Mathematical model of Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341 growth and lipid production under photoheterotrophic fermentation conditions

Assessment of hydrocarbon degradation capacity and kinetic modeling of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda for crude oil phycoremediation under mixotrophic conditions

Crude oil spills imperil aquatic ecosystems globally, prompting innovative solutions such as microalgae-based bioremediation. This study explores the potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda, for crude oil spill phycoremediation under mixotrophic conditions and varying crude oil concentrations (0.5-2%). C. vulgaris demonstrated notable resilience, thriving up to 1% crude oil exposure, while S. quadricauda adapted to lower concentrations. Optimal growth for both was observed at 0.5% exposure. Chlorophyll a content in C. vulgaris increases at 0.5% exposure but declines above 1%, while a decline was noticeable in chlorophyll b in treatment groups above 1%. Carotenoid levels varied, displaying the highest levels at higher concentrations above 1.5%. Similarly, S. quadricauda showed increased chlorophyll a content at 0.5% exposure, with stable carotenoid levels and a decline in chlorophyll b content at higher concentrations. GC/MS analyses indicated C. vulgaris efficiently degraded aliphatic compounds like decane and tridecane, surpassing S. quadricauda in degrading both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Growth kinetics was best represented by the modified Gompertz and logistic models. These findings highlight the species-specific adaptability and optimal concentration for microalgae to degrade crude oil effectively, advancing phycoremediation processes and strategies critical for environmental restoration.

Untargeted metabolomics-based network pharmacology reveals fermented brown rice towards anti-obesity efficacy

There is a substantial rise in the global incidence of obesity. Brown rice contains metabolic substances that can help minimize the prevalence of obesity. This study evaluated nine brown rice varieties using probiotic fermentation using Pediococcus acidilacti MNL5 to enhance bioactive metabolites and their efficacy. Among the nine varieties, FBR-1741 had the highest pancreatic lipase inhibitory efficacy (87.6 ± 1.51%), DPPH assay (358.5 ± 2.80 mg Trolox equiv./100 g, DW), and ABTS assay (362.5 ± 2.32 mg Trolox equiv./100 g, DW). Compared to other fermented brown rice and FBR-1741 varieties, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS demonstrated significant untargeted metabolite alterations. The 17 most abundant polyphenolic metabolites in the FBR-1741 variety and 132 putative targets were assessed for obesity-related target proteins, and protein interaction networks were constructed using the Cystoscope software. Network pharmacology analysis validated FBR-1741 with active metabolites in the C. elegans obesity-induced model. Administration of FBR-1741 with ferulic acid improved lifespan decreased triglycerides, and suppressed the expression of fat-related genes. The enhanced anti-obesity properties of FBR-1741 suggest its implementation in obesity-functional food.

Scale-up and fed-batch cultivation strategy for the enhanced co-production of microbial lipids and carotenoids using renewable waste feedstock

Agro-industrial by-product valorization as a feedstock for the bioproduction of high-value products has demonstrated a feasible alternative to handle the environmental impact of waste. Oleaginous yeasts are promising cell factories for the industrial production of lipids and carotenoids. Since oleaginous yeasts are aerobic microorganisms, studying the volumetric mass transfer (k_La) could facilitate the scale-up and operation of bioreactors to grant the industrial availability of biocompounds. Scale-up experiments were performed to assess the simultaneous production of lipids and carotenoids using the yeast Sporobolomyces roseus CFGU-S005 and comparing the yields in batch and fed-batch mode cultivation using agro-waste hydrolysate in a 7 L bench-top bioreactor. The results indicate that oxygen availability in the fermentation affected the simultaneous production of metabolites. The highest production of lipids (3.4 g/L) was attained using the k_La value of 22.44 h^-1, while higher carotenoid accumulation of 2.58 mg/L resulted when agitation speed was increased to 350 rpm (k_La 32.16 h^-1). The adapted fed-batch mode in the fermentation increased the production yields two times. The fatty acid profile was affected according to supplied aeration and after the fed-batch cultivation mode. This study showed the scale-up potential of the bioprocess using the strain S. roseus in the obtention of microbial oil and carotenoids by the valorization of agro-industrial byproducts as a carbon source.

Microalgae as Raw Materials for Aquafeeds: Growth Kinetics and Improvement Strategies of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Production

Studies have shown that ancient cultures used microalgae as food for centuries. Currently, scientific reports highlight the value of nutritional composition of microalgae and their ability to accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids at certain operational conditions. These characteristics are gaining increasing interest for the aquaculture industry which is searching for cost-effective replacements for fish meal and oil because these commodities are one of the most significant operational expenses and their dependency has become a bottleneck for their sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. This review is aimed at highlighting the use of microalgae as polyunsaturated fatty acid source in aquaculture feed formulations, despite their scarce production at industrial scale. Moreover, this document includes several approaches to improve microalgae production and to increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids with emphasis in the accumulation of DHA, EPA, and ARA. Furthermore, the document compiles several studies which prove microalgae-based aquafeeds for marine and freshwater species. Finally, the study explores the aspects that intervene in production kinetics and improvement strategies with possibilities for upscaling and facing main challenges of using microalgae in the commercial production of aquafeeds.

Sustainable production of biofuels from the algae-derived biomass

The worldwide fossil fuel reserves are rapidly and continually being depleted as a result of the rapid increase in global population and rising energy sector needs. Fossil fuels should not be used carelessly since they produce greenhouse gases, air pollution, and global warming, which leads to ecological imbalance and health risks. The study aims to discuss the alternative renewable energy source that is necessary to meet the needs of the global energy industry in the future. Both microalgae and macroalgae have great potential for several industrial applications. Algae-based biofuels can surmount the inadequacies presented by conventional fuels, thereby reducing the ‘food versus fuel’ debate. Cultivation of algae can be performed in all three systems; closed, open, and hybrid frameworks from which algal biomass is harvested, treated and converted into the desired biofuels. Among these, closed photobioreactors are considered the most efficient system for the cultivation of algae. Different types of closed systems can be employed for the cultivation of algae such as stirred tank photobioreactor, flat panel photobioreactor, vertical column photobioreactor, bubble column photobioreactor, and horizontal tubular photobioreactor. The type of cultivation system along with various factors, such as light, temperature, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and pH affect the yield of algal biomass and hence the biofuel production. Algae-based biofuels present numerous benefits in terms of economic growth. Developing a biofuel industry based on algal cultivation can provide us with a lot of socio-economic advantages contributing to a publicly maintainable result. This article outlines the third-generation biofuels, how they are cultivated in different systems, different influencing factors, and the technologies for the conversion of biomass. The benefits provided by these new generation biofuels are also discussed. The development of algae-based biofuel would not only change environmental pollution control but also benefit producers' economic and social advancement.

Graphical abstract

Exopolysaccharides from microalgae: production, characterization, optimization and techno-economic assessment

Microalgae cultivation for exopolysaccharide production has getting more attention as a result of their high hydrocarbon biosynthesis skill. The aim of this study is to examine the exopolysaccharide production potential of different species of microalgae. In this context, exopolysaccharides were produced from Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella sorokiniana and Botryococcus braunii microalgae and the effects of carbon and nitrogen content in the growth medium and illumination time on exopolysaccharide production were analyzed statistically using Box-Behnken experimental design. In addition, techno-economic assessment of exopolysaccharide production were also performed by using the most productive microalgae and optimum conditions determined in this study. As a result of the experiments, it was seen that C. minutissima, C. sorokiniana and B. braunii produced 0.245 ± 0.0025 g/L, 0.163 ± 0.0016 g/L and 0.117 ± 0.0007 g/L exopolysaccharide, respectively. Statistically, it was observed that there was an inverse relationship between the exopolysaccharide production and investigated parameters such as illumination period and carbon and nitrogen amounts of culture mediums. The techno-economic assessment comprising microalgal exopolysaccharide (EPS) bioprocess was carried out, and it showed that the system can be considered economically viable, yet can be improved with biorefinery approach.

Analysis of microalgal growth kinetic model and carbohydrate biosynthesis cultivated using agro-industrial waste residuals as carbon source

Microalgal carbohydrate is considered one of the potential feedstock for biofuel produced via the bioconversion process. However, the current cultivation process using commercial medium exhibited low biomass production and its carbohydrate productivity which become a bottleneck for sustainable microalgal-carbohydrate-based biofuel production. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the utilization of industrial waste including molasses and glycerol on the Halochlorella rubescens and Tetraselmis suecica growth as well as its carbohydrate content under different cultivation modes such as autotrophic, heterotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions. From this study, the highest maximum biomass of H. rubenscens and T. suecica of 0.653 ± 0.009 and 0.669 ± 0.01gL^-1 were obtained when the cultivation was performed under photoheterotrophic using molasses. High carbohydrate content of H. rubescens and T. seucica of 56.81 ± 0.39% and 71.52 ± 0.03% with glucose represent the dominant sugar was observed under this condition. The growth kinetic model of the analysis indicated that Huang and Gompertz Models described well the growth of H. rubescens and T. suecica under photoheteroptroph condition with a high significant R² of 0.99. The information generated could be beneficial for the future development of low-cost microalgal cultivation media formulation for future microalgal carbohydrate-based products such as bioethanol.

Combined Production of Astaxanthin and β-Carotene in a New Strain of the Microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus BM5/15 (IPPAS C-2045) Cultivated in Photobioreactor

Carotenoids astaxanthin and β-carotene are widely used natural antioxidants. They are key components of functional food, cosmetics, drugs and animal feeding. They hold leader positions on the world carotenoid market. In current work, we characterize the new strain of the green microalga Bracteacoccus aggregatus BM5/15 and propose the method of its culturing in a bubble-column photobioreactor for simultaneous production of astaxanthin and β-carotene. Culture was monitored by light microscopy and pigment kinetics. Fatty acid profile was evaluated by tandem gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pigments were obtained by the classical two-stage scheme of autotrophic cultivation. At the first, vegetative, stage biomass accumulation occurred. Maximum specific growth rate and culture productivity at this stage were 100-200 mg∙L^-1∙day^-1, and 0.33 day^-1, respectively. At the second, inductive, stage carotenoid synthesis was promoted. Maximal carotenoid fraction in the biomass was 2.2-2.4%. Based on chromatography data, astaxanthin and β-carotene constituted 48 and 13% of total carotenoid mass, respectively. Possible pathways of astaxanthin synthesis are proposed based on carotenoid composition. Collectively, a new strain B. aggregatus BM5/15 is a potential biotechnological source of two natural antioxidants, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The results give the rise for further works on optimization of B. aggregatus cultivation on an industrial scale.

Comparative studies on biomass productivity and lipid content of a novel blue-green algae during autotrophic and heterotrophic growth

Algae have long been acclaimed as the attractive renewable source for generating third-generation biofuels, particularly biodiesel. Under the present investigation, the trends of production of biomass and lipid during the autotrophic and heterotrophic growth of newly isolated blue-green algae, Leptolyngbya subtilis JUCHE1, were compared and correlated with the variation in C-sources. In the autotrophic and heterotrophic growth studies, CO₂ and glycerol were respectively used as the inorganic and organic C-sources maintaining equivalence in the initial amount of carbon. Light was used as the source of energy in both cases. The concentration of CO₂ in the feed gas stream was varied from 5 to 20% (% v/v). Equivalent quantity of carbon was supplied through glycerol during heterotrophic growth. Small-scale closed algal bioreactors were used for growing the algae at 37 °C and 2.5 kLux light illumination in batch mode for 0-4 days. Primarily, higher biomass production from glycerol compared with CO₂ was observed. In case of photoautotrophic growth, the maximum values of biomass and lipid productivity, obtained at 15% CO₂, were 0.1857 g/L/d and of 0.020 g/L/d respectively. The maximum biomass productivity of 0.2733 g/L/d was obtained for photoheterotrophic growth at a glycerol concentration equivalent to 15% CO₂ (v/v). Under photoheterotrophic growth of Leptolyngbya subtilis JUCHE1, lipid productivity of 0.0702 g/L/d was obtained at glycerol concentration equivalent to 5% (v/v) CO₂, which is 4.66-fold higher than that obtained under corresponding photoautotrophic condition. The "switch-over" from the autotrophy to the photoheterotrophy instigated the oleaginous anabolism and consequent lipid enrichment in L. subtilis JUCHE1, which can be extracted and converted to biodiesel.

AP2/ERF and R2R3-MYB family transcription factors: potential associations between temperature stress and lipid metabolism in Auxenochlorella protothecoides

BACKGROUND

Both APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily and R2R3-MYB family were from one of the largest diverse families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, and played important roles in plant development and responses to various stresses. However, no systematic analysis of these TFs had been conducted in the green algae A. protothecoides heretofore. Temperature was a critical factor affecting growth and lipid metabolism of A. protothecoides. It also remained largely unknown whether these TFs would respond to temperature stress and be involved in controlling lipid metabolism process.

RESULTS

Hereby, a total of six AP2 TFs, six ERF TFs and six R2R3-MYB TFs were identified and their expression profiles were also analyzed under low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) stresses. Meanwhile, differential adjustments of lipid pathways were triggered, with enhanced triacylglycerol accumulation. A co-expression network was built between these 18 TFs and 32 lipid-metabolism-related genes, suggesting intrinsic associations between TFs and the regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

This study represented an important first step towards identifying functions and roles of AP2 superfamily and R2R3-MYB family in lipid adjustments and response to temperature stress. These findings would facilitate the biotechnological development in microalgae-based biofuel production and the better understanding of photosynthetic organisms' adaptive mechanism to temperature stress.

Physiological Traits of Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Production of the Engineered Aspergillus oryzae by Comparing Mathematical Models

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; C20:3 n-6) is expected to dominate the functional ingredients market for its role in anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation. The DGLA production by the engineered strain of Aspergillus oryzae with overexpressing Pythium Δ6-desaturase and Δ6-elongase genes was investigated by manipulating the nutrient and fermentation regimes. Of the nitrogen sources tested, the maximum biomass and DGLA titers were obtained in the cultures using NaNO3 grown at pH 6.0. For establishing economically feasible process of DGLA production, the cost-effective medium was developed by using cassava starch hydrolysate (CSH) and NaNO3 as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The supplementation with 1% (v/v) mother liquor (ML) into the CSH medium promoted the specific yield of DGLA production (Y DGLA / X ) comparable with the culture grown in the defined NaNO3 medium, and the DGLA proportion was over 22% in total fatty acid (TFA). Besides, the GLA was also generated at a similar proportion (about 25% in TFA). The mathematical models of the cultures grown in the defined NaNO3 and CSH/ML media were generated, describing that the lipid and DGLA were growth-associated metabolites corresponding to the relevant kinetic parameters of fermentations. The controlled mode of submerged fermentation of the engineered strain was explored for governing the PUFA biosynthesis and lipid-accumulating process in relation to the biomass production. This study provides an informative perspective in the n-6 fatty acid production through physiological manipulation, thus leading to a prospect in viable production of the DGLA-enriched oil by the engineered strain.

Temperature-dependent competitive advantages of an allelopathic alga over non-allelopathic alga are altered by pollutants and initial algal abundance levels

In the context of climate warming, the dominance of allelopathic algae that cause ecosystem disturbances is an important topic. Although the hypothesis that an increase in temperature will be favorable to the dominance of allelopathic algae has been increasingly supported by many studies, it is still unclear how other factors can affect the influence of temperature. In this study, the effects of copper exposure and initial algal abundance on the competition between Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (non-allelopathic alga) and Chlorella vulgaris (allelopathic alga) were investigated during temperature changes. The results showed that increased temperatures enhanced the competitive advantage of C. vulgaris only in the absence of copper exposure. Our data confirmed that copper exposure along with increased temperature (20-30 °C) may change the competitive advantage of C. vulgaris from favorable to unfavorable. The initial algal abundance was found to affect competition outcome by controlling copper toxicity. This study suggests that pollutants and initial abundance can alter the effects of increased temperature on the allelopathic interaction. Given the temporal dynamics of algal abundance and the pollutants in natural ecosystems, these findings should be considered in the prediction of temperature influence on an algal community.

Dynamic Modeling of Microalgae Growth and Lipid Production under Transient Light and Nitrogen Conditions

We developed a new dynamic model to characterize how light and nitrogen regulate the cellular processes of photosynthetic microalgae leading to transient changes in the production of neutral lipids, carbohydrates, and biomass. Our model recapitulated the versatile neutral lipid synthesis pathways via (i) carbon reuse from carbohydrate metabolism under nitrogen sufficiency and (ii) fixed carbon redirection under nitrogen depletion. We also characterized the effects of light adaptation, light inhibition hysteresis, and nitrogen limitation on photosynthetic carbon fixation. The formulated model was calibrated and validated with experimental data of Dunaliella viridis cultivated in a lab-scale photobioreactor (PBR) under various light (low/moderate/high) and nitrogen (sufficient/limited) conditions. We conducted the identifiability, uncertainty, and sensitivity analyses to verify the model reliability using the profile likelihood method, the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique, and the extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (eFAST). Our model predictions agreed well with experimental observations and suggested potential model improvement by incorporating a lipid degradation mechanism. The insights from our model-driven analysis helped improve the mechanistic understanding of transient algae growth and bioproducts formation under environmental variations and could be applied to optimize biofuel and biomass production.

Effect of culturing parameters on the vegetative growth of Haematococcus alpinus (strain lcr-cc-261f) and modeling of its growth kinetics

The present study investigated the effect of different culture conditions on the vegetative growth of a new species, Haematococcus alpinus (strain LCR-CC-261f) using airlift photobioreactors. The influence of culture medium, aeration rates, CO₂ concentration in air-gas mixture, temperature, light intensities, and wavelengths were investigated to achieve sustainable high cell density cultures. Growth parameters were determined by fitting the data to a form of the logistic equation that included a lag phase. The shear-sensitive vegetative cells favored lower aeration rates in the photobioreactors. MLA medium increased to 40 mM nitrate produced high density cultures. Temperatures between 12°C and 18°C, 3% (v/v) CO₂ concentration and a narrow photon flux density ranging between 37 and 48 μmol photons · m^-2  · s^-1 were best suited for growth. The wavelength of the light source also impacted growth and a high cell density of 9.6 × 10⁵ cells · mL^-1 was achieved using a mixture of red and blue compared to warm white, red, or blue LEDs.

Development of a non-linear growth model for predicting temporal evolution of Scenedesmus obliquus with varying irradiance

In the present study, the effect of irradiance on growth performance of Scenedesmus obliquus was investigated, and various non-linear growth models were evaluated to predict its temporal evolution. This microalga was cultured in a LED-illuminated flat-panel gas-lift photobioreactor operated in batch mode at varying irradiance ranging from 50 to 200 µmol/m²/s keeping all the other physico-chemical parameters constant. When growth data in terms of optical density were fitted in sigmoidal growth models, three non-linear models, namely, Richards model, Gompertz model, and logistic model, were found to be the best fit. Comparing these models based on statistical information, the logistic model could more appropriately and precisely describe algal growth under varying light intensity. Finally, the parameters of the logistic model were determined using regression analysis and were incorporated in the logistic equation to investigate the kinetic characteristics of S. obliquus. The optimum light intensity (I_opt) for growth was found to be 150 µmol/m²/s, at which a maximum specific growth rate (µ_opt) of 0.35/day was obtained. The model developed was validated experimentally and could successfully explain the photo-inhibition phenomenon occurring at light intensity above 150 µmol/m²/s.

Evaluation of distillery wastewater treatability in a customized photobioreactor using blue-green microalgae - Laboratory and outdoor study

Treatability of anaerobically digested distillery wastewater is challenging because of its high pollution load of COD up to 40,000 ppm. This research investigates the possibilities of retrofitting the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of a distillery with microalgae treatment step. For this, at first the photobioreactors of capacity 50 L and 500 L were customized for the cultivation of Spirulina sp. under xenon lamp and sunlight. The reactor supported the maximum specific growth rate up to 0.42 ± 0.03 d^-1 in the 50 L reactor at laboratory and 0.10 ± 0.02 d^-1 in the 500 L reactor at the outdoor for Spirulina sp. The treatability of wastewater of COD 30,000 ppm-40,000 ppm was carried out in those reactors with the Spirulina sp. of culture volume fraction 0.8 and 0.93 under xenon lamp and sunlight respectively. The chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids reduction were 60-70% in both the volume fractions of the culture. Ion chromatography analysis indicated the reduction of major inorganic pollutants in the wastewater by the Spirulina sp. The algae were sustainable when the culture volume fraction was increased from 0.8 to 0.93. Thus, the phycoremediation was shown the significant pollution reduction in the wastewater. The addition of this step is valuable and it benefits the distillery by not only improving the quality of wastewater but also through the generation of algae biomass that would be appropriate for animal feed or biofuel application. However, the detail biochemical study is needed for the best use of algae biomass and the treatment could be checked for the long run sustainability.

The enhanced lipid productivity of Chlorella minutissima and Chlorella pyrenoidosa by carbon coupling nitrogen manipulation for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production from microalgae has been researched extensively and attempted to commercialize on a large scale, but there are major hurdles in the production process like harvesting and low lipid content, which should be studied to enhance the process and make it economical. Present study aimed to improve the lipid productivity of Chlorella minutissima and Chlorella pyrenoidosa by modifying the carbon and nitrogen content of the medium. Both organisms were grown in BG11 medium for the first 6 days and thereafter grown in a modified BG11 medium completely deprived of nitrogen for 2 to 10 days. Nitrogen deprivation increased the lipid productivity of Chlorella minutissima to 20% and that of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to 17.6% by day 6. This was further coupled with carbon addition in the form of citric acid (5 g/L), sodium acetate (5 g/L), sodium carbonate (5 g/L), and sodium potassium tartarate (5 g/L), which increased the total lipid productivity of Chlorella minutissima up to 24% and that of Chlorella pyrenoidosa up to 23%. The highest lipid productivity of up to 24% for Chlorella minutissima and up to 23% for Chlorella pyrenoidosa was observed with nitrogen deprivation coupled with sodium acetate. Acidic transesterification revealed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters, majority of which consisted of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and octadecanoic acid methyl ester. Maximum of 3% fatty acid methyl esters for Chlorella minutissima and 4% for Chlorella pyrenoidosa were obtained under nitrogen deprivation and sodium acetate as a carbon source. Thus, nitrogen deprivation coupled with sodium acetate as an increased carbon source in BG11 medium helps to increase the lipid productivity of Chlorella minutissima and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and produces long-chain fatty acid methyl esters of C17 and C19 along with C21, C25, and C29.

Microalgae cultivation for phenolic compounds removal

Microalgae are promising sustainable and renewable sources of oils that can be used for biodiesel production. In addition, they contain important compounds, such as proteins and pigments, which have large applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Combining the production of these valuable products with wastewater treatment renders the cultivation of microalgae very attractive and economically feasible. This review paper presents and discusses the current applications of microalgae cultivation for wastewater treatment, particularly for the removal of phenolic compounds. The effects of cultivation conditions on the rate of contaminants removal and biomass productivity, as well as the chemical composition of microalgae cells are also discussed.

Biokinetic model-based multi-objective optimization of Dunaliella tertiolecta cultivation using elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with inheritance

Algal model based multi-objective optimization using elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with inheritance was carried out for batch cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta using NPK-fertilizer. Optimization problems involving two- and three-objective functions were solved simultaneously. The objective functions are: maximization of algae-biomass and lipid productivity with minimization of cultivation time and cost. Time variant light intensity and temperature including NPK-fertilizer, NaCl and NaHCO₃ loadings are the important decision variables. Algal model involving Monod/Andrews adsorption kinetics and Droop model with internal nutrient cell quota was used for optimization studies. Sets of non-dominated (equally good) Pareto optimal solutions were obtained for the problems studied. It was observed that time variant optimal light intensity and temperature trajectories, including optimum NPK fertilizer, NaCl and NaHCO₃ concentration has significant influence to improve biomass and lipid productivity under minimum cultivation time and cost. Proposed optimization studies may be helpful to implement the control strategy in scale-up operation.

Using Structural Kinetic Modeling To Identify Key Determinants of Stability in Reaction Networks

Kinetic modeling is increasingly used to understand the reaction dynamics of metabolic systems. However, one major drawback of kinetic modeling is that appropriate rate parameters required to implement such models are often unavailable. To circumvent this limitation, an approach known as structural kinetic modeling was developed as a way to understand the dynamics of reaction networks without explicitly requiring rate parameters. This study describes a novel approach to use structural kinetic modeling to identify reaction components that contribute most significantly to mediating network stability. We applied this method to analyze the metabolic pathway of glycolysis in yeast. As a result, we identified specific metabolic components that contribute most significantly to defining the stability properties of the glycolysis reaction network and predict the responses of these components to perturbations. These results were validated via comparison to a conventional kinetic model of glycolysis. Thus, applying our approach allows more detailed information about the stability and dynamics of the metabolic network to now be accessible without requiring rate parameters. We anticipate that this method can focus efforts of experimental studies by identifying the susceptibility of reaction components to metabolic engineering. The approach may be applied to a variety of complex reaction networks.

Valorization of untreated rice bran towards bioflocculant using a lignocellulose-degrading strain and its use in microalgal biomass harvest

BACKGROUND

Microalgae are currently considered as a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels and high-value products. However, the efficient harvest of microalgal biomasses from their culture broth is a major challenge. The harvesting of algal biomass by flocculation combined with gravity sedimentation is more convenient and cost-effective than traditional methods such as centrifugation and filtration. Compared to inorganic and chemically synthetic flocculants, bioflocculants are a suitable choice for microalgal harvest due to their biodegradable and nontoxic properties. Nonetheless, the high production costs associated with expensive substrates hinder the commercial applications of bioflocculants. Previous studies have shown that the hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomasses from dilute acid hydrolysis can be utilized as an inexpensive carbon source for the production of bioflocculants. However, the toxic by-products generated in the dilute acid hydrolysis step limit the efficiency of subsequent fermentation. The strains that produce bioflocculants by using untreated lignocellulosic materials can circumvent the pretreatment process, as well as promote the application of bioflocculants in microalgal harvest.

RESULTS

Under alkaline fermentation conditions, the alkaliphilic strain Bacillus agaradhaerens C9 secreted 1.69 IU/mL of alkali-tolerant xylanase and 0.06 IU/mL of cellulase, indicating that this particular strain can efficiently convert untreated rice bran into bioflocculant (RBBF-C9), thereby circumventing rice bran pretreatment for downstream fermentation. The optimal fermentation conditions that result in the highest bioflocculant yield (12.94 g/L) were as follows: 20 g/L of untreated rice bran, 3 g/L of yeast extract, and 20 g/L of Na2CO3 at 37 °C for 24 h. RBBF-C9 contained 74.12% polysaccharides and 4.51% proteins, and was estimated to be 137 kDa. Furthermore, the bioflocculant RBBF-C9 exhibited good flocculating efficiency (91.05%) of oil alga Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341 when 60 mg/L of RBBF-C9 was added into the algal culture broth.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that untreated rice bran is a suitable inexpensive substrate for the production of bioflocculants, and thus provides a novel approach in utilizing rice bran. The extracted bioflocculants may be potentially used in biomass harvesting of the oil algae C. minutissima UTEX2341 from the culture broth.

Kinetic modeling of growth and lipid body induction in Chlorella pyrenoidosa under heterotrophic conditions

The aim of the present work was to develop a mathematical model to describe the biomass and (total) lipid productivity of Chlorella pyrenoidosa NCIM 2738 under heterotrophic conditions. Biomass growth rate was predicted by Droop's cell quota model, while changes observed in cell quota (utilization) under carbon excess conditions were used for the modeling and predicting the lipid accumulation rate. The model was simulated under non-limiting (excess) carbon and limiting nitrate concentration and validated with experimental data for the culture grown in batch (flask) mode under different nitrate concentrations. The present model incorporated two modes (growth and stressed) for the prediction of endogenous lipid synthesis/induction and aimed to predict the effect and response of the microalgae under nutrient starvation (stressed) conditions. MATLAB and Genetic Algorithm were employed for the prediction and validation of the model parameters.

Kinetic characteristics and modeling of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth and CO2 biofixation considering the coupled effects of light intensity and dissolved inorganic carbon

Understanding and optimizing the microalgae growth process is an essential prerequisite for effective CO2 capture using microalgae in photobioreactors. In this study, the kinetic characteristics of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth in response to light intensity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration were investigated. The greatest values of maximum biomass concentration (Xmax) and maximum specific growth rate (μmax) were obtained as 2.303 g L(-1) and 0.078 h(-1), respectively, at a light intensity of 120 μmol m(-2) s(-1) and DIC concentration of 17 mM. Based on the results, mathematical models describing the coupled effects of light intensity and DIC concentration on microalgae growth and CO2 biofixation are proposed. The models are able to predict the temporal evolution of C. vulgaris growth and CO2 biofixation rates from lag to stationary phases. Verification experiments confirmed that the model predictions agreed well with the experimental results.

Long-term transients and complex dynamics of a stage-structured population with time delay and the Allee effect

Traditionally, mathematical modeling in population ecology is mainly focused on asymptotic behavior of the model, i.e. as given by the system attractors. Recently, however, transient regimes and especially long-term transients have been recognized as playing a crucial role in the dynamics of ecosystems. In particular, long-term transients are a potential explanation of ecological regime shifts, when an apparently healthy population suddenly collapses and goes extinct. In this paper, we show that the interplay between delay in maturation and a strong Allee effect can result in long-term transients in a single species system. We first derive a simple 'conceptual' model of the population dynamics that incorporates both a strong Allee effect and maturation delay. Unlike much of the previous work, our approach is not empirical since our model is derived from basic principles. We show that the model exhibits a high complexity in its asymptotic dynamics including multi-periodic and chaotic attractors. We then show the existence of long-term transient dynamics in the system, when the population size oscillates for a long time between locally stable stationary states before it eventually settles either at the persistence equilibrium or goes extinct. The parametric space of the model is found to have a complex structure with the basins of attraction corresponding to the persistence and extinction states being of a complicated shape. This impedes the prediction of the eventual fate of the population, as a small variation in the maturation delay or the initial population size can either bring the population to extinction or ensure its persistence.

Kinetic modeling of microalgal growth and lipid synthesis for biodiesel production

A mathematical modeling of microalgae biomass is an essential step to optimize the biomass and lipid production rate and to reduce the cost of microalgal biodiesel production system. In the present study, kinetic studies were carried out to describe the growth and neutral lipid production of two marine microalgae Chlorella salina and Nannochloropsis oculata under the nitrogen-repleted and -depleted conditions using logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations. This research paper provides the information on mathematically efficient procedure to predict suitable environment condition for biomass and lipid production. The predicted results were compared with experimental data, which showed that this model closely agreed with simulated results. From this investigation, it was found that nitrogen was an essential nutrient for algal growth, which increased under nitrogen-rich condition, whereas during nitrogen-limited condition some loss in growth was observed but with increased lipid content. Since metabolic changes occurred under nitrogen- depleted state, the protein and carbohydrate pathways were shifted to lipid biosynthesis.