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Kim S, Li K, Alsbaiee A, Brutman JP, Dichtel WR. Circular Reprocessing of Thermoset Polyurethane Foams. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305387. [PMID: 37548061 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in industrial applications, but they cannot be recycled by conventional melt reprocessing because of their cross-linked structures. The introduction of carbamate exchange catalysts converts thermoset PU into covalent adaptable networks (CANs), which are amenable to reprocessing at elevated temperatures. However, this approach has produced solid PU films, which have fewer uses and lower commercial demand. In this work, simultaneous reprocessing and refoaming of thermoset PU foams is demonstrated by leveraging the melt-processability of PU CANs and allowing cell growth by gas generation in a twin-screw extruder. The optimal operating temperature of the refoaming process is determined through chemical, thermal, and structural analysis of PU foam extrudates. The foam-to-foam extrusion process produces controllable, continuous, and uniform foam structures, as characterized by cell diameter and cell number density. Low-density PU foams are obtained through a process simulating injection molding. The compression properties of reprocessed PU foam are compared with as-synthesized PU foam to demonstrate efficacy of the refoaming processes. These results demonstrate that PU foams can be prepared through recycling while maintaining microstructural and chemical integrity. In the future, this strategy may be applied to thermoset PU foams of various chemical compositions and shows promise for scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kelvin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alaaeddin Alsbaiee
- Polyurethane Systems Department, Performance Materials Division, BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - Jacob P Brutman
- Polyurethane Systems Department, Performance Materials Division, BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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2
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Harding OJ, Griffiths CA, Rees A, Pletsas D. Methods to Reduce Energy and Polymer Consumption for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081874. [PMID: 37112021 PMCID: PMC10144130 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing is an additive technology used to manufacture parts. Used in the engineering industry for prototyping polymetric parts, this disruptive technology has been adopted commercially and there are affordable printers on the market that allow for at-home printing. This paper examines six methods of reducing the energy and material consumption of 3D printing. Using different commercial printers, each approach was investigated experimentally, and the potential savings were quantified. The modification most effective at reducing energy consumption was the hot-end insulation, with savings of 33.8-30.63%, followed by the sealed enclosure, yielding an average power reduction of 18%. For material, the most influential change was noted using 'lightning infill', reducing material consumption by 51%. The methodology includes a combined energy- and material-saving approach in the production of a referenceable 'Utah Teapot' sample object. Using combined techniques on the Utah Teapot print, the material consumption was reduced by values between 55.8% and 56.4%, and power consumption was reduced by 29% to 38%. The implementation of a data-logging system allowed us to identify significant thermal management and material usage opportunities to minimise power consumption, providing solutions for a more positive impact on the sustainable manufacturing of 3D printed parts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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3
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Liu Z, Xu Y, Su H, Jing X, Wang D, Li S, Chen Y, Guan H, Meng L. Chitosan-based hemostatic sponges as new generation hemostatic materials for uncontrolled bleeding emergency: Modification, composition, and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120780. [PMID: 37028883 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The choice of hemostatic technique is a curial concern for surgery and as first-aid treatment in combat. To treat uncontrolled bleeding in complex wound environments, chitosan-based hemostatic sponges have attracted significant attention in recent years because of the excellent biocompatibility, degradability, hemostasis and antibacterial properties of chitosan and their unique sponge-like morphology for high fluid absorption rate and priority aggregation of blood cells/platelets to achieve rapid hemostasis. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the use of chitosan hemostatic sponges as the new generation of hemostatic materials for uncontrolled bleeding emergencies in complex wounds. We summarize the modification of chitosan, review the current status of preparation protocols of chitosan sponges based on various composite systems, and highlight the recent achievements on the detailed breakdown of the existing chitosan sponges to present the relationship between their composition, physical properties, and hemostatic capacity. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges of chitosan hemostatic sponges are also proposed.
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Calore AR, Srinivas V, Groenendijk L, Serafim A, Stancu IC, Wilbers A, Leoné N, Sanchez AA, Auhl D, Mota C, Bernaerts K, Harings JAW, Moroni L. Manufacturing of scaffolds with interconnected internal open porosity and surface roughness. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:158-176. [PMID: 35868592 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing of three-dimensional scaffolds with multiple levels of porosity are an advantage in tissue regeneration approaches to influence cell behavior. Three-dimensional scaffolds with surface roughness and intra-filament open porosity were successfully fabricated by additive manufacturing combined with chemical foaming and porogen leaching without the need of toxic solvents. The decomposition of sodium citrate, a chemical blowing agent, generated pores within the scaffold filaments, which were interconnected and opened to the external environment by leaching of a water-soluble sacrificial phase, as confirmed by micro-CT and buoyancy measurements. The additional porosity did not result in lower elastic modulus, but in higher strain at maximum load, i.e. scaffold ductility. Human mesenchymal stromal cells cultured for 24 h adhered in greater numbers on these scaffolds when compared to plain additive-manufactured ones, irrespectively of the scaffold pre-treatment method. Additionally, they showed a more spread and random morphology, which is known to influence cell fate. Cells cultured for a longer period exhibited enhanced metabolic activity while secreting higher osteogenic markers after 7 days in culture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Inspired by the function of hierarchical cellular structures in natural materials, this work elucidates the development of scaffolds with multiscale porosity by combining in-situ foaming and additive manufacturing, and successive porogen leaching. The resulting scaffolds displayed enhanced mechanical toughness and multiscale pore network interconnectivity, combined with early differentiation of adult mesenchymal stromal cells into the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roberto Calore
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Varun Srinivas
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Linda Groenendijk
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrada Serafim
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Nils Leoné
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ane Albillos Sanchez
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Auhl
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands; Polymerwerkstoffe und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien Bernaerts
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Jules A W Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Dippold M, Ruckdäschel H. Influence of pressure-induced temperature drop on the foaming behavior of amorphous polylactide (PLA) during autoclave foaming with supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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6
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Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic Milling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214480. [PMID: 36365474 PMCID: PMC9657916 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical foaming process of polylactic acid (PLA) was developed via the solid-state processing methods of solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) and cryogenic milling. Based on the ability of solid-state processing to enhance the crystallization kinetics of PLA, chemical foaming agents (CFA) are first compounded before foaming via compression molding. Specifically, the effects of the pre-foaming solid-state processing method and CFA concentration were investigated. Density reduction, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and cell density of PLA foams are characterized. Solid-state processing of PLA before foaming greatly increases the extent of PLA foaming by achieving void fractions approximately twice that of the control foams. PLA's improved ability to crystallize is displayed through both dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The solid-state-processed foams display superior mechanical robustness and undergo low stress relaxation. The cell density of the PLA foams also increases with solid-state processing, especially through SSSP. Additionally, crosslinking of PLA during the pre-foaming processing step is found to result in the greatest enhancement of crystallization but decreased void fraction and foam effectiveness. Overall, SSSP and cryogenic milling show significant promise in improving chemical foaming in alternative biopolymers.
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Peng K, Mubarak S, Diao X, Cai Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Wu L. Progress in the Preparation, Properties, and Applications of PLA and Its Composite Microporous Materials by Supercritical CO 2: A Review from 2020 to 2022. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204320. [PMID: 36297898 PMCID: PMC9611929 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of degradable plastic foams is in line with the current development concept of being pollution free and sustainable. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microporous foam with biodegradability, good heat resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties can be successfully applied in cushioning packaging, heat insulation, noise reduction, filtration and adsorption, tissue engineering, and other fields. This paper summarizes and critically evaluates the latest research on preparing PLA microporous materials by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) physical foaming since 2020. This paper first introduces the scCO2 foaming technologies for PLA and its composite foams, discusses the CO2-assisted foaming processes, and analyzes the effects of process parameters on PLA foaming. After that, the paper reviews the effects of modification methods such as chemical modification, filler filling, and mixing on the rheological and crystallization behaviors of PLA and provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of PLA foaming behavior to provide theoretical guidance for future research on PLA foaming. Lastly, the development and applications of PLA microporous materials based on scCO2 foaming technologies are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangming Peng
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Suhail Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu-si 59626, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Diao
- Jinyoung (Xiamen) Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361028, China
| | - Zewei Cai
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry Engineering, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road No. 200, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Industrial Design Institute, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road No. 200, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianlei Wang
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Lixin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.)
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8
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Ma C, Wang S, Li Y, Yu T, Yao Y, Du H, Cai Q. Preparation of epoxy resin foam by composite foaming agent prepared from microporous silica and 4,4′‐bisoxybenzenesulfonyl hydrazide. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of new ceramics and fine processing,School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Education of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of new ceramics and fine processing,School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Education of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen China
| | - Yage Li
- State Key Laboratory of new ceramics and fine processing,School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Education of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of new ceramics and fine processing,School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Education of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Youwei Yao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen China
| | - Hongda Du
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Management Engineering & Materials National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Functional Carbon Materials Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Shenzhen China
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of new ceramics and fine processing,School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Education of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen China
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9
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Doyle L. Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene‐1. Toward
single‐material
multifunctional sandwich structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Doyle
- Infrastructural Engineering HafenCity University Hamburg Germany
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10
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Kim JM, Kyung H, Song YS. Analysis of poly(dioxanone) foam prepared using salt leaching method. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Kim
- Department of Fiber Convergence Materials Engineering Dankook University Yongin‐si Gyeonggi Do Korea
| | - Haksu Kyung
- Department of Ophthalmology National Medical Center Seoul Korea
| | - Young Seok Song
- Department of Fiber Convergence Materials Engineering Dankook University Yongin‐si Gyeonggi Do Korea
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11
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Péter T, Litauszki K, Kmetty Á. Improving the heat deflection temperature of poly(lactic acid) foams by annealing. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Rokkonen T, Willberg-Keyriläinen P, Ropponen J, Malm T. Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152416. [PMID: 34372019 PMCID: PMC8347262 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams are widely used in several fields such as thermal insulation, acoustics, automotive, and packaging. The most widely used polymer foams are made of polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyethylene but environmental awareness is boosting interest towards alternative bio-based materials. In this study, the suitability of bio-based thermoplastic cellulose palmitate for extrusion foaming was studied. Isobutane, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) were tested as blowing agents in different concentrations. Each of them enabled cellulose palmitate foam formation. Isobutane foams exhibited the lowest density with the largest average cell size and nitrogen foams indicated most uniform cell morphology. The effect of die temperature on foamability was further studied with isobutane (3 wt%) as a blowing agent. Die temperature had a relatively low impact on foam density and the differences were mainly encountered with regard to surface quality and cell size distribution. This study demonstrates that cellulose palmitate can be foamed but to produce foams with greater quality, the material homogeneity needs to be improved and researched further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teijo Rokkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pia Willberg-Keyriläinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; (P.W.-K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jarmo Ropponen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; (P.W.-K.); (J.R.)
| | - Tero Malm
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland;
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13
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Venkatesan KB, Karkhanis SS, Matuana LM. Microcellular foaming of poly(lactic acid) branched with food‐grade chain extenders. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Salah T, Ziout A. Optimization of Actuation Load and Shape Recovery Speed of Polyester-Based/Fe 3O 4 Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051264. [PMID: 33799981 PMCID: PMC7962100 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this research, polyester-based polymers/Fe3O4 nanocomposite foams were prepared in order to study their performance; namely shape recovery speed and actuation load. A foamed structure was obtained through a solid-state foaming process, which was studied and optimized in previous research. The optimum foaming parameters were applied in an attempt to achieve the highest foaming ratio possible. A Taguchi Map was then designed to determine the number of experiments to be conducted. The experimental results showed that the maximum actuation load obtained was 3.35 N, while optimal (fastest) recovery speed was 6.36 mm/min. Furthermore, temperature had no impact on the actuation load as long as a temperature above the Tg was applied. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticles reduced shape recovery speed due to discontinuity within the polymer matrix.
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15
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Mort R, Vorst K, Curtzwiler G, Jiang S. Biobased foams for thermal insulation: material selection, processing, modelling, and performance. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4375-4394. [PMID: 35424381 PMCID: PMC8694562 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the urgent need for the development of sustainable materials and a circular economy, a surge of research regarding biobased materials and associated processing methods has resulted in many experimental biobased foams. Although several biobased foams are already shown to have thermal and mechanical properties competitive with expanded polystyrene, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap leading to limited understanding of the principles that determine performance. This review outlines the progress in this burgeoning field, introducing materials selection and processing, comparing performance, examining efforts in modelling physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real biobased systems. The focus is on low thermal conductivity, which is a critical property for temperature-controlled applications such as packaging for refrigerated/frozen foods, medications, and vaccines as well as building materials. Currently, the trend in the field is moving towards fully biobased and compostable foams, though partially biobased polyurethane foams remain the most consistent performers. To illustrate the foam structure–property relationship, thermal conductivity, cell size, and density data were compiled. Given the complexity of biobased foams, heat transfer models aid in identifying crucial variables. However, data relevant to the insulation capability of biobased foams is not fully reported in many references. To address this issue, we employed a dimensional analysis to fill the gaps, revealing a power law correlation between thermal conductivity and relative density. Our approach is not intended as a robust prediction technique, but rather a simple demonstration of how biobased foams data could be utilized to predict the most promising materials and methods. This review outlines the progress in biobased foams with a focus on low thermal conductivity. It introduces materials selection and processing, compares performance, examines modelling of physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mort
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Greg Curtzwiler
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
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16
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Khademi SMH, Hemmati F, Aroon MA. An insight into different phenomena involved in continuous extrusion foaming of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/expanded graphite nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:470-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Sängerlaub S, Lehmann E, Müller K, Wani AA. Porosity, thickness distribution and water vapour sorption of thermoformed foamed PP films with dispersed sodium chloride for humidity regulation. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Auclerc M, Sahyoun J, Tauleigne A, Da Cruz-Boisson F, Vanhille Bergeron A, Garois N, Cassagnau P, Bounor-Legaré V. Development of Copolyamide-66/6 Cross-Linked Foams by a One-Step Reactive Extrusion Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Auclerc
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jihane Sahyoun
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adrien Tauleigne
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fernande Da Cruz-Boisson
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 17 Av Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garois
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche, Rue Gustave Nourry - B.P. 31, 45120 Chalette-sur-Loing, France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Bounor-Legaré
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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19
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Liu Y, Matuana LM. Surface texture and barrier performance of poly(lactic acid)-cellulose nanocrystal extruded-cast films. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Liu
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Laurent M. Matuana
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
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20
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Characterization of Different Chemical Blowing Agents and Their Applicability to Produce Poly(Lactic Acid) Foams by Extrusion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the applicability of different types (exothermic and endothermic) of chemical blowing agents (CBAs) in the case of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The amount of foaming agent is a fixed 2 wt%. We used a twin-screw extruder and added the individual components in the form of dry mixture through the hopper of the extruder. We characterized the PLA matrix and the chemical blowing agents with different testing methods. In case of the produced foams we carried out morphological and mechanical tests and used scanning electron microscopy to examine cell structure. We showed that PLA can be successfully foamed with the use of chemical blowing agents. The best results were achieved with an exothermic CBA and with PLA type 8052D. The cell population density of PLA foams produced this way was 4.82 × 105 cells/cm3, their expansion was 2.36, their density 0.53 g/cm3 and their void fraction was 57.61%.
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21
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Chi H, Li W, Fan C, Zhang C, Li L, Qin Y, Yuan M. Effect of High Pressure Treatment on Poly(lactic acid)/Nano⁻TiO₂ Composite Films. Molecules 2018; 23:E2621. [PMID: 30322075 PMCID: PMC6222709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microstructure, thermal properties, mechanical properties and oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nano-TiO₂ composite film before and after high pressure treatment were studied. Structural analysis showed that the functional group structure of the high pressure treated composite film did not change. It was found that the high pressure treatment did not form new chemical bonds between the nanoparticles and the PLA. The micro-section of the composite film after high pressure treatment became very rough, and the structure was depressed. Through the analysis of thermal and mechanical properties, high pressure treatment can not only increase the strength and stiffness of the composite film, but also increase the crystallinity of the composite film. Through the analysis of barrier properties, it is found that the barrier properties of composite films after high pressure treatment were been improved by the applied high pressure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Chi
- Institute of Yunnan Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institute of Yunnan Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China.
| | - Chunli Fan
- Institute of Yunnan Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Yunnan Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China.
| | - Lin Li
- College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuyue Qin
- Institute of Yunnan Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China.
| | - Minglong Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Biopolymer Functional Materials of Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
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22
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Ghanbari A, Tabarsa T, Ashori A, Shakeri A, Mashkour M. Thermoplastic starch foamed composites reinforced with cellulose nanofibers: Thermal and mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Design of biobased poly(butylene succinate) foams by single-screw extrusion: Identification of relevant rheological parameters controlling foam morphologies. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Sängerlaub S, Miesbauer O, Michael L, Müller K, Stramm C, Pecyna M, Langowski HC. Humidity regulation by stretched PP and PLA films with dispersed CaCl2. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Sängerlaub
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22; 85354 Freising Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Oliver Miesbauer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22; 85354 Freising Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Linda Michael
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
- Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Campus Gummersbach; 50678 Köln Germany
| | - Kajetan Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
- University of Applied Science Kempten, Bahnhofstraße 61; D-87435 Kempten Germany
| | - Cornelia Stramm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Marek Pecyna
- International Institute (IHI) Zittau; Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden); Zittau Germany
| | - Horst-Christian Langowski
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22; 85354 Freising Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
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25
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Wang Y, Song Y, Du J, Xi Z, Wang Q. Preparation of Desirable Porous Cell Structure Polylactide/Wood Flour Composite Foams Assisted by Chain Extender. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10090999. [PMID: 28846604 PMCID: PMC5615654 DOI: 10.3390/ma10090999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA)/wood flour composite foam were prepared through a batch foaming process. The effect of the chain extender on the crystallization behavior and dynamic rheological properties of the PLA/wood flour composites were investigated as well as the crystal structure and cell morphology of the composite foams. The incorporation of the chain extender enhanced the complex viscosity and storage modulus of PLA/wood flour composites, indicating the improved melt elasticity. The chain extender also led to a decreased crystallization rate and final crystallinity of PLA/wood flour composites. With an increasing chain extender content, a finer and more uniform cell structure was formed, and the expansion ratio of PLA/wood flour composite foams was much higher than without the chain extender. Compared to the unfoamed composites, the crystallinity of the foamed PLA/wood flour composites was improved and the crystal was loosely packed. However, the new crystalline form was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jun Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qingwen Wang
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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26
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Nanocomposites foams of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) with short and long nanocellulose fibers and foaming with supercritical CO2. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Zimmermann MVG, da Silva MP, Zattera AJ, Santana RMC. Poly(lactic acid) foams reinforced with cellulose micro and nanofibers and foamed by chemical blowing agents. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17720155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymeric foams have gained increasing attention as an alternative to conventional polymeric foams, whose recycling is economically unviable due to its low density. Based on this, this article discusses the development of poly(lactic acid) foams produced with the insertion of four and eight parts hundred resin (phr) of long and short cellulose fibers and nanofibers. Short fibers of nanocellulose were obtained by mechanical defibrillation and dried by lyophilization, and long fibers by CO2 supercritical fluid extraction. The poly(lactic acid) foams were produced by adding a chemical blowing agent with a pressure-free expansion method. In general, short fibers of cellulose act as nucleating agents during the expansion of the foam, which is observed by its greater number of smaller-size cells than the non-reinforced poly(lactic acid) foams. The insertion of long fibers of cellulose restricts the mobility of the polymer matrix during the expansion, thus hindering the foam its growth and formation of bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus VG Zimmermann
- Graduate Program in Mining, Metals and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Michelle Paola da Silva
- Graduate Program in Process and Technology Engineering (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Brazil
| | - Ademir J Zattera
- Graduate Program in Process and Technology Engineering (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Brazil
| | - Ruth MC Santana
- Graduate Program in Mining, Metals and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
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28
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Karkhanis SS, Stark NM, Sabo RC, Matuana LM. Blown film extrusion of poly(lactic acid) without melt strength enhancers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal S. Karkhanis
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Nicole M. Stark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; Forest Products Laboratory; One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison Wisconsin 53726
| | - Ronald C. Sabo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; Forest Products Laboratory; One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison Wisconsin 53726
| | - Laurent M. Matuana
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
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29
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Forghani E, Azizi H, Karabi M, Ghasemi I. Compatibility, morphology and mechanical properties of polylactic acid/polyolefin elastomer foams. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16681450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, different blends based on polylactic acid (PLA)/polyolefin elastomer (POE) and compatibilized PLA/POE was prepared by melt mixing. The compatibilizer glycidyl methacrylate-grafted-polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-GMA) was synthesized in a separate process. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the reaction of POE and glycidyl methacrylate. Meanwhile, the morphology of dispersed phase was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the compatibilizer has improved the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between PLA and POE phase. The rheological test results revealed that the introduction of compatibilizer could enhance the storage modulus and melt complex viscosity of PLA/POE blends. The foamability was studied in the presence of azodicarbonamide as a chemical blowing agent in the batch foaming process. Morphology of foams such as porous cell size, porous cell population density, and foam density were studied. It was found that the presence of POE in PLA foams has a great influence on their mechanical properties and the toughness. Addition of POE-g-GMA in samples increased elastic modulus of foams and decreased their strain at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Forghani
- Department of Plastic Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Azizi
- Department of Plastic Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Karabi
- Department of Elastomer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - I Ghasemi
- Department of Plastic Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Ventura H, Laguna-Gutiérrez E, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Ardanuy M. Effect of chain extender and water-quenching on the properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) foams for its production by extrusion foaming. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Mantaranon N, Chirachanchai S. Polyoxymethylene foam: From an investigation of key factors related to porous morphologies and microstructure to the optimization of foam properties. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Xing C, Matuana LM. Epoxidized soybean oil-plasticized poly(lactic acid) films performance as impacted by storage. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xing
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Laurent M. Matuana
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
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33
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Hu F, Lin N, Chang PR, Huang J. Reinforcement and nucleation of acetylated cellulose nanocrystals in foamed polyester composites. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 129:208-15. [PMID: 26050907 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradable foamed nanocomposites were developed from the reinforcement of surface acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (ACNC) as bionanofillers and the poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) as polymeric matrix. The surface modification of high-efficiency acetylation on the cellulose nanocrystals converted the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups to hydrophobic acetyl groups, which improved the compatibility between rigid nanoparticles and polyester matrix through the similar ester groups of two components. With the introduction of 5 wt% ACNC, the specific flexural strength (σ/ρf) and the specific flexural modulus (E/ρf) of the foamed composites significantly increased by 75.7% and 57.2% in comparison with those of the neat PBS foamed material. Meanwhile, with the change of the ACNC concentrations, the cell size and cell density of the foamed composites can be regulated and achieved the high cell density of 1.95 × 10(5)cells/cm(3) bearing the small average cell size of 178.84 μm (5 wt% ACNC). The microstructure observation of the foamed composites indicated the moderate loading levels of rigid ACNC can serve as the reinforcing phase for the stress transfer and promote the crystallinity advancement of the foamed composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China; Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Génie des Procédés Papetiers (LGP2), F-38000 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
| | - Peter R Chang
- Bioproducts and Bioprocesses National Science Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China.
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34
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Chen BY, Jing X, Mi HY, Zhao H, Zhang WH, Peng XF, Turng LS. Fabrication of polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) porous scaffold by supercritical CO2
foaming and particle leaching. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Yi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xin Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Hao-Yang Mi
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250061 China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
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35
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Gao D, Wang JP, Wang Y, Zhang P. Effect of melt viscosity on the cell morphology and properties of poly(lactic acid) foams. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14566210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A compression molding foaming technique was used to prepare polylactic acid foams with a chemical foaming agent. The effect of melt viscosity of the polylactic acid on its cell morphology, apparent density, void fraction, cell population density, cell diameter, mechanical properties, and thermal property were studied. The apparent density of the foamed polylactic acid first decreased with decreasing melt viscosity and then increased, whereas the void fraction showed an opposite trend. A lower melt viscosity resulted in smaller cells, a more uniform cell size distribution, and a higher cell population density until the viscosity could not support further cell expansion which subsequently could cause gas escape and cell collapse. The tensile strength of the foams first increased with decreasing melt viscosity and then decreased. Their impact strength and flexural strength were improved by decreasing the melt viscosity. The use of glycidyl methacrylate only showed a small influence on the thermal stability of foamed polylactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Gao
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Institute of technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian-ping Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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36
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37
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Wang L, Yang X, Jiang T, Zhang C, He L. Cell morphology, bubbles migration, and flexural properties of non-uniform epoxy foams using chemical foaming agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute; Guiyang Guizhou 550014 China
| | - Xu Yang
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University; Guiyang Guizhou 550003 China
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute; Guiyang Guizhou 550014 China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute; Guiyang Guizhou 550014 China
| | - Li He
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute; Guiyang Guizhou 550014 China
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38
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Suchao-in K, Koombhongse P, Chirachanchai S. Starch grafted poly(butylene succinate) via conjugating reaction and its role on enhancing the compatibility. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Matuana LM, Diaz CA. Strategy To Produce Microcellular Foamed Poly(lactic acid)/Wood-Flour Composites in a Continuous Extrusion Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4019462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M. Matuana
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Carlos A. Diaz
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
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40
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Tran MP, Detrembleur C, Alexandre M, Jerome C, Thomassin JM. The influence of foam morphology of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites on electrical conductivity. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Miller D, Kumar V. A Design-of-Experiment Study on the Microcellular Extrusion of Sub-critical CO2 Saturated PLA Pellets. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we explore the use of solid-state nucleation in pellets as a means to decouple cell nucleation from cell growth in extrusion. This is achieved by feeding the extruder with gas-saturated PLA pellets. Cell nucleation occurs, similar to that of the well-studied solid-state batch foaming process, when gas-saturated pellets are crushed and heated in the feed section of the extruder. The polymer melt consequently contains the nucleated cells. Further, the gas content in the pellets provides a means to deliver a controlled amount of blowing agent for cell growth at the die exit. It was found that gas concentrations in partially desorbed pellets offers greater control of part density and foam morphology compared to that of fully saturated pellets at 2 MPa. Using Design-of-Experiment statistical methods it was found that gas concentration in the polymer was the most significant variable influencing foam density, whereas the extrudate cooling method was found to control cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - V. Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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42
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Shen Q, Xiong Y, Yuan H, Luo G, Liang X, Zhang L. The fabrication and characterization of polymeric microcellular foams with designed gradient density. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/419/1/012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Julien JM, Bénézet JC, Lafranche E, Quantin JC, Bergeret A, Lacrampe MF, Krawczak P. Development of poly(lactic acid) cellular materials: Physical and morphological characterizations. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Afrifah KA, Matuana LM. Fracture toughness of poly(lactic acid)/ ethylene acrylate copolymer/wood-flour composite ternary blends. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kojo A Afrifah
- Department of Forestry; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI 48824; USA
| | - Laurent M Matuana
- School of Packaging; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI 48824; USA
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45
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Miller D, Kumar V. Microcellular extrusion of PLA utilizing solid-state nucleation in the gas-saturated pellet extrusion process. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Ma P, Wang X, Liu B, Li Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Xu G. Preparation and foaming extrusion behavior of polylactide acid/polybutylene succinate/montmorillonoid nanocomposite. J CELL PLAST 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x11434182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) and the PLA/PBS/montmorillonite (MMT) composites were prepared by melt extrusion. The morphology structure, mechanical, thermal, and dynamic rheological properties of the composites were characterized, as well as foaming extrusion behavior of the composites was also studied. The results showed that MMT particles were intercalated into the PLA/PBS matrix forming an ‘intercalation’ structure. The toughness of PLA could be improved by blending with PBS. The comprehensive evaluation of mechanical properties of PLA/PBS was further improved by adding MMT. MMT could play the role of heterogeneous nucleation to improve the crystallization effect of PLA/PBS composite. The melt strength of PLA could be significantly increased by the synergies of MMT and PBS. Meanwhile, MMT could act as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial interaction between PLA and PBS. The synergies of PBS and MMT effectively reduced the density of PLA blend foam products, and increased their cell density, uniformity of cell size, and shape distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Ma
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bengang Liu
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guozhi Xu
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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47
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Matuana LM, Diaz CA. Study of Cell Nucleation in Microcellular Poly(lactic acid) Foamed with Supercritical CO2 through a Continuous-Extrusion Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9011694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M. Matuana
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Carlos A. Diaz
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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