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Jain M, Upadhyay M, Gupta AK, Ghosal PS. A review on the treatment of septage and faecal sludge management: A special emphasis on constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 315:115143. [PMID: 35504184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The global concern of the pollution of freshwater resources is associated with faecal sludge (FS) disposal, which is an inevitable component of onsite wastewater management mostly in developing countries. The difficulties with its treatment facilities lies in its higher organic content and low dewaterability of various available treatment systems. Moreover, the higher variability in characteristics and quantity of FS generated at different locations creates hindrances in designing the treatment system. Among the several treatment options, the constructed wetlands (CW) are an organic/green approach towards sanitation of FS with low cost and higher efficiency. The present study is an in-depth literature review on the quality and quantity of FS and septage (stabilized FS) in different regions attributed to the wide variability of its characteristics. This paper highlights the treatment of FS in different systems with a special emphasis on CW systems. Different mechanisms and factors affecting the FS treatment efficacy in CW, such as DO/aeration, macrophytes, substrate, CW configuration, and other environmental parameters, have been studied meticulously. The cost analysis revealed CW to be an economic system, and it can enable hybridization with other technologies to develop a complete treatment system with pronounced efficiencies. Several process modifications, such as augmentation with aeration, recirculation, micro-organisms, and earthworms, can enhance the treatment efficacies of CWs. The present review exhibited that the widely used plant species is Phragmites, and the optimum solid loading rate (SLR) range is 50-250 kg TS/m2/yr. The various factors to construct an optimized CW system for FS treatment were attempted, which may bolster the necessary guidelines for field-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Jain
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Maharishi Upadhyay
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Ghosal
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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He J, Chen Z, Dougherty M, Hu S, Zuo X. Explore the sludge stabilization process in sludge drying bed by modeling study from mesocosm experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110837. [PMID: 33549615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sludge drying bed (SDB) treatment is a valuable alternative to conventional sludge treatment methods. However, changes in sludge hydrotexture during dewatering present a barrier for direct modeling of the SDB process. This study proposes a modeling strategy to simulate the sludge stabilization process in SDB treatment by separating sludge dewatering and sludge solids stabilization into independent processes. Two cell decay theories widely used by activated sludge models (ASM), death-regeneration concept and endogenous respiration theory, are compared to describe the biokinetic processes of sludge digestion. Both cell decay theories are found to adequately describe effluent total COD, NH4-N, NO3-N, and sludge layer composition, but have pronounced differences in describing effluent COD compositions. Results show that natural aeration does not maintain adequate aerobic/anoxic sludge digestion within the sludge layer to fully nitrify NH4-N released by cell decay. Results also indicate that the kinetics of sludge digestion are adaptable over time, indicating the need to adopt lumped values for biokinetic simulations. While lowered sludge dewatering rates (outflow) can increase biodegradable COD for cell metabolism, increased sludge loading rates (inflow) lead to higher effluent COD and NH4-N concentrations. Contrary to conventional judgement, this study demonstrates the merit of sludge layer formation to reduce leaching loss of biodegradable COD. Overall, the proposed modeling strategy is proven capable of simulating deposited sludge digestion processes in an SDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic.
| | - Mark Dougherty
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Xingtao Zuo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Kania M, Gautier M, Imig A, Michel P, Gourdon R. Comparative characterization of surface sludge deposits from fourteen French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands sewage treatment plants using biological, chemical and thermal indices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:464-473. [PMID: 30086498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their design and mode of operation, French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) accumulate suspended solids from the inflow wastewater in the form of a sludge layer at the surface of the first filter. In order to maintain the treatment performance over the long term, the characteristics of the sludge deposits and their evolution have to be well described. In this objective, a panel of sludge deposit samples taken from 14 French VFCW sewage treatment plants was investigated. Elemental composition and organic matter content, nature and reactivity were analyzed. Results clearly revealed two categories of sludge deposits, namely the "young-age plants" type (1 year of operation and less) and the "mature plants" type (3 years of operation and more). Sludge deposits from the "mature plants" exhibited same biological, physical and chemical properties. Their organic matter was globally less abundant, more humified and less biodegradable than in the young-age plants type. Their overall contents in trace metals were also higher, although in a limited manner. The effect of additional treatments, particularly FeCl3 injection for phosphorus precipitation, was observable in the "young-age plants" group. Finally, the sludge deposits sampled from one particular plant with specific operating conditions were found to exhibit very different characteristics from those of either groups identified. This observation underlined the influence of local conditions on the typology of the sludge deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kania
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; SCIRPE, 5 Allée Alban Vistel, 69110 Sainte-Foy-Lès-Lyon, France.
| | - M Gautier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - A Imig
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - P Michel
- SCIRPE, 5 Allée Alban Vistel, 69110 Sainte-Foy-Lès-Lyon, France.
| | - R Gourdon
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Kim B, Bel T, Bourdoncle P, Dimare J, Troesch S, Molle P. Septage unit treatment by sludge treatment reed beds for easy management and reuse: performance and design considerations. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:279-285. [PMID: 29377813 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable treatment and management of fecal sludge in rural areas require adapted solutions. Rustic and simple operating processes such as sludge treatment reed beds (STRB) have been increasingly considered for this purpose. The biggest full scale (2,600 m2 of STRB) septage treatment unit in France had been built in Nègrepelisse with the final objectives of reusing treated sludge and leachates for agriculture spreading and tree irrigation, respectively. The aim of this investigation was to validate the treatment chain of this installation. The obtained field data showed firstly that the overall removal efficiencies of STRB were satisfactory and stable. Removal rates higher than 98% for chemical oxygen demand and suspended solids and a 95% for Kjeldahl nitrogen represented so far a beneficial septage treatment by STRB. The highlighted necessity of a suitable complementary leachate treatment (before tree irrigation) justified the presence of the second stage of vertical flow constructed wetland. The sludge deposit drying and mineralization efficiencies were on the right track. According to hydrotextural diagram analysis, surface deposit was however found to have high deformability probably due to the youth of the installation. An in-depth understanding of STRB system needs continuous long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Kim
- Irstea, Wastewater Treatment Team, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France E-mail:
| | - Thomas Bel
- CCTVA, 370 Avenue du 8 Mai 1945, 82800 Nègrepelisse, France
| | | | - Jocelyne Dimare
- Adour Garonne Water Agency, 90 rue du Férétra, CS 87801, 31078 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphane Troesch
- Epur Nature, 12 rue Toussaint Fléchaire, 84510 Caumont-sur-Durance, France
| | - Pascal Molle
- Irstea, Wastewater Treatment Team, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France E-mail:
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Dewatering and Treatment of Septage Using Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. TECHNOLOGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies5040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Olsson L, Dam Larsen J, Ye S, Brix H. Emissions of CO2 and CH4 from sludge treatment reed beds depend on system management and sludge loading. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 141:51-60. [PMID: 24768834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment reed beds (STRB) are considered as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to conventional sludge treatment methods, although little is known about greenhouse gas emissions from such systems. We measured CO2 and CH4 emissions and substrate characteristics in a STRB, an occasionally loaded sludge depot (SD) and a natural reed wetland (NW). The aim was to compare (i) emissions among the sites in relation to substrate characteristics and (ii) emissions before and after sludge loading in the STRB. The STRB emitted twice as much CO2 (1200 mg m(-2) h(-1)) as the SD, whereas the SD emitted four times more CH4 (2 mg m(-2) h(-1)) than the STRB. The NW had the lowest emissions of both gases. The differences in gas emissions among the sites were primarily explained by differences in the availability of oxygen in the substrate. As a consequence of overloading and poor management, the SD had no vegetation and a poor dewatering capacity, which resulted in anaerobic conditions favoring CH4 emission. In contrast, the well-managed STRB had more aerobic conditions in the sludge residue resulting in low CH4 emission rates. We conclude that well-designed and well-managed STRBs have a low climate impact relative to conventional treatment alternatives, but that overloading and poor sludge management enhances the emissions of CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Olsson
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Building 1135, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Niels Jensens Vej 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Julie Dam Larsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Building 1135, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Fuzhou Road 62, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hans Brix
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Building 1135, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Chang FC, Ko CH, Wu JY, Wang HP, Chen WS. Resource recovery of organic sludge as refuse derived fuel by fry-drying process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 141:240-244. [PMID: 23623433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The organic sludge and waste oil were collected from the industries of thin film transistor liquid crystal display and the recycled cooking oil. The mixing ratio of waste cooking oil and organic sludge, fry-drying temperatures, fry-drying time, and the characteristics of the organic sludge pellet grain were investigated. After the fry-drying process, the moisture content of the organic sludge pellet grain was lower than 5% within 25 min and waste cooking oil was absorbed on the dry solid. The fry-drying organic sludge pellet grain was easy to handle and odor free. Additionally, it had a higher calorific value than the derived fuel standards and could be processed into organic sludge derived fuels. Thus, the granulation and fry-drying processes of organic sludge with waste cooking oil not only improves the calorific value of organic sludge and becomes more valuable for energy recovery, but also achieves waste material disposal and cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chih Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan ROC.
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