Intestinal epithelial cell-derived exosomes package microRNA-23a-3p alleviate gut damage after ischemia/reperfusion via targeting MAP4K4

Advancements in the study of acute lung injury resulting from intestinal ischemia/reperfusion

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion is a prevalent pathological process that can result in intestinal dysfunction, bacterial translocation, energy metabolism disturbances, and subsequent harm to distal tissues and organs via the circulatory system. Acute lung injury frequently arises as a complication of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, exhibiting early onset and a grim prognosis. Without appropriate preventative measures and efficacious interventions, this condition may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and elevate mortality rates. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms and efficacious treatments remain elusive. This paper synthesizes recent research models and pertinent injury evaluation criteria within the realm of acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. The objective is to investigate the roles of pathophysiological mechanisms like oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis; and to assess the strengths and limitations of current therapeutic approaches for acute lung injury stemming from intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. The goal is to elucidate potential targets for enhancing recovery rates, identify suitable treatment modalities, and offer insights for translating fundamental research into clinical applications.

Potential therapeutic effects of milk-derived exosomes on intestinal diseases

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter of 30 ~ 150 nm, and are widely involved in intercellular communication, disease diagnosis and drug delivery carriers for targeted disease therapy. Therapeutic application of exosomes as drug carriers is limited due to the lack of sources and methods for obtaining adequate exosomes. Milk contains abundant exosomes, several studies have shown that milk-derived exosomes play crucial roles in preventing and treating intestinal diseases. In this review, we summarized the biogenesis, secretion and structure, current novel methods used for the extraction and identification of exosomes, as well as discussed the role of milk-derived exosomes in treating intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, colorectal cancer, and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury by regulating intestinal immune homeostasis, restoring gut microbiota composition and improving intestinal structure and integrity, alleviating conditions such as oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and inflammation, and reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosome accumulation in both humans and animals. In addition, we discussed future prospects for the standardization of milk exosome production platform to obtain higher concentration and purity, and complete exosomes derived from milk. Several in vivo clinical studies are needed to establish milk-derived exosomes as an effective and efficient drug delivery system, and promote its application in the treatment of various diseases in both humans and animals.

Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles: Isolation, purification, and multiple roles in normal and tumor tissues

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released from cells, and their lipid bilayer membrane encloses large amounts of bioactive molecules that endow EVs with intercellular or inter-tissue communicational abilities. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (Ti-EVs) are EVs directly separated from the interstitial space of tissue. They could better reflect the actual physiological or pathological state of the tissue microenvironment compared with cell line-derived EVs and biofluid EVs, indicating their potential roles in elucidating the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis and guiding the diagnosis, therapeutic targeting, and cell-free treatment of diseases. However, there have been a relatively limited number of investigations of Ti-EVs. In this review, we have summarized general procedures for Ti-EVs isolation, as well as some caveats with respect to operations after the isolation step, such as purification and storage. In addition, we have also briefly concluded the current research trends on EVs from various normal and tumor tissues, aiming to cast new light on the future research direction of Ti-EVs.

Extracellular Vesicles and Resistance to Anticancer Drugs: A Tumor Skeleton Key for Unhinging Chemotherapies

Although surgical procedures and clinical care allow reaching high success in fighting most tumors, cancer is still a formidable foe. Recurrence and metastatization dampen the patients’ overall survival after the first diagnosis; nevertheless, the large knowledge of the molecular bases drives these aspects. Chemoresistance is tightly linked to these features and is mainly responsible for the failure of cancer eradication, leaving patients without a crucial medical strategy. Many pathways have been elucidated to trigger insensitiveness to drugs, generally associated with the promotion of tumor growth, aggressiveness, and metastatisation. The main mechanisms reported are the expression of transporter proteins, the induction or mutations of oncogenes and transcription factors, the alteration in genomic or mitochondrial DNA, the triggering of autophagy or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the acquisition of a stem phenotype, and the activation of tumor microenvironment cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can directly transfer or epigenetically induce to a target cell the molecular machinery responsible for the acquisition of resistance to drugs. In this review, we resume the main body of knowledge supporting the crucial role of EVs in the context of chemoresistance, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms related to some of the main drugs used to fight cancer.