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Dess NK, Chapman CD, Jacobi PM. Selective pressure on a saccharin intake phenotype and its correlates: a replication study. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad021. [PMID: 37387468 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Occidental High- and Low-Saccharin rats (respectively, HiS and LoS lines) were selectively bred for decades to examine mechanisms and correlates of a saccharin intake phenotype. Observed line differences ranged from taste and eating to drug self-administration and defensive behavior, paralleling human research on relationships between gustation, personality, and psychopathology. The original lines were terminated in 2019, and replicate lines (HiS-R and LoS-R) were selectively bred for 5 generations to test for reproducible, rapid selection for the phenotype and its correlates. The line differences chosen for replication included intake of tastants (saccharin, sugars, quinine-adulterated sucrose, sodium chloride, and ethanol) and foods (cheese, peas, Spam, and chocolate) and several noningestive behaviors (deprivation-induced hyperactivity, acoustic startle, and open field behavior). The HiS-R and LoS-R lines diverged on intake of saccharin, disaccharides, quinine-adulterated sucrose, sodium chloride, and complex foods, and open field behavior. Differences from the original lines also were observed. Reasons for and implications of the pattern of replication and lack thereof in 5 generations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Dess
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Clinton D Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paulina M Jacobi
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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ZHOU P, XIAO H, LI Y, DONG X. Sustained hyperarousal induced by acute stress in tryptophan-hydroxylase-2 genetic deficient male mice. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dess NK, Funaki AT, Fanson BG, Bhatia R, Chapman CD. Eating and wheel running across the estrous cycle in rat lines selectively bred on a taste phenotype. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113552. [PMID: 34375621 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Occidental Low- and High-Saccharin-Consuming rats (respectively, LoS and HiS) have been selectively bred for decades to study the relationship between taste and behaviors in and beyond the ingestive domain. Whether the saccharin phenotype is associated with behavioral periodicities tied to reproductive status is not known. Here we describe for the first time variation across the estrous cycle in chow intake and wheel running by LoS and HiS rats. This study also shed light on why rats, humans, and some other mammals eat less and become more active as fertility increases. Wheel running increases when eating is reduced through restricted chow access, more so in LoS rats than in HiS rats (Dess et al., 2000). If the decrease in food intake from diestrus through estrus causes the increase in running (Eat Less → Run More hypothesis, ELRM), then the running peak should follow the eating nadir and be greater in LoS rats. Bayesian cyclic regression showed that estrous cycles were shorter in LoS rats than in HiS rats; implications are discussed. Contrary to ELRM, the running peak did not follow the eating nadir, and cycle amplitude did not distinguish LoS rats from HiS rats. These results indirectly support the No Time To Eat hypothesis (Fessler, 2003), according to which the periovulatory eating nadir and running peak reflect fitness-enhancing consequences of shifts away from eating and toward mating as fertility increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Dess
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA.
| | - Alexis T Funaki
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA
| | - Benjamin G Fanson
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhea Bhatia
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA
| | - Clinton D Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles CA 90041, USA
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Carroll ME, Zlebnik NE, Holtz NA. Preference for Palatable Food, Impulsivity, and Relation to Drug Addiction in Rats. NEUROMETHODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0924-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dess NK, Chapman CD, Fouladi F, Fodor AA, Lyte M. "Us vs. Them" Pair Housing: Effects on Body Weight, Open Field Behavior, and Gut Microbiota in Rats Selectively Bred on a Taste Phenotype. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112975. [PMID: 32492497 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Taste is increasingly recognized as being related to reward, risk, and social processes beyond the ingestive domain. Occidental High (HiS) and Low (LoS) Saccharin Consuming rats have been selectively bred for more than 25 years to study those relationships. The present study examined LoS and HiS rats' sensitivity to a social partner's lineage. The role of gut microbiome transfer between lines was also explored as a possible mediating mechanism. Rats were pair-housed with a rat from either their own line (same-line condition) or the other line (other-line condition); weight gain, saccharin intake, acoustic startle, and open field behavior were measured. Results show for the first time that the lines express different behavioral strategies in a novel open field. In addition, weight gain and open field measures indicate that other-line housing was stressful. Saccharin intake, however, was unaffected by housing condition. A previous finding that the lines possess different gut microbiota was replicated. Although microbial transfer occurred between social partners, no clear evidence was obtained that housing-condition effects on weight gain or behavior were mediated by microbial transfer. Overall, these findings add to the characterization of non-gustatory correlates of a taste phenotype and suggest that rats differing strikingly on the taste phenotype and/or its correlates may be socially incompatible.
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Dess NK, Chapman CD. Parametric Characterization of a Taste Phenotype in Rats Selectively Bred for High Versus Low Saccharin Intake. Chem Senses 2019; 45:85-96. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Taste signals food quality and reflects energy status and associated processes. Occidental high- and low-saccharin consuming rats (HiS, LoS) have been selectively bred for nearly 60 generations on intake of 0.1% saccharin in a 23-h two-bottle test, as a tool for studying individual differences in taste and its correlates in the domains of feeding, defensive, and social behavior. The saccharin phenotype itself has not been well characterized until now. The present series of parametric studies examined suprathreshold saccharin concentration-intake functions (Experiment 1), saccharin preference threshold (Experiments 2A and 2B), and intra- and inter-sweetener carryforward effects (Experiments 2B, 3A–3D). Results indicate high stability in line differences in behavior toward saccharin and also line-specific mutability of intake of saccharin and certain other sweeteners. Methodological and conceptual implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Dess
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Modelling posttraumatic stress disorders in animals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:117-133. [PMID: 30468906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder are useful tools to reveal the neurobiological basis of the vulnerability to traumatic events, and to develop new treatment strategies, as well as predicting treatment response contributing to personalized medicine approach. Different models have different construct, face and predictive validity and they model different symptoms of the disease. The most prevalent models are the single prolonged stress, electric foot-shock and predator odor. Freezing as 're-experiencing' in cluster B and startle as 'arousal' in cluster E according to DSM-5 are the most frequently studied parameters; however, several other symptoms related to mood, cognitive and social skills are part of the examinations. Beside behavioral characteristics, symptoms of exaggerated sympathetic activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis as well as signs of sleep disturbances are also warranted. Test battery rather than a single test is required to describe a model properly and the results should be interpreted in a comprehensive way, e.g. creating a z-score. Research is shifting to study larger populations and identifying the features of the resilient and vulnerable individuals, which cannot be easily done in humans. Incorporation of the "three hit theory" in animal models may lead to a better animal model of vulnerability and resilience. As women are twice as vulnerable as men, more emphasize should be taken to include female animals. Moreover, hypothesis free testing and big data analysis may help to identify an array of biomarkers instead of a single variable for identification of vulnerability and for the purpose of personalized medicine.
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Dess NK, Schreiber KR, Winter GM, Chapman CD. Taste as a marker for behavioral energy regulation:Replication and extension of meal pattern evidence from selectively bred rats. Behav Processes 2018; 153:9-15. [PMID: 29747044 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of energy regulation among species that eat discrete meals is meal patterning - meal frequency, size, and duration. Such animals can adjust to internal states and external circumstances with changes in one or more of those meal parameters, with or without altering total food intake. Relatively little is known about individual differences in meal patterning. We previously reported meal patterning differences between rat lines selectively bred for differential saccharin solution intake, lines that also differ in sensitivity to metabolic challenges: Relative to high-saccharin-consuming counterparts (HiS), male low-saccharin-consuming rats (LoS) ate smaller, more frequent meals. Those findings provided evidence of an association between taste and short term satiety. Twenty generations later, we describe systematic replication of the line difference in meal patterns in males and females using two different kinds of reinforcer pellet. The previous study was further extended by examining meal parameters (1) with bi- and multivariate analyses and (2) after acute food restriction and a moderate stressor. Results are discussed within a behavior-systems framework incorporating taste as a marker for behavioral energy regulation.
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Dess NK, Dobson K, Roberts BT, Chapman CD. Sweetener Intake by Rats Selectively Bred for Differential Saccharin Intake: Sucralose, Stevia, and Acesulfame Potassium. Chem Senses 2017; 42:381-392. [PMID: 28334357 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral responses to sweeteners have been used to study the evolution, mechanisms, and functions of taste. Occidental low and high saccharin consuming rats (respectively, LoS and HiS) have been selectively outbred on the basis of saccharin intake and are a valuable tool for studying variation among individuals in sweetener intake and its correlates. Relative to HiS rats, LoS rats consume smaller amounts of all nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners tested to date, except aspartame. The lines also differ in intake of the commercial product Splenda; the roles of sucralose and saccharides in the difference are unclear. The present study extends prior work by examining intake of custom mixtures of sucralose, maltodextrin, and sugars and Splenda by LoS and HiS rats (Experiment 1A-1D), stevia and a constituent compound (rebaudioside A; Experiment 2A-2E), and acesulfame potassium tested at several concentrations or with 4 other sweeteners at one concentration each (Experiment 3A-3B). Results indicate that aversive side tastes limit intake of Splenda, stevia, and acesulfame potassium, more so among LoS rats than among HiS rats. In addition, regression analyses involving 5 sweeteners support the idea that both sweetness and bitterness are needed to account for intake of nonnutritive sweeteners, more so among LoS rats. These findings contribute to well developed and emerging literatures on sweetness and domain-general processes related to gustation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Dess
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Kiana Dobson
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Brandon T Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Clinton D Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
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Jurado-Barba R, Duque A, López-Trabada JR, Martínez-Gras I, García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, López-Muñoz F, Jiménez-Arriero MÁ, Ávila C, Manzanares J, Rubio G. The Modulation of the Startle Reflex as Predictor of Alcohol Use Disorders in a Sample of Heavy Drinkers: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1212-1219. [PMID: 28494516 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that patients with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) show altered startle reflex responses to alcohol-related stimuli. However, there is little information about the role of these altered responses in the development of AUDs. This study examined the startle reflex response to different visual stimuli and the role of these patterns in the development of AUDs in a 4-year follow-up. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-nine (nondependent) heavy-drinking participants were selected. In the baseline period, the startle reflex responses to alcohol-related, aversive, appetitive, and neutral pictures were assessed. Startle reflex responses to these pictures were used as predictive variables. Status drinking (alcohol dependence and nondependence) assessed at 4-year follow-up was used as outcome measure. RESULTS At the 4-year follow-up assessment, 46% of participants fulfilled DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence criteria. Alcohol dependence status was predicted by an attenuated startle reflex response to alcohol-related and aversive pictures. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that an attenuated modulation of startle reflex response to alcohol-related and aversive stimuli could be used as a clinical marker to predict the development of AUDs in participants with previous alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Jurado-Barba
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Madrid, Spain.,Camilo José Cela University , Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Duque
- Pontifical University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain.,Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Martínez-Gras
- University Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center Network for Mental Health (CIBERSAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias , Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS) , Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias , Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS) , Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Arriero
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Madrid, Spain.,University Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center Network for Mental Health (CIBERSAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias , Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS) , Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain.,University Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS) , Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
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Le Dorze C, Gisquet-Verrier P. Effects of multiple brief exposures to trauma-associated cues on traumatized resilient and vulnerable rats. Brain Res 2016; 1652:71-80. [PMID: 27717871 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrusive re-experiencing of a trauma is a core symptom in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and is often triggered by contextual cues associated with the event. It is not yet established if intrusive re-experiencing is the consequence of PTSD, or if it could contribute to the development of PTSD following a traumatic event. The present study (1) examined the impact of repeated brief re-exposures to trauma reminders on the strength of PTSD-like symptoms, as well as on their time-development and (2) investigated the reactivity over time to these cues in trauma resilient and vulnerable rats, defined on the basis of the PTSD-like symptoms they demonstrated. Rats were exposed to a Single Prolonged Stress, combining three different stresses (2-h restraint, 20-min forced swim and CO2 unconsciousness) delivered together with tone and odor cues and preceded by an inhibitory avoidance conditioning or a control procedure. During the following two weeks, reminded rats were briefly re-exposed to trauma-associated cues either 4 or 8 times. The results indicated that 4 re-exposures to the same cue strengthened PTSD-like symptoms (anxiety, arousal, fear to trauma-cue). However 8 re-exposures to similar or different trauma-cues did not alter PTSD-like symptoms and led to a rapid extinction of the fear reactivity to these cues. The present results further indicated that shortly after trauma, both resilient and vulnerable rats strongly reacted to trauma-associated cues, while only vulnerable rats reacted long after the trauma, suggesting a slower loss of fear responses to trauma cues in these rats. We concluded that re-experiencing may participate in, but cannot be solely responsible for, the development of long-term PTSD effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Le Dorze
- Neuro-PSI, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Lyte M, Fodor AA, Chapman CD, Martin GG, Perez-Chanona E, Jobin C, Dess NK. Gut Microbiota and a Selectively Bred Taste Phenotype: A Novel Model of Microbiome-Behavior Relationships. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:610-9. [PMID: 27035357 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The microbiota-gut-brain axis is increasingly implicated in obesity, anxiety, stress, and other health-related processes. Researchers have proposed that gut microbiota may influence dietary habits, and pathways through the microbiota-gut-brain axis make such a relationship feasible; however, few data bear on the hypothesis. As a first step in the development of a model system, the gut microbiome was examined in rat lines selectively outbred on a taste phenotype with biobehavioral profiles that have diverged with respect to energy regulation, anxiety, and stress. METHODS Occidental low and high-saccharin-consuming rats were assessed for body mass and chow, water, and saccharin intake; littermate controls had shared cages with rats in the experimental group but were not assessed. Cecum and colon microbial communities were profiled using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and multivariate analysis of microbial diversity and composition. RESULTS The saccharin phenotype was confirmed (low-saccharin-consuming rats, 0.7Δ% [0.9Δ%]; high-saccharin-consuming rats, 28.1Δ% [3.6Δ%]). Regardless of saccharin exposure, gut microbiota differed between lines in terms of overall community similarity and taxa at lower phylogenetic levels. Specifically, 16 genera in three phyla distinguished the lines at a 10% false discovery rate. DISCUSSION The study demonstrates for the first time that rodent lines created through selective pressure on taste and differing on functionally related correlates host different microbial communities. Whether the microbiota are causally related to the taste phenotype or its correlates remains to be determined. These findings encourage further inquiry on the relationship of the microbiome to taste, dietary habits, emotion, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- From the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine (Lyte), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology (Lyte), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas; Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Fodor), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina; School of Medicine (Perez-Chanona), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (Jobin), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Occidental College (Chapman, Martin, Dess), Los Angeles, California
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Moore NLT, Altman DE, Gauchan S, Genovese RF. Adulthood stress responses in rats are variably altered as a factor of adolescent stress exposure. Stress 2016; 19:295-302. [PMID: 27295201 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1191465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure during development may influence adulthood stress response severity. The present study investigates persisting effects of two adolescent stressors upon adulthood response to predator exposure (PE). Rats were exposed to underwater trauma (UWT) or PE during adolescence, then to PE after reaching adulthood. Rats were then exposed to predator odor (PO) to test responses to predator cues alone. Behavioral and neuroendocrine assessments were conducted to determine acute effects of each stress experience. Adolescent stress altered behavioral response to adulthood PE. Acoustic startle response was blunted. Bidirectional changes in plus maze exploration were revealed as a factor of adolescent stress type. Neuroendocrine response magnitude did not predict severity of adolescent or adult stress response, suggesting that different adolescent stress events may differentially alter developmental outcomes regardless of acute behavioral or neuroendocrine response. We report that exposure to two different stressors in adolescence may differentially affect stress response outcomes in adulthood. Acute response to an adolescent stressor may not be consistent across all stressors or all dependent measures, and may not predict alterations in developmental outcomes pertaining to adulthood stress exposure. Further studies are needed to characterize factors underlying long-term effects of a developmental stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L T Moore
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Daniel E Altman
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Sangeeta Gauchan
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Raymond F Genovese
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Toledano D, Gisquet-Verrier P. Only susceptible rats exposed to a model of PTSD exhibit reactivity to trauma-related cues and other symptoms: an effect abolished by a single amphetamine injection. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:165-74. [PMID: 24975424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study had two main goals. First, to investigate whether an animal model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), single prolonged stress (SPS) leads to one of the main PTSD symptom: avoidance of trauma-related stimuli. Second, to investigate whether a single amphetamine injection delivered 30 days after SPS can reduce these symptoms. Olfactory and auditory cues were added to the SPS context and reactivity to these cues were tested more than one month later using an odor discrimination test, and freezing to the trauma-related tone. Other PTSD symptoms, such as anxiety (elevated plus maze) and hyperarousal (acoustic startle response), were also investigated in these rats. Some behavioural reactivity to the environmental cues was observed in rats exposed to SPS. However, a subgroup of these rats showed an exaggerated disruption in performance in 3 to 4 of the behavioral tests relative to controls, suggesting that two classes of rats, those that are susceptible and those that are resilient to SPS, can be dissociated. When rats were treated with amphetamine (1mg/kg) injected in the SPS context 30 days after SPS, traumatized rats no longer differed from their corresponding controls and all were identified as resilient. The present data demonstrated that rats exposed to SPS can be either susceptible or resilient and a single amphetamine injection can abolish the associated symptoms. We propose that combining memory reactivation, with an amphetamine-induced positive mood, can modify the emotional valence of the initial memory, inducing long-lasting remodeling of the traumatic memory, thereby opening a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toledano
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay F-91405, France.
| | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Orsay F-91405, France.
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Toledano D, Tassin JP, Gisquet-Verrier P. Traumatic stress in rats induces noradrenergic-dependent long-term behavioral sensitization: role of individual differences and similarities with dependence on drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:465-76. [PMID: 23812763 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this paper is to provide evidence for the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and drug addiction rely on common processes. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to show that a noradrenergic-dependent behavioral sensitization occurs after the development of PTSD, in a way similar to that recently demonstrated after repeated drug injections. METHODS Rats classified into high and low responders to novelty (HR/LR) were subjected to a single prolonged stress (SPS). Cross-sensitization was evaluated after d-amphetamine injection (1.0 mg/kg) in a locomotor activity test given either 4, 15, or 90 days later. To determine the involvement of the noradrenergic system, rats were injected with the α2-receptor agonist, clonidine (20 μg/kg), during the SPS. Subsequently, their auditory startle response (ASR) and cross-sensitization were assessed. RESULTS SPS affected both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the ASR, replicating some PTSD-like symptoms. Behavioral sensitization was found after 15, 21, and 90 days after the SPS in LR rats, and a behavioral desensitization in HR rats after 15 days. Clonidine delivered during the SPS prevented the behavioral sensitization in LR rats, as well as the effects on ASR in HR and LR rats. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to SPS is shown to affect behavior and induce a behavioral sensitization to d-amphetamine that is modulated by individual differences. Both of these effects depend on the noradrenergic system. Altogether, the present results (1) replicate findings obtained after repeated drug exposure and (2) strengthen our hypothesis of a common physiological basis between PTSD and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toledano
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris Sud, UMR 8195, Bât 446, Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Sweet success, bitter defeat: a taste phenotype predicts social status in selectively bred rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46606. [PMID: 23056367 PMCID: PMC3463528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For social omnivores such as rats and humans, taste is far more than a chemical sense activated by food. By virtue of evolutionary and epigenetic elaboration, taste is associated with negative affect, stress vulnerability, responses to psychoactive substances, pain, and social judgment. A crucial gap in this literature, which spans behavior genetics, affective and social neuroscience, and embodied cognition, concerns links between taste and social behavior in rats. Here we show that rats selectively bred for low saccharin intake are subordinate to high-saccharin-consuming rats when they compete in weight-matched dyads for food, a task used to model depression. Statistical and experimental controls suggest that differential resource utilization within dyads is not an artifact of individual-level processes such as apparatus habituation or ingestive motivation. Tail skin temperature measurements showed that LoS rats display larger hyperthermic responses to social interaction after status is established, evidence linking taste, social stress, autonomic reactivity, and depression-like symptoms. Based on regression using early- and late-competition predictors to predict dyadic disparity in final competition scores, we tentatively suggest that HiS rats emerge as dominant both because of an "early surge" on their part and because LoS acquiesce later. These findings should invigorate the comparative study of individual differences in social status and its relationship to mental and physical health.
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Yakovenko V, Speidel ER, Chapman CD, Dess NK. Food dependence in rats selectively bred for low versus high saccharin intake. Implications for "food addiction". Appetite 2011; 57:397-400. [PMID: 21683748 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The "food addiction" concept implies that proneness to drug dependence and to food dependence should covary. The latter was studied in low- (LoS) and high- (HiS) saccharin-consuming rats, who differ in drug self-administration (HiS>LoS) and withdrawal (LoS>HiS). Sugary food intake in the first 1-2 h was higher in HiS than LoS rats. Sugar intake predicted startle during abstinence only among LoS rats. These results may suggest bingeing-proneness in HiS rats and withdrawal-proneness among LoS rats. However, intake escalation and somatic withdrawal did not differ between lines. Further study with selectively bred rats, with attention to definitions and measures, is warranted.
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Runke D, McIntyre DC, St-Onge V, Gilby KL. Relation between startle reactivity and sucrose avidity in two rat strains bred for differential seizure susceptibility. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:259-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Modulation of methylphenidate effects on wheel running and acoustic startle by acute food deprivation in commercially and selectively bred rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 97:500-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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