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Liu Y, Liu X, Cui Y, Yuan W. Ultrasound for microalgal cell disruption and product extraction: A review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 87:106054. [PMID: 35688121 PMCID: PMC9175141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, due to their superior capability of converting solar energy and CO2 into lipids, proteins, and other valuable bioactive compounds. To facilitate the release of these important biomolecules from microalgae, effective cell disruption is usually necessary, where the use of ultrasound has gained tremendous interests as an alternative to traditional methods. This review not only summarizes the mechanisms of and operation parameters affecting cell disruption, but also takes an insight into measuring techniques, synergistic integration with other disruption methods, and challenges of ultrasonication for microalgal biorefining. Optimal conditions including ultrasonic frequency, intensity, and duration, and liquid viscosity and sonochemical reactor are the key factors for maximizing the disruption and extraction efficiency. A combination of ultrasound with other disruption methods such as ozonation, microwave, homogenization, enzymatic lysis, and solvents facilitates cell disruption and release of target compounds, thus provides powerful solutions to commercial scale-up of ultrasound extraction for microalgal biorefining. It is concluded that ultrasonication is a sustainable "green" process, but more research and work are needed to upscale this process without sacrificing performance or consuming more energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Gansu Innovation Center of Microalgae Technology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China
| | - Wenqiao Yuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Zhang L, Liu X, Gao L, Ji Y, Wang L, Zhang C, Dai L, Liu J, Ji Z. Activation of Piezo1 by ultrasonic stimulation and its effect on the permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110796. [PMID: 33152952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The acoustic radiation forces produced by ultrasonic stimulation induce shear stress on objects in the acoustic field. Piezo1, a mechanosensitive ion channel protein that is expressed on the plasma membranes of vertebrate cells, can sense shear stress and transduce it into downstream signaling. In this study, we examined the sensitivity of Piezo1 to ultrasonic stimulation and assessed its downstream biological functions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ultrasonic stimulation using a stimulation power of 0.2 W and a frequency of 1 MHz for 10 s did not induce cell damage. However, ultrasonic stimulation induced an influx of calcium ions, which increased with an increase in the stimulation duration. Knockdown of Piezo1 protein decreased the influx of calcium ions during ultrasonic stimulation, which demonstrated that Piezo1 may be activated by the shear stress produced by ultrasonic stimulation. The influx of calcium ions in response to ultrasonic stimulation could be modulated by the Piezo1 protein level. Additionally, ultrasonic stimulation reduced the levels of downstream factors such as MLCK and ATP, which are involved in the Ca2+/CaM/MLCK pathway, by suppressing Piezo1. As the Ca2+/CaM/MLCK pathway influences the permeability of the cell membrane, the internalization of FITC-Dextran into cells under ultrasonic stimulation was validated. Ultrasonic stimulation was demonstrated to promote the increase in cell permeability, and the suppression of Piezo1 was shown to induce the decrease in cell permeability. Therefore, this study shows that ultrasonic stimulation may modulate the permeability of the membrane of HUVECs by modulating the expression of Piezo1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Zhang
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lu Gao
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yun Ji
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Can Zhang
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Liping Dai
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, No. 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Yadav G, Fabiano LA, Soh L, Zimmerman J, Sen R, Seider WD.
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process intensification of algae oil extraction to biodiesel. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Leonard A. Fabiano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lindsay Soh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Lafayette University Easton Pennsylvania USA
| | - Julie Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Warren D. Seider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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Pal A, Khakhar DV. Breakage of vesicles in a simple shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1979-1987. [PMID: 30714598 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The breakage of micron-size SOPC lipid vesicles in an aqueous suspension was studied in a simple shear flow over a range of shear rates (1000 s-1 to 4000 s-1). Evolution of the vesicle size distribution with time was determined using optical microscopy. The number average vesicle diameter was found to reduce continuously with time; at the highest shear rate (4000 s-1), the reduction was 38% after 6 h of shearing. The distributions indicated the existence of a critical diameter such that the number of vesicles larger than the critical diameter decreased and vesicles smaller than the critical diameter increased. The capillary number for the system (ratio of the characteristic viscous stress to the characteristic stress for stretching the lipid membrane) was two orders of magnitude lower than the values reported for breakage in an ultrasonically generated flow, indicating that vesicles do not rupture due to lysis of the membrane. Direct observation of the process in a shear cell fitted in a microscope stage revealed the mechanism of rupture. Measurements of the vesicle dimensions indicated an increase in aspect ratio with time as a result of leakage of fluid from inside vesicles. Once the aspect ratio increased above a threshold value, the vesicles elongated into long thread-like shapes, which broke into small daughter vesicles by pearling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Tan X, Shu X, Guo J, Parajuli K, Zhang X, Duan Z. Effects of Low-Frequency Ultrasound on Microcystis aeruginosa from Cell Inactivation to Disruption. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:117-123. [PMID: 29744520 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound can be used to induce cell resonance and cavitation to inhibit cyanobacterial growth, but it can also lead to increase in dissolved nutrients because of cell disruption. This study investigated the process from cell inactivation to disruption of Microcystis aeruginosa. Algal cells were sonicated (at 35 kHz) under various intensities and durations. Results showed that chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm values decreased slightly within the first 5 min. Superoxide dismutase activity was stimulated and its peak value appeared at the fifth minute. After 20 min, considerable number of ruptured cells were observed and the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus increased rapidly. Finally, ammonia and nitrate merely composed a small portion of dissolved nitrogen. This study demonstrated that excessive ultrasound treatment can significantly rupture algal cells and lead to the release of cellular inclusions, which may cause ecological issues or public health problems. Based on our findings, ultrasonic intensity controlled at 0.035 W/mL and applied for a duration of 20 min delivers the optimal result in effectively inhibiting physiological activities of Microcystis aeruginosa without marked cell disruption. This will ultimately help to achieve algal control, while conserving energy and preserving the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jiujia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | | | - Xidong Zhang
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhipeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
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Lazarus C, Pouliopoulos AN, Tinguely M, Garbin V, Choi JJ. Clustering dynamics of microbubbles exposed to low-pressure 1-MHz ultrasound. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:3135. [PMID: 29195473 DOI: 10.1121/1.5010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-driven microbubbles have been used in therapeutic applications to deliver drugs across capillaries and into cells or to dissolve blood clots. Yet the performance and safety of these applications have been difficult to control. Microbubbles exposed to ultrasound not only volumetrically oscillate, but also move due to acoustic radiation, or Bjerknes, forces. The purpose of this work was to understand the extent to which microbubbles moved and clustered due to secondary Bjerknes forces. A microbubble population was exposed to a 1-MHz ultrasound pulse with a peak-rarefactional pressure of 50-100 kPa and a pulse length of 20 ms. Microbubbles exposed to low-pressure therapeutic ultrasound were observed to cluster at clustering rates of 0.01-0.02 microbubbles per duration (in ms) per initial average inter-bubble distance (in μm), resulting in 1 to 3 clustered microbubbles per initial average inter-bubble distance (in μm). Higher pressures caused faster clustering rates and a larger number of clustered microbubbles. Experimental data revealed clustering time scales, cluster localizations, and cluster sizes that were in reasonable agreement with simulations using a time-averaged model at low pressures. This study demonstrates that clustering of microbubbles occurs within a few milliseconds and is likely to influence the distribution of stimuli produced in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Lazarus
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marc Tinguely
- Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Garbin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James J Choi
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
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Wang W, Lee DJ, Lai JY. Aggregate formation affects ultrasonic disruption of microalgal cells. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:907-912. [PMID: 26452711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonication is a cell disruption process of low energy efficiency. This study dosed K(+), Ca(2+) and Al(3+) to Chlorella vulgaris cultured in Bold's Basal Medium at 25°C and measured the degree of cell disruption under ultrasonication. Adding these metal ions yielded less negatively charged surfaces of cells, while with the latter two ions large and compact cell aggregates were formed. The degree of cell disruption followed: control=K(+)>Ca(2+)>Al(3+) samples. Surface charges of cells and microbubbles have minimal effects on the microbubble number in the proximity of the microalgal cells. Conversely, cell aggregates with large size and compact interior resist cell disruption under ultrasonication. Staining tests revealed high diffusional resistance of stains over the aggregate interior. Microbubbles may not be effective generated and collapsed inside the compact aggregates, hence leading to low cell disruption efficiencies. Effective coagulation/flocculation in cell harvesting may lead to adverse effect on subsequent cell disruption efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan
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Cheng J, Huang R, Li T, Zhou J, Cen K. Physicochemical characterization of wet microalgal cells disrupted with instant catapult steam explosion for lipid extraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 191:66-72. [PMID: 25983224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Instant catapult steam explosion (ICSE) was employed to disrupt wet microalgal cells for efficient lipid extraction. Physicochemical properties of exploded cells were investigated through SEM, TEM, FTIR, and TGA. The exploded cells increased in fractal dimension (1.53-1.65) when preheat time was prolonged from 0 min to 5 min and in surface pore area when steam pressure was increased. Meanwhile, the exploded cells decreased in mean size (1.69-1.44 μm) when the filling ratio of wet microalgal biomass in the preheat chamber decreased (75-12.5%). Flash evaporation and volume expansion exploded the cell walls and released the cytoplasm of the microalgal cells. These phenomena decreased the carbohydrate content and increased the lipid content in the exploded biomass. However, ICSE treatment did not change the lipid compositions in the microalgal cells. Using isopropanol as a cosolvent significantly increased the yield of lipids extracted with hexane from the exploded wet microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Selective flow-induced vesicle rupture to sort by membrane mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13163. [PMID: 26302783 PMCID: PMC4548244 DOI: 10.1038/srep13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle and cell rupture caused by large viscous stresses in ultrasonication is central to biomedical and bioprocessing applications. The flow-induced opening of lipid membranes can be exploited to deliver drugs into cells, or to recover products from cells, provided that it can be obtained in a controlled fashion. Here we demonstrate that differences in lipid membrane and vesicle properties can enable selective flow-induced vesicle break-up. We obtained vesicle populations with different membrane properties by using different lipids (SOPC, DOPC, or POPC) and lipid:cholesterol mixtures (SOPC:chol and DOPC:chol). We subjected vesicles to large deformations in the acoustic microstreaming flow generated by ultrasound-driven microbubbles. By simultaneously deforming vesicles with different properties in the same flow, we determined the conditions in which rupture is selective with respect to the membrane stretching elasticity. We also investigated the effect of vesicle radius and excess area on the threshold for rupture, and identified conditions for robust selectivity based solely on the mechanical properties of the membrane. Our work should enable new sorting mechanisms based on the difference in membrane composition and mechanical properties between different vesicles, capsules, or cells.
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