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Ashoor S, Khang TU, Lee YH, Hyung JS, Choi SY, Lim SE, Lee J, Park SJ, Na JG. Bioupgrading of the aqueous phase of pyrolysis oil from lignocellulosic biomass: a platform for renewable chemicals and fuels from the whole fraction of biomass. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:34. [PMID: 38647900 PMCID: PMC10992256 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis, a thermal decomposition without oxygen, is a promising technology for transportable liquids from whole fractions of lignocellulosic biomass. However, due to the hydrophilic products of pyrolysis, the liquid oils have undesirable physicochemical characteristics, thus requiring an additional upgrading process. Biological upgrading methods could address the drawbacks of pyrolysis by utilizing various hydrophilic compounds as carbon sources under mild conditions with low carbon footprints. Versatile chemicals, such as lipids, ethanol, and organic acids, could be produced through microbial assimilation of anhydrous sugars, organic acids, aldehydes, and phenolics in the hydrophilic fractions. The presence of various toxic compounds and the complex composition of the aqueous phase are the main challenges. In this review, the potential of bioconversion routes for upgrading the aqueous phase of pyrolysis oil is investigated with critical challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Ashoor
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo, 11241, Egypt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Uk Khang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sung Hyung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geol Na
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
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Parku GK, Krutof A, Funke A, Richter D, Dahmen N. Using Fractional Condensation to Optimize Aqueous Pyrolysis Condensates for Downstream Microbial Conversion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Kofi Parku
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anke Krutof
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Axel Funke
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Daniel Richter
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Dahmen
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Kubisch C, Ochsenreither K. Detoxification of a pyrolytic aqueous condensate from wheat straw for utilization as substrate in Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 cultivations. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35418301 PMCID: PMC8855548 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) formed during the fast pyrolysis of wheat straw contains a variety of organic carbons and might therefore potentially serve as an inexpensive substrate for microbial growth. One of its main components is acetic acid, which was recently shown to be a suitable carbon source for the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. However, the condensate also contains numerous toxic compounds that inhibit fungal growth and result in a tolerance of only about 1%. Therefore, to enable the use of the PAC as sole substrate for A. oryzae cultivations, a pretreatment seems to be necessary. RESULTS Various conditions for treatments with activated carbon, overliming, rotary evaporation and laccase were evaluated regarding fungal growth and the content of inhibitory model substances. Whereas the first three methods considerably increased the fungal tolerance to up to 1.625%, 12.5% and 30%, respectively, the enzymatic treatment did not result in any improvement. The optimum carbon load for the treatment with activated carbon was identified to be 10% (w/v) and overliming should ideally be performed at 100 °C and an initial pH of 12. The best detoxification results were achieved with rotary evaporation at 200 mbar as a complete removal of guaiacol and a strong reduction in the concentration of acetol, furfural, 2-cyclopenten-1-one and phenol by 84.9%, 95.4%, 97.7% and 86.2%, respectively, were observed. Subsequently, all possible combinations of the effective single methods were performed and rotary evaporation followed by overliming and activated carbon treatment proved to be most efficient as it enabled growth in 100% PAC shake-flask cultures and resulted in a maximum cell dry weight of 5.21 ± 0.46 g/L. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive insight into the detoxification efficiency of a variety of treatment methods at multiple conditions. It was revealed that with a suitable combination of these methods, PAC toxicity can be reduced to such an extent that growth on pure condensate is possible. This can be considered as a first important step towards a microbial valorization of the pyrolytic side-stream with A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Kubisch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2-Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2-Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kumar V, Yadav SK, Kumar J, Ahluwalia V. A critical review on current strategies and trends employed for removal of inhibitors and toxic materials generated during biomass pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122633. [PMID: 31918972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of biomass pretreatment is to separate biomass components and provide easier access with ultimate aim for lignin removal, hemicellulose protection and cellulose crystallinity reduction. Effective bioconversion with least inhibitory compound production would play a considerable role in economic practicability of the process in order to achieve economic sustainability. In this regard, detoxification is an important condition to make biomass hydrolysate acquiescent to bioconversion; also, understanding of inhibitors effect on growth and fermentation are necessary requirements for system detoxification. A number of physical, chemical and biological methods like feedstock selection, membrane selection, neutralization, use of activated charcoal etc have been recommended and developed for removal or minimizing the inhibitory compounds effect. This work reviews various inhibitory compounds produced during pretreatment methods and their removal by various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 160 071, India
| | - Sudesh K Yadav
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 160 071, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Gurugram, Haryana 122 016, India
| | - Vivek Ahluwalia
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Gurugram, Haryana 122 016, India.
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Hu MZ, Engtrakul C, Bischoff BL, Lu M, Alemseghed M. Surface-Engineered Inorganic Nanoporous Membranes for Vapor and Pervaporative Separations of Water⁻Ethanol Mixtures. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8040095. [PMID: 30322060 PMCID: PMC6316381 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface wettability-tailored porous ceramic/metallic membranes (in the tubular and planar disc form) were prepared and studied for both vapor-phase separation and liquid pervaporative separations of water-ethanol mixtures. Superhydrophobic nanoceramic membranes demonstrated more selective permeation of ethanol (relative to water) by cross-flow pervaporation of liquid ethanol–water mixture (10 wt % ethanol feed at 80 °C). In addition, both superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic membranes were tested for the vapor-phase separations of water–ethanol mixtures. Porous inorganic membranes having relatively large nanopores (up to 8-nm) demonstrated good separation selectivity with higher permeation flux through a non-molecular-sieving mechanism. Due to surface-enhanced separation selectivity, larger nanopore-sized membranes (~5–100 nm) can be employed for both pervaporation and vapor phase separations to obtain higher selectivity (e.g., permselectivity for ethanol of 13.9 during pervaporation and a vapor phase separation factor of 1.6), with higher flux due to larger nanopores than the traditional size-exclusion membranes (e.g., inorganic zeolite-based membranes having sub-nanometer pores). The prepared superhydrophobic porous inorganic membranes in this work showed good thermal stability (i.e., the large contact angle remains the same after 300 °C for 4 h) and chemical stability to ethanol, while the silica-textured superhydrophilic surfaced membranes can tolerate even higher temperatures. These surface-engineered metallic/ceramic nanoporous membranes should have better high-temperature tolerance for hot vapor processing than those reported for polymeric membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Hu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | | | | | - Mi Lu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Islam ZU, Klykov SP, Yu Z, Chang D, Hassan EB, Zhang H. Fermentation of Detoxified Acid-Hydrolyzed Pyrolytic Anhydrosugars into Bioethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.399. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hu MZ, Engtrakul C, Bischoff BL, Jang GG, Theiss TJ, Davis MF. Superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surface-enhanced separation performance of porous inorganic membranes for biomass-to-biofuel conversion applications. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1260144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z. Hu
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chaiwat Engtrakul
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian L. Bischoff
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gyoung G. Jang
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy J. Theiss
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark F. Davis
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
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Zhao X, Jarboe L, Wen Z. Utilization of pyrolytic substrate by microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: cell membrane property change as a response of the substrate toxicity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4241-51. [PMID: 26995605 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid derived from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising substrate for microalgae fermentation for producing lipid-rich biomass. However, crude pyrolytic acetic acid solution contains various toxic compounds inhibiting algal growth. It was hypothesized that such an inhibition was mainly due to the cell membrane damage. In this work, the cell membrane property of algal cells was evaluated at various conditions to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition caused by the pyrolytic substrate solution. It was found that acetic acid itself served a carbon source for boosting algal cell growth but also caused cell membrane leakage. The acetic acid concentration for highest cell density was 4 g/L. Over-liming treatment of crude pyrolytic acetic acid increased the algal growth with a concurrent reduction of cell membrane leakage. Directed evolution of algal strain enhanced cell membrane integrity and thus increased its tolerance to the toxicity of the crude substrate. Statistical analysis shows that there was a significant correlation between the cell growth performance and the cell membrane integrity (leakage) but not membrane fluidity. The addition of cyto-protectants such as Pluronic F68 and Pluronic F127 enhanced the cell membrane integrity and thus, resulted in enhanced cell growth. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of algal cells visually confirmed the cell membrane damage as the mechanism of the pyrolytic substrate inhibition. Collectively, this work indicates that the cell membrane is one major reason for the toxicity of pyrolytic acetic acid when being used for algal culture. To better use this pyrolytic substrate, cell membrane of the microorganism needs to be strengthened through either strain improvement or addition of membrane protectant reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Laura Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Islam ZU, Zhisheng Y, Hassan EB, Dongdong C, Hongxun Z. Microbial conversion of pyrolytic products to biofuels: a novel and sustainable approach toward second-generation biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1557-79. [PMID: 26433384 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the potential of the pyrolysis-based biofuels production, bio-ethanol in particular, and lipid in general as an alternative and sustainable solution for the rising environmental concerns and rapidly depleting natural fuel resources. Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydrous-β-D-glucopyranose) is the major anhydrosugar compound resulting from the degradation of cellulose during the fast pyrolysis process of biomass and thus the most attractive fermentation substrate in the bio-oil. The challenges for pyrolysis-based biorefineries are the inefficient detoxification strategies, and the lack of naturally available efficient and suitable fermentation organisms that could ferment the levoglucosan directly into bio-ethanol. In case of indirect fermentation, acid hydrolysis is used to convert levoglucosan into glucose and subsequently to ethanol and lipids via fermentation biocatalysts, however the presence of fermentation inhibitors poses a big hurdle to successful fermentation relative to pure glucose. Among the detoxification strategies studied so far, over-liming, extraction with solvents like (n-butanol, ethyl acetate), and activated carbon seem very promising, but still further research is required for the optimization of existing detoxification strategies as well as developing new ones. In order to make the pyrolysis-based biofuel production a more efficient as well as cost-effective process, direct fermentation of pyrolysis oil-associated fermentable sugars, especially levoglucosan is highlly desirable. This can be achieved either by expanding the search to identify naturally available direct levoglusoan utilizers or modify the existing fermentation biocatalysts (yeasts and bacteria) with direct levoglucosan pathway coupled with tolerance engineering could significantly improve the overall performance of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ul Islam
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhisheng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Chang Dongdong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Hongxun
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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Mathematical modeling of the fermentation of acid-hydrolyzed pyrolytic sugars to ethanol by the engineered strain Escherichia coli ACCC 11177. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4093-105. [PMID: 25750044 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysate from waste cotton was acid hydrolyzed and detoxified to yield pyrolytic sugars, which were fermented to ethanol by the strain Escherichia coli ACCC 11177. Mathematical models based on the fermentation data were also constructed. Pyrolysate containing an initial levoglucosan concentration of 146.34 g/L gave a glucose yield of 150 % after hydrolysis, suggesting that other compounds were hydrolyzed to glucose as well. Ethyl acetate-based extraction of bacterial growth inhibitors with an ethyl acetate/hydrolysate ratio of 1:0.5 enabled hydrolysate fermentation by E. coli ACCC 11177, without a standard absorption treatment. Batch processing in a fermenter exhibited a maximum ethanol yield and productivity of 0.41 g/g and 0.93 g/L·h(-1), respectively. The cell growth rate (r x ) was consistent with a logistic equation [Formula: see text], which was determined as a function of cell growth (X). Glucose consumption rate (r s ) and ethanol formation rate (r p ) were accurately validated by the equations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Together, our results suggest that combining mathematical models with fermenter fermentation processes can enable optimized ethanol production from cellulosic pyrolysate with E. coli. Similar approaches may facilitate the production of other commercially important organic substances.
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Zin RM, Ross AB, Jones JM, Dupont V. Hydrogen from ethanol reforming with aqueous fraction of pine pyrolysis oil with and without chemical looping. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 176:257-266. [PMID: 25461011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reforming ethanol ('EtOH') into hydrogen rich syngas using the aqueous fraction from pine bio-oil ('AQ') as a combined source of steam and supplementary organic feed was tested in packed bed with Ni-catalysts 'A' (18wt%/α-Al2O3) and 'B' (25wt%/γ-Al2O3). The catalysts were initially pre-reduced by H2, but this was followed by a few cycles of chemical looping steam reforming, where the catalysts were in turn oxidised in air and auto-reduced by the EtOH/AQ mixture. At 600°C, EtOH/AQ reformed similarly to ethanol for molar steam to carbon ratios (S/C) between 2 and 5 on the H2-reduced catalysts. At S/C of 3.3, 90% of the carbon feed converted on catalyst A to CO2 (58%), CO (30%) and CH4 (2.7%), with 17wt% H2 yield based on dry organic feedstock, equivalent to 78% of the equilibrium value. Catalyst A maintained these outputs for four cycles while B underperformed due to partial reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Md Zin
- Energy Research Institute, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A B Ross
- Energy Research Institute, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J M Jones
- Energy Research Institute, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - V Dupont
- Energy Research Institute, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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