiling gene changes in SCDH and qRT-PCR was used for further validation. Results Persistent mechanical allodynia and severe tissue inflammatory reaction both occurred in CPPS rats. After EA therapy, the pain sensitivity and inflammatory response of CPPS rats decreased significantly. RNA-Seq identified that a total of 46 DEGs were significantly up-regulated and 65 DEGs down-regulated after EA. GO enrichment showed that EA was mainly reflected in the regulation of the immune system by participating in the regulation of leukocyte, neutrophil cellular processes and cytokine metabolism. KEGG enrichment demonstrated that signal transduction and immune system were the most significant pathways. We further identified that the expressions of Pik3r2, Akt1, and Casp9 were significantly up-regulated and Jak2 and Stat3 down-regulated in the PI3K-AKT/JAK-STAT signal pathway. Conclusion Our study revealed that immune and inflammatory responses are the main biological events that induce chronic pelvic pain in rats, and EA can exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by regulating the expression of related genes on PI3K-AKT/JAK-STAT signal pathway in SCDH. This study provided putative novel targets of EA, which may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of CPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Cheng
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wu
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Yap Tai
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-Mao Chai
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wen Yang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-Hui Sun
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hua Qiu
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yue Yang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Ming Liu
- Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Li MY, Liu HY, Wu DT, Kenaan A, Geng F, Li HB, Gunaratne A, Li H, Gan RY. L-Theanine: A Unique Functional Amino Acid in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) With Multiple Health Benefits and Food Applications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853846. [PMID: 35445053 PMCID: PMC9014247 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a very popular health drink and has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its various bioactive substances. Among them, L-theanine, a unique free amino acid, is one of the most important substances in tea and endows tea with a special flavor. Moreover, L-theanine is also a bioactive compound with plenty of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, metabolic regulatory, cardiovascular protective, liver and kidney protective, immune regulatory, and anti-obesity effects. Due to the unique characteristics and beneficial functions, L-theanine has potential applications in the development of functional foods. This review summarized the influencing factors of L-theanine content in teas, the main health benefits and related molecular mechanisms of L-theanine, and its applications in food, understanding of which can provide updated information for the further research of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anil Gunaratne
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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12
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Majhi S. Recent developments in the synthesis and anti-cancer activity of acridine and xanthine-based molecules. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and development of abnormal cells which is a major cause of death in both advanced and emerging countries. Although currently chemotherapy is most broadly used among an extensive range of anti-cancer therapies, it includes many demerits, such as highly toxic, side-effects, expensive and partial lack of targeting specificity. So the design and synthesis of new molecules that perform specifically on target proteins in tumor cells is a focus of contemporary research. So many researchers aim for new drugs that will be more efficient, more selective, and less toxic. Because of the interesting structures and significant biological profile, naturally occurring acridines and xanthines as well as their analogues have attracted considerable interest in researchers and technologists. Natural and synthetic acridine derivatives form a significant category of heterocycles having nitrogen that is of considerable interest for organic chemists and biological communities due to their attractive anti-cancer activity. Another important class of therapeutic agents with diverse biological properties including cytotoxic effects is xanthine derivatives which are collectively called xanthines (a group of alkaloids). Among many significant molecules based on the structure of the purine, there is a group of natural xanthines, involving theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline and analogues of xanthine display anti-cancer activity. Hence the present chapter wishes to concentrate the attention on the synthesis and anti-cancer activity of acridine and xanthine-based compounds brilliantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Majhi
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG Dept.) , Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Kazi Nazrul University , Raniganj , West Bengal 713347 , India
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Li J, Liu M, Zeng B, Wang Z. Propofol induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis via regulating miR-105/JAK2/STAT3 axis. Cytokine 2021; 148:155649. [PMID: 34388478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of malignancy with high mortality. It has been reported Propofol could modulate the tumorigenesis of liver cancer; however, the mechanism by which Propofol regulates the development of HCC is still not clear. METHODS CCK8 assay was applied to test the cell viability. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were applied to detect the cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to investigate the association between miR-105 and JAK2. In addition, RNA and protein levels were investigated by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS Propofol significantly suppressed the proliferation of HCC cells via inducing the apoptosis. Consistently, miR-105 upregulation inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells, while downregulation of miR-105 reversed Propofol-induced HCC cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, JAK2 was found to be the direct target of miR-105. Furthermore, Propofol could inactivate JAK2/STAT3 signaling via upregulation of miR-105. CONCLUSION Propofol significantly attenuated HCC tumorigenesis via mediation of miR-105/JAK2/STAT3 axis. Thereby, Propofol might act as a new agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Mengjiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Wang
- Department of Pediatric General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, PR China.
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Neuroprotective effects of theobromine in transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 571:74-80. [PMID: 34303966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) is a cerebrovascular disorder characterized by a brief decline in blood flow, neurological deficits, and is often predictive of stroke. Theobromine (TBR) is consumed worldwide in chocolates, tea, and cocoa products. TBR is a natural stimulant and vasoactive alkaloid that may protect against ischemic injury. In this study, neuroprotective potential of theobromine (TBR) was evaluated in 2-vessel occlusion transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (tGCI/R) rat model. Rats were treated with TBR (50, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 successive days, and subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (20 min) or sham surgery after last dose of TBR. Severe neurological deficits accompanied by brain infarction, blood-brain barrier abnormalities, and oedema were noted in rats subjected to tGCI/R, and these effects were prevented by TBR. TBR protected against lipid peroxidation and enhanced glutathione level in brain against tGCI/R. TBR pre-treatment for 7 days prevented tGCI/R induced cell death (lactate dehydrogenase, caspase-3), vascular injury (MMP-9), and inflammation (TNF-α, NFκB) in rat whole brain. TBR protected against glutamate excitotoxicity and GABAergic decline in the brain of rats against tGCI/R injury. Findings of this study showed that TBR can alleviate chances of stroke by preventing acute episodes of cerebral ischemia.
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Shojaei-Zarghani S, Rafraf M, Yari-Khosroushahi A. Theanine and cancer: A systematic review of the literature. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4782-4794. [PMID: 33891786 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing literature indicates several health benefits of theanine, a major nonprotein derivative amino acid special to tea, and a nonedible mushroom. This study aimed to systematically review the scientific evidence regarding the anticarcinogen and anticancer effects of natural theanine. A systematic search for the relevant articles published until January 2021 on MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge was conducted. Out of 377 initial records, 14 in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of the included in vitro and ex vivo studies reported beneficial effects of theanine on the proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, migration, and invasion in various cancer cell lines. The in vivo studies also supported the potential impacts of theanine on cancer incidence or progression. Theanine exerted its anticancer function by inhibiting EGFR, VEGFR, Met, and Akt/mTOR, JAK2/STAT3, and ERK/NFκB pathways, as well as activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and caspase-independent programmed cell death. In conclusion, the results indicated moderate apoptotic, antimetastatic, antimigration, and anti-invasion effects, along with the mild antiproliferative influence of theanine on cancer. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of theanine on the prevention and suppression of cancer and shed light upon the attributable mechanisms in the in vivo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shojaei-Zarghani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari-Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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