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Optimization of White-Rot Fungi Mycelial Culture Components for Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical-Derived Pollutants. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
White-rot fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of environmental pollutants, including pharmaceuticals, which are not efficiently removed from wastewater by conventional methods, e.g., the activated sludge method. However, the treatment of wastewater with the use of fungal cultures (mycoremediation) also has significant limitations: among others, the need to use appropriate, often-expensive culture media. We aimed to screen 18 media ingredients, including seven agrifood byproducts for Armillaria mellea, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged cultures to select the low-cost medium optimal for biomass production and laccase activity. We screened nine mathematic models to describe the relation of fungal growth and the amount of the selected byproduct in media. Finally, we tested the ability of the strain with the highest mycelial growth and enzyme-producing ability in the selected medium to degrade eight drug contaminants. Three media variants composed of byproducts provided both efficient growth and laccase production: corn steep liquor + poplar, dried distillers grains with solubles + poplar and corn steep liquor 50%. Among the investigated growth models, the Han–Levenspiel equation described well the specific growth rate in function of the nominal substrate concentration in one-component media. Pleurotus ostreatus, the fungus with the highest ligninolytic enzyme activity, cultured in medium composed of corn steep liquor, removed six of eight drug contaminants with a removal degree of 20–90% in 48 h. The obtained data on the optimal culture media consisting of insoluble components provide initial data for upscaling the process and designing an appropriate type of bioreactor for the process of removing drug contaminants from water.
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Mihai RA, Melo Heras EJ, Florescu LI, Catana RD. The Edible Gray Oyster Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm a Potent Waste Consumer, a Biofriendly Species with Antioxidant Activity Depending on the Growth Substrate. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030274. [PMID: 35330276 PMCID: PMC8956126 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, climate change is not the only threat facing our planet. There are also other types of pollution such as waste that poisons soils and water and kills plants, harming humans and animals. Sustainability represents a key issue for the actual Global Citizen. For this reason, our article is dedicated to offering biofriendly solutions to decrease wastes, give them a positive meaning, such as a substrate for an edible oyster fungus with nutritive and biological properties usefully for humans. Three types of wastes such as coconut coir, pine sawdust, and paper waste-representative symbols of pollution in Ecuador-have been tested as suitable growing substrate for the edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm by analyzing parameters such as Biological Efficiency, Mushroom Yield, and Productive Rate. The influence of these "waste" substrates on the nutritive (protein content), biological characteristic (antioxidant activity), and the content of human-health-sustaining compounds (phenols, flavonoids) were also evaluated using the Kjeldahal, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. The results indicate that all the waste products represent desirable substrates for growing the edible fungi, with more focus on coconut coir waste (one of the principal pollution problems in Ecuador), but that also achieved the increase in the fungi's desirable characteristics. Coconut coir waste could be an environmentally friendly solution that also offers for humans additional nutritive and healthy benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca A. Mihai
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
- Correspondence:
| | - Erly J. Melo Heras
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y, Sangolqui 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Larisa I. Florescu
- Taxonomy, Ecology and Nature Conservation Department, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Rodica D. Catana
- Developmental Biology Department, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
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Anderson VM, Sward GFH, Ranger CM, Reding ME, Canas L. Microbial Control Agents for Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae: Lycoriella) Affecting the Production of Oyster Mushrooms, Pleurotus spp. INSECTS 2021; 12:786. [PMID: 34564226 PMCID: PMC8468257 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infestations of fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) can reduce the production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) grown as food crops within controlled environments. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and Steinernema feltiae against fungus gnat larvae. A bioassay was developed, whereby pasteurized straw was inoculated with Pleurotus columbinus and treated with Bti (Gnatrol®), S. feltiae (Nemashield®), or water. Fungus gnats (Lycoriella sp.) were released into each bioassay container for ovipositing onto the straw, thereby exposing the F1 larvae to treated or untreated substrate. Sticky cards within the containers entrapped fungus gnats emerging from the substrate as an indicator of larval survivorship. Following three bioassays, fewer fungus gnats emerged from straw treated with Bti compared to S. feltiae and the water control. Three additional bioassays using Pleurotus ostreatus also demonstrated that fewer fungus gnats emerged from straw treated with Bti compared to S. feltiae and the untreated control. Steinernema feltiae was generally ineffective. Monitoring substrate weight in the bioassay containers over time indicated that Bti and S. feltiae did not impede colonization by P. ostreatus. Incorporating Bti into straw substrate is a promising approach for managing fungus gnats infesting Pleurotus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M. Anderson
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.M.A.); (G.F.H.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Grace F. H. Sward
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.M.A.); (G.F.H.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Christopher M. Ranger
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Lab, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Michael E. Reding
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Lab, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Luis Canas
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (V.M.A.); (G.F.H.S.); (L.C.)
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Kotowski MA, Molnár Z, Łuczaj Ł. Fungal ethnoecology: observed habitat preferences and the perception of changes in fungal abundance by mushroom collectors in Poland. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2021; 17:29. [PMID: 33882985 PMCID: PMC8059240 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-021-00456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientists frequently raise the topic of data deficiency related to the abundance and distribution of macrofungi in the context of climate change. Our study is the first detailed documentation on locals' perception of fungal ecology which covers a large mycophilous region of Europe (Mazovia, Poland). METHODS A total of 695 semi-structured interviews were carried out among local informants in 38 localities proportionally distributed throughout the study area (one locality approximately every 30 km). Interview questions concerned fungi species collected, their perceived habitats, and whether any changes had been noted in their abundance. As many as 556 respondents provided information concerning fungal ecology. In these descriptions, 35 taxa were mentioned by at least 5 respondents. RESULTS The data collected during interviews allowed us to create collective folk descriptions of habitat preferences and a list of 98 different macro-, meso-, and microhabitats of macrofungi described by the respondents. This list of recurring habitats assigned to particular macrofungal taxa coincides with, and sometimes exceeds, data available in scientific publications. Some habitat preferences observed by the informants have not yet been researched or tested by science. Out of 695 respondents, 366 (53%) noticed a steady decrease in local macrofungi abundance, and only one person claimed to have observed a steady increase. Imleria badia was the only species with increased abundance, as noted by fifteen independent respondents. The main listed reason for abundance decrease was drought (f = 186). CONCLUSIONS Collected information on the ecology of fungi shows that local knowledge does not generally diverge from scientific knowledge. The acquired information related to macrofungal abundance and ecology may also be used as a tool for the formulation of new scientific questions and theories. The analysis of local fungi observations might contribute to broadening knowledge about local changes in fungi and enable new estimations related to large-scale analysis of macrofungal abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Andrzej Kotowski
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, H-2163, Hungary.
- Botanical Garden Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, H-2163, Hungary
| | - Łukasz Łuczaj
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
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Børja I, Alfredsen G, Filbakk T, Fossdal CG. DNA quantification of basidiomycetous fungi during storage of logging residues. PeerJ 2015; 3:e887. [PMID: 25870777 PMCID: PMC4393809 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for bioenergy caused an increased use of logging residues, branches and treetops that were previously left on the ground after harvesting. Residues are stored outdoors in piles and it is unclear to what extent fungi transform this material. Our objective was to quantify the amount of wood degrading fungi during storage using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect basidiomycetous DNA in logging residues, a novel approach in this field. We found that the qPCR method was accurate in quantifying the fungal DNA during storage. As the moisture content of the piled logging residues decreased during the storage period, the fungal DNA content also decreased. Scots pine residues contained more fungal DNA than residues from Norway spruce. Loose piles had generally more fungal DNA than bundled ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gry Alfredsen
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute , Ås , Norway
| | - Tore Filbakk
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute , Ås , Norway
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Brzonova I, Kozliak E, Kubátová A, Chebeir M, Qin W, Christopher L, Ji Y. Kenaf biomass biodecomposition by basidiomycetes and actinobacteria in submerged fermentation for production of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 173:352-360. [PMID: 25314665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and dynamics of simultaneous kenaf biomass decomposition by basidiomycetous fungi and actinobacteria were investigated. After 8weeks of incubation, up to 34wt.% of the kenaf biomass was degraded, with the combination of fungi and bacteria being the most efficient. Lignin decomposition accounted for ∼20% of the observed biomass reduction, regardless of the culture used. The remaining 80% of biomass degradation was due to carbohydrate based polymers. Major monosaccharides were produced in tangible yields (26-38%) at different times. Glucose, fructose and xylose were then fully consumed by day 25 while some galactose persisted until day 45. Once monosaccharides were depleted, the production of laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase and lignin peroxidase enzymes, essential for lignin decomposition, was induced. The products of lignin biodecomposition were shown to be water-soluble and characterized by thermal desorption-pyrolysis-gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Brzonova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Evguenii Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Michelle Chebeir
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Lew Christopher
- Center for Bioprocessing Research and Development, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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