LINC00958: A promising long non-coding RNA related to cancer

Roles of small peptides encoded by non-coding RNAs in tumor invasion and migration

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are usually considered not to encode proteins, are widely involved in important activities including signal transduction and cell proliferation. However, recent studies have shown that small peptides encoded by ncRNAs (SPENs) have important roles in the development of malignant tumors. Some SPENs participate in the regulation of skeleton reorganization, intercellular adhesion, signaling and other processes of tumor cells, with effects on the invasive and migratory abilities of the cells. Therefore, SPENs have potential applications as therapeutic targets and biomarkers of malignant tumors. Invasion and migration of malignant tumor cells are the main reasons for poor prognosis of cancer patients and represent the most challenging aspects of treatment of malignant tumors. Currently, the main treatments for tumors include surgery, radiotherapy, targeted drug therapy. Surgery, however, is reserved for early stages of cancer and carries risks and costs. Radiotherapy and targeted therapy have serious side effects. This review describes the mechanisms of SPENs and their roles in tumor invasion and migration, with the aim of providing new targets for tumor diagnosis and treatment.

A comprehensive analysis of LINC00958 as a prognostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

This work focused on exploring whether the long intergenic non-protein coding RNA LINC00958 is associated with the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Associations of the LINC00958 expression level with clinicopathological features of HNSCC were investigated by logistic regression and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to evaluate patient survival. Clinical data and expression profiles were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Associations of patient clinical characteristics with overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model. Immune cell infiltration analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were applied to determine any significant effects of LINC00958. High LINC00958 expression was related to early pT stage (P < 0.01), primary therapy outcome (P < 0.01), HPV status (P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P < 0.001), and perineural invasion (P < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed strong prognostic power for LINC00958 (area under curve = 0.886). High LINC00958 expression predicted poor OS (P = 0.007), DSS (P = 0.036), and PFI (P = 0.040). LINC00958 was related to signalling pathways and the infiltration of certain immune cells. miR-27b-5p was significantly associated with LINC00958, and downstream NT5E predicted poor survival in HNSCC cases. LINC00958 may affect the prognosis by regulating NT5E via miR-27b-5p, and could serve as a possible factor to predict the prognosis of HNSCC, especially oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Carcinogenic roles of MAFG-AS1 in human cancers

The MAF bZIP transcription factor G-antisense RNA 1 (MAFG-AS1) is located on chromosome 17. MAFG-AS1 was upregulated in 15 human cancers. MAFG-AS1 not only suppresses 16 miRNAs but also directly impacts 22 protein-coding genes' expression. Notably, abnormal MAFG-AS1 expression is connected to clinicopathological characteristics and a worse prognosis in a variety of cancers. Moreover, MAFG-AS1 takes its part in the tumorigenesis and progression of various human malignancies by suppressing apoptosis and promoting proliferation, migration, invasion, aerobic glycolysis, ferroptosis, angiogenesis, EMT, and metastasis. Besides, it can predict treatment effectiveness in ER + breast cancer, urothelial bladder carcinoma, and liver cancer by functioning as a trigger of resistance to tamoxifen, sorafenib, and cisplatin. This study systematically presents the functions of MAFG-AS1 in various cancers, as well as the findings of bioinformatics analyses of the MAFG-AS1, which should give clear advice for future research.

Microproteins transitioning into a new Phase: Defining the undefined

Recent advancements in omics technologies have unveiled a hitherto unknown group of short polypeptides called microproteins (miPs). Despite their size, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that miPs exert varied and potent biological functions. They act in paracrine, juxtracrine, and endocrine fashion, maintaining cellular physiology and driving diseases. The present study focuses on biochemical and biophysical analysis and characterization of twenty-four human miPs using distinct computational methods, including RIDAO, AlphaFold2, D2P2, FuzDrop, STRING, and Emboss Pep wheel. miPs often lack well-defined tertiary structures and may harbor intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that play pivotal roles in cellular functions. Our analyses define the physicochemical properties of an essential subset of miPs, elucidating their structural characteristics and demonstrating their propensity for driving or participating in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and intracellular condensate formation. Notably, miPs such as NoBody and pTUNAR revealed a high propensity for LLPS, implicating their potential involvement in forming membrane-less organelles (MLOs) during intracellular LLPS and condensate formation. The results of our study indicate that miPs have functionally profound implications in cellular compartmentalization and signaling processes essential for regulating normal cellular functions. Taken together, our methodological approach explains and highlights the biological importance of these miPs, providing a deeper understanding of the unusual structural landscape and functionality of these newly defined small proteins. Understanding their functions and biological behavior will aid in developing targeted therapies for diseases that involve miPs.

The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of snoRNA and lincRNA in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and can be divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Although the means of diagnosis and treatment have continually improved in recent years, the recurrence rate of bladder cancer remains high, and patients with MIBC typically have an unfavourable prognosis and a low quality of life. Emerging evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a subgroup of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not overlap protein-coding genes. The potential role of lincRNAs in the regulation of gene expression has been explored in depth in recent years. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that mainly exist in the nucleolus, are approximately 60-300 nucleotides in length, and are hosted inside the introns of genes. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been associated with the origin and development of bladder cancer. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the biological functions of these molecules in bladder cancer.

Prognostic and immune microenvironment analysis of cuproptosis-related LncRNAs in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common tumor and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Cuproptosis is a new type of cell death, which can induce proteotoxic stress and eventually lead to cell death. Therefore, regulating copper metabolism in tumor cells is a new therapeutic approach. Long non-coding RNAs play an important regulatory role in immune response. At present, cuproptosis-related lncRNAs in breast cancer have not been reported. Breast cancer RNA sequencing, genomic mutations, and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Patients with breast cancer were randomly assigned to the train group or the test group. Co-expression network analysis, Cox regression method, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method were used to identify cuproptosis-related lncRNAs and to construct a risk prognostic model. The prediction performance of the model is verified and recognized. In addition, the nomogram was used to predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and immunoassay were used to detect the differences in biological function. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) was used to measure immunotherapy response. A total of 19 cuproptosis genes were obtained and a prognostic model based on 10 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs was constructed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed statistically significant overall survival (OS) between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and principal component analysis (PCA) show that the model has accurate prediction ability. Compared with other clinical features, cuproptosis-related lncRNAs model has higher diagnostic efficiency. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that risk score was an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. In addition, the nomogram model analysis showed that the tumor mutation burden was significantly different between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Of note, the additive effect of patients in the high-risk group and patients with high TMB resulted in reduced survival in breast cancer patients. Our study identified 10 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs, which may be promising biomarkers for predicting the survival prognosis of breast cancer.

LINC00958 may be a new prognostic biomarker in various cancers: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis

Background: There have been many studies on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as tumor markers. LINC00958 is a lncRNA that has been studied in a variety of tumor types. This meta-analysis aims to explore the relationship between LINC00958 and clinical prognosis and pathological characteristics in various cancers. Methods: We searched for related studies from PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Embase (up to October 2021). The association of LINC00958 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis was evaluated using the pooled odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: 16 studies (1,121 patients) were included in this meta-analysis, we found that overexpression of LINC00958 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.36-2.49; p < 0.001). We also found that LINC00958 overexpression was correlated with positive lymph node metastasis (LNM) (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.39-2.63; p < 0.001), advanced degree of infiltration (OR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11-2.41; p = 0.013), advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (OR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.48-5.33; p = 0.002). Other clinicopathological characteristics have no obvious correlation, such as age, sex, tumor size, distant metastasis, and differentiation grade (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, the overexpression of LINC00958 is significantly correlated with poor OS, positive LNM, advanced degree of infiltration, and advanced TNM stage. LINC00958 might serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for a variety of cancers. However, rigorous studies with large sample sizes are still needed for further research and demonstration.

Ectopic expression of HIV-1 Tat modifies gene expression in cultured B cells: implications for the development of B-cell lymphomas in HIV-1-infected patients

An increased frequency of B-cell lymphomas is observed in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, although HIV-1 does not infect B cells. Development of B-cell lymphomas may be potentially due to the action of the HIV-1 Tat protein, which is actively released from HIV-1-infected cells, on uninfected B cells. The exact mechanism of Tat-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis has not yet been precisely identified. Here, we ectopically expressed either Tat or its TatC22G mutant devoid of transactivation activity in the RPMI 8866 lymphoblastoid B cell line and performed a genome-wide analysis of host gene expression. Stable expression of both Tat and TatC22G led to substantial modifications of the host transcriptome, including pronounced changes in antiviral response and cell cycle pathways. We did not find any strong action of Tat on cell proliferation, but during prolonged culturing, Tat-expressing cells were displaced by non-expressing cells, indicating that Tat expression slightly inhibited cell growth. We also found an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in cells expressing Tat. Thus, Tat can modify gene expression in cultured B cells, leading to subtle modifications in cellular growth and chromosome instability, which could promote lymphomagenesis over time.