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Ekeuku SO, Nor Muhamad ML, Aminuddin AA, Ahmad F, Wong SK, Mark-Lee WF, Chin KY. Effects of emulsified and non-emulsified palm tocotrienol on bone and joint health in ovariectomised rats with monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115998. [PMID: 38091638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women are susceptible to osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Tocotrienol, a bone-protective nutraceutical, is reported to prevent osteoarthritis in male rats. However, its efficacy on joint health in oestrogen deficiency has not been validated. Besides, data on the use of emulsification systems in enhancing bioavailability and protective effects of tocotrienol are limited. Ovariectomised adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old) were treated with refined olive oil, emulsified (EPT, 100 mg/kg/day with 25% vitamin E content), non-emulsified palm tocotrienol (NEPT, 100 mg/kg/day with 50% vitamin E content) and calcium carbonate (1% w/v in drinking water) plus glucosamine sulphate (250 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. Osteoarthritis was induced with monosodium iodoacetate four weeks after ovariectomy. Baseline control was sacrificed upon receipt, while the sham group was not ovariectomised and treated with refined olive oil. EPT and NEPT prevented femoral metaphyseal and subchondral bone volume decline caused by ovariectomy. EPT decreased subchondral trabecular separation compared to the negative control. EPT preserved stiffness and Young's Modulus at the femoral mid-shaft of the rats. Circulating RANKL was reduced post-treatment in the EPT group. Joint width was reduced in all the treatment groups vs the negative control. The EPT group's grip strength was significantly improved over the negative control and NEPT group. EPT also preserved cartilage histology based on several Mankin's subscores. EPT performed as effectively as NEPT in preventing osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in ovariectomised rats despite containing less vitamin E content. This study justifies clinical trials for the use of EPT in postmenopausal women with both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamed Lahtif Nor Muhamad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alya Aqilah Aminuddin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fairus Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wun Fui Mark-Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Chin KY, Ng BN, Rostam MKI, Muhammad Fadzil NFD, Raman V, Mohamed Yunus F, Mark-Lee WF, Chong YY, Qian J, Zhang Y, Qu H, Syed Hashim SA, Ekeuku SO. Effects of E'Jiao on Skeletal Mineralisation, Osteocyte and WNT Signalling Inhibitors in Ovariectomised Rats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020570. [PMID: 36836927 PMCID: PMC9961805 DOI: 10.3390/life13020570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
E'Jiao is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from donkey skin. E'Jiao is reported to suppress elevated bone remodelling in ovariectomised rats but its mechanism of action is not known. To bridge this research gap, the current study aims to investigate the effects of E'Jiao on skeletal mineralisation, osteocyte and WNT signalling inhibitors in ovariectomised rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old) were ovariectomised and supplemented with E'Jiao at 0.26 g/kg, 0.53 g/kg and 1.06 g/kg, or 1% calcium carbonate (w/v) in drinking water. The rats were euthanised after two months of supplementation and their bones were collected for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, histomorphometry and protein analysis. Neither ovariectomy nor treatment affected the skeletal mineral/matrix ratio, osteocyte number, empty lacunar number, and Dickkopf-1 and sclerostin protein levels (p > 0.05). Rats treated with calcium carbonate had a higher Dickkopf-1 level than baseline (p = 0.002) and E'Jiao at 0.53 g/kg (p = 0.002). In conclusion, E'Jiao has no significant effect on skeletal mineralisation, osteocyte and WNT signalling inhibitors in ovariectomised rats. The skeletal effect of E'Jiao might not be mediated through osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9573
| | - Ben Nett Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Khairik Imran Rostam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farah Dhaniyah Muhammad Fadzil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Vaishnavi Raman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Farzana Mohamed Yunus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Wun Fui Mark-Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yan Yi Chong
- School of Pre-University Studies, Taylor’s College, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Jing Qian
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Syed Alhafiz Syed Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
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